Eluxadoline

Eluxadoline, sold under the brand names Viberzi and Truberzi,[2] is a medication taken by mouth for the treatment of diarrhea and abdominal pain in individuals with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D).[3] It was approved for use in the United States in 2015.[4] The drug originated from Janssen Pharmaceutica and was developed by Actavis.

Eluxadoline
Clinical data
PronunciationViberzi (/vaɪˈbɜːrzi/ vy-BUR-zee
Trade namesViberzi, Truberzi
Other namesJNJ-27018966
License data
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding81%
Elimination half-life3.7–6 hours
Excretion82.2% (feces), <1% (urine)[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC32H35N5O5
Molar mass569.662 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

Contraindications

This drug is contraindicated in case of having:

Adverse effects

Common adverse effects are constipation and nausea, but rates of discontinuation due to constipation were low for both eluxadoline and placebo. Rare adverse effects: fatigue, bronchitis, viral gastroenteritis. Rare serious adverse effects include pancreatitis with a general incidence of 0.3% - higher incidence with 100 mg dose (0.3%) than with 75 mg dose (0.2%).[6] The risk is even greater in those who do not have a gall bladder and the medication is not recommended in this group.[7]

In March 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a safety alert for eluxadoline concerning an increased risk of serious pancreatitis in patients without a gallbladder.[8] An FDA review found that in such patients, spasm of the sphincter of Oddi may lead to severe pancreatitis.[9] The FDA reported that in some cases symptoms have occurred with just one or two doses at the recommended dosage for patients without a gallbladder (75 mg).[9] Of two deaths associated with eluxadoline reported up to February 2017, both occurred in patients without a gallbladder.[8]

Interactions

Elevated concentrations of eluxadoline were observed with co-administration of inhibitors of the transporter protein OATP1B1, such as:

Also, concurrent use of other drugs that cause constipation is not preferred, such as:

Eluxadoline increases the concentrations of drugs which are OATP1B1 and BCRP substrates. Also, co-administration of eluxadoline with rosuvastatin may increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis.[1]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Eluxadoline is a μ- and κ-opioid receptor agonist and δ-opioid receptor antagonist [11] that acts locally in the enteric nervous system, possibly decreasing adverse effects on the central nervous system.[12][13]

Pharmacokinetics

In the in vitro studies, eluxadoline was found to be transported by OAT3 (SLC22A8), OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1) and BSEP (ABCB11) at the highest concentrations tested (400 ng/ml which is 162-fold larger than the observed Cmax of the highest therapeutic dose of 100 mg). However, it was not to be transported by OCT1 POU2F1, OAT1 Organic anion transporter 1, OCT2, OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3), P-gp (P-glycoprotein), or BCRP (ABCG2).

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2)-vesicular accumulation of eluxadoline was observed, indicating that the drug is a substrate of MRP2. Eluxadoline was not found to inhibit BCRP-, BSEP-, MRP2-, OCT1-, OCT2-, OAT1-, OAT3-, or OATP1B3-mediated transport of probe substrates but inhibited the transport of probe substrates of OATP1B1 and P-gp. Also in the in vitro studies, it was observed that eluxadoline is an in vivo substrate of OATP1B1, OAT3, and MRP2. Finally, no inhibition or induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes was observed.[14]

Following a 100 mg dose of eluxadoline, the Cmax was about 2 to 4 ng/ml and AUC was 12-22 ng.h/ml. Eluxadoline has linear pharmacokinetics with no accumulation upon repeated twice daily dosing. Taking eluxadoline with high fat meal decreased the Cmax by 50% and AUC by 60%.[1]

Chemistry

Synthesis

The synthesis of eluxadoline was extensively discussed in the patent No. WO2006099060 A2, with the title : "Process for the preparation of opioid modulators" which was published in Sept. 2006[15]

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See also

References
  1. "Viberzi (eluxadoline) Tablets, for Oral Use, CIV. Full Prescribing Information". Actavis Pharma, Inc. Parsippany, NJ 07054 USA. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  2. "Truberzi". European Medicines Agency. 29 September 2016.
  3. Fragkos KC (2017-09-25). "Spotlight on eluxadoline for the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea". Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 10: 229–240. doi:10.2147/ceg.s123621. PMC 5624596. PMID 28989282.
  4. "FDA approves two therapies to treat IBS-D". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
  5. "Viberzi Information from Drugs.com". www.drugs.com. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
  6. Lembo AJ, Lacy BE, Zuckerman MJ, Schey R, Dove LS, Andrae DA, et al. (January 2016). "Eluxadoline for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea". The New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (3): 242–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1505180. PMID 26789872. S2CID 205098220.
  7. Office of the Commissioner (15 March 2017). "Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products - Viberzi (eluxadoline): Drug Safety Communication - Increased Risk of Serious Pancreatitis In Patients Without A Gallbladder". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  8. Brooks M (March 2017). "FDA: Avoid IBS Drug Viberzi in Patients With No Gallbladder". www.medscape.com. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
  9. Office of the Commissioner. "Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products - Viberzi (eluxadoline): Drug Safety Communication - Increased Risk of Serious Pancreatitis In Patients Without A Gallbladder". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
  10. "bismuth subsalicylate". reference.medscape.com. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
  11. Levy-Cooperman N, McIntyre G, Bonifacio L, McDonnell M, Davenport JM, Covington PS, et al. (December 2016). "Abuse Potential and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of Oral and Intranasal Eluxadoline, a Mixed μ- and κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist and δ-Opioid Receptor Antagonist". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 359 (3): 471–481. doi:10.1124/jpet.116.236547. PMC 5118645. PMID 27647873.
  12. "Actavis Announces FDA Acceptance for Filing of NDA for Eluxadoline". www.drugs.com. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
  13. "FDA Approves Viberzi (eluxadoline) for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea (IBS-D) in Adults". www.drugs.com. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
  14. Davenport JM, Covington P, Bonifacio L, McIntyre G, Venitz J (May 2015). "Effect of uptake transporters OAT3 and OATP1B1 and efflux transporter MRP2 on the pharmacokinetics of eluxadoline". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 55 (5): 534–42. doi:10.1002/jcph.442. PMC 4402028. PMID 25491493.
  15. , Process of the Preparation of Opioid modulators.
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