Dry Tortugas National Park

Dry Tortugas National Park is a national park in the United States about 68 miles (109 km) west of Key West in the Gulf of Mexico. The park preserves Fort Jefferson and the seven Dry Tortugas islands, the westernmost and most isolated of the Florida Keys. The archipelago's coral reefs are the least disturbed of the Florida Keys reefs.

Dry Tortugas National Park
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
Fort Jefferson
Location in Florida
Location in the United States
LocationMonroe County, Florida, United States
Nearest cityKey West
Coordinates24.628588°N 82.873287°W / 24.628588; -82.873287
Area64,701 acres (261.84 km2)[1]
EstablishedJanuary 4, 1935
Visitors56,810 (in 2018)[2]
Governing bodyNational Park Service
WebsiteDry Tortugas National Park

The park is noted for abundant sea life, tropical bird breeding grounds, colorful coral reefs, and legends of shipwrecks and sunken treasures. The park's centerpiece is Fort Jefferson, a massive but unfinished coastal fortress. Fort Jefferson is the largest brick masonry structure in the Western Hemisphere,[3][4] and is composed of more than 16 million bricks. Among United States forts it is exceeded in size only by Fort Monroe, Virginia, and Fort Adams, Rhode Island. Dry Tortugas is unique in its combination of a largely undisturbed tropical ecosystem with significant historic artifacts. The park is accessible only by seaplane or boat and has averaged about 63,000 visitors annually in the period from 2008 to 2017.[2] Activities include snorkeling, picnicking, birdwatching, camping, scuba diving, saltwater fishing and kayaking. Overnight camping is limited to 8 primitive campsites at the Garden Key campground — located just south of Fort Jefferson.[5]

Dry Tortugas National Park is part of the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve, established by UNESCO in 1976 under its Man and the Biosphere Programme.[6]

Geography
Map of the Dry Tortugas archipelago

The Dry Tortugas is a small archipelago of coral islands about 70 miles (110 km) west of Key West, Florida. They represent the westernmost extent of the Florida Keys, though several reefs and submarine banks continue westward outside the park, beyond the Tortugas. The park area is more than 99 percent water. The seven major islands, all within the park, are, roughly from west to east, Loggerhead Key, Garden Key, Bush Key, Long Key, Hospital Key, Middle Key and East Key.[7] The park is bordered on the east, south and west by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, and on the northwest by the Tortugas Ecological Reserve.[8] The total land area within the park is 104 acres (0.2 sq mi; 0.4 km2).[9]

The northern and western portions of the park, including the central island group, were designated a 46-square-mile (120 km2) "research natural area" on January 19, 2007, in which no marine life may be taken, nor may vessels anchor. Vessels wishing to moor in the research natural area must use designated mooring buoys or docks. About 54 percent of the park remains open for fishing.[10]

Visiting the park by private boat is difficult because of its distance, so most visitors come by ferry or seaplane from Key West. Official ferry and transportation services to the Dry Tortugas includes the Yankee Freedom III catamaran and seaplane services.[11]

Geology

The Dry Tortugas are the western extension of an arcuate chain of Pleistocene reef and oolitic limestone islands, with the eastern limit in the vicinity of Miami. These Florida Keys are the surface expression of the 3.7 mi (6.0 km) thick southern Florida carbonate platform, which has been accumulating sediments since the Early Cretaceous. Two stratigraphic units are exposed at the surface, the Key Largo Limestone and the Miami Limestone. The Key Largo Limestone are reefs up to 200 ft (61 m) thick, parallel to the shelf edge, consisting of hermatypic corals and calcarenites. The Miami Limestone is less than 49 ft (15 m) thick, and in general, is found behind the Key Largo Limestone reef, but overlies it in the western extent of the keys. It consists of a bryozoan facies and an oolitic facies and represents a subtidal shoal. Additionally, excellent examples of Holocene carbonate-sand deposits are found in the Dry Tortugas, consisting mainly of disarticulated Halimeda plates. Between the Dry Tortugas and Key West is a 39 ft (12 m) thick example of these sand deposits, known as "the quicksands".[12]

Climate

The park is in a tropical savanna climate, with a rainy season coinciding with the Atlantic hurricane season from May to October and a dry season extending from November through April. Despite occasional exposure to tropical systems, the Tortugas are the driest places in Florida with an annual precipitation of about 36 inches (91 cm). There is no large jungle or forest canopy area on the islands, and the sandy soil (which drains quickly) and intense sun only enhance the drought-like conditions often found on the islands. Seasonally there is little temperature variation, with high temperatures in summer around 90 °F (32 °C) and low temperatures in winter around 66 °F (19 °C). The plant hardiness zone at Loggerhead Key is 11a with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 41.2 °F (5.1 °C).[13]

Climate data for Dry Tortugas, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1950–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 89
(32)		 92
(33)		 93
(34)		 94
(34)		 96
(36)		 99
(37)		 98
(37)		 101
(38)		 98
(37)		 95
(35)		 90
(32)		 88
(31)		 101
(38)
Average high °F (°C) 73.6
(23.1)		 74.8
(23.8)		 77.9
(25.5)		 81.4
(27.4)		 86.0
(30.0)		 90.0
(32.2)		 91.1
(32.8)		 91.7
(33.2)		 89.7
(32.1)		 84.7
(29.3)		 79.1
(26.2)		 75.5
(24.2)		 83.0
(28.3)
Average low °F (°C) 63.8
(17.7)		 64.5
(18.1)		 66.8
(19.3)		 70.1
(21.2)		 74.0
(23.3)		 76.5
(24.7)		 78.3
(25.7)		 77.8
(25.4)		 77.2
(25.1)		 74.9
(23.8)		 70.7
(21.5)		 66.1
(18.9)		 71.7
(22.1)
Record low °F (°C) 46
(8)		 40
(4)		 47
(8)		 56
(13)		 55
(13)		 64
(18)		 64
(18)		 65
(18)		 66
(19)		 59
(15)		 51
(11)		 48
(9)		 40
(4)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.61
(66)		 2.11
(54)		 2.54
(65)		 2.00
(51)		 1.57
(40)		 3.41
(87)		 2.90
(74)		 4.26
(108)		 6.63
(168)		 3.88
(99)		 2.02
(51)		 2.49
(63)		 36.42
(926)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) 6.4 5.6 5.5 3.7 4.3 8.3 9.4 11.3 13.3 8.7 5.4 5.9 87.8
Source: [14]

History
Main article: Dry Tortugas

The first European to see the Dry Tortugas was Juan Ponce de León, who visited on June 21, 1513. Ponce de León caught 160 sea turtles there and subsequently referred to the islands as the "Tortugas" (turtles). They are called Dry owing to the absence of surface fresh water on the island. The archipelago includes a high concentration of historically significant shipwrecks dating from the 17th century to the present.[15] The Dry Tortugas were a significant American naval base from colonial times to the early 20th century, providing a sheltered anchorage and coaling station through the Spanish–American War.[16]

Florida was acquired from Spain by the United States in 1822. The Dry Tortugas were seen as a strategic point for the control of the Straits of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. Work on a lighthouse on Garden Key started in 1825. Planning for a fortification began almost immediately, and construction started in 1847. In 1856 work on a new, more powerful lighthouse on Loggerhead Key was started to replace the Garden Key light.[16]

Work was half complete in 1860. Construction continued into the American Civil War, but eventually stopped, and the fort was used as a military prison. It was here that Dr. Samuel Mudd and three others charged with conspiracy in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln were imprisoned.[17] Mudd was pardoned in 1869 after averting a viral outbreak. This use as a military prison continued until 1874.[16] With the introduction of coal-fueled ships, the Dry Tortugas became a coaling station for U.S. Navy ships.

Fort Jefferson
Main article: Fort Jefferson (Florida)
Brick archway in Fort Jefferson

Fort Jefferson is a massive but unfinished coastal fortress. It is the largest masonry structure in the Western Hemisphere,[3][4] and is composed of more than 16 million bricks.

Park history

Comprising 47,125 acres (73.6 sq mi; 190.7 km2), Fort Jefferson National Monument was designated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt under the Antiquities Act on January 4, 1935. The monument was expanded in 1983 and redesignated as Dry Tortugas National Park on October 26, 1992, by an act of Congress.[18][19] Dry Tortugas is managed by the staff of Everglades National Park.[20] The park was established to protect the island and marine ecosystems of the Dry Tortugas, to preserve Fort Jefferson and submerged cultural resources such as shipwrecks, and to allow for public access in a regulated manner.[15]

During the United States federal government shutdowns of 1995–1996, Dry Tortugas was closed along with all other national parks. Seeing this as having a damaging effect on their tourism-dependent economy, the residents of Key West, Florida, raised money to keep Dry Tortugas open. The effort was inspired by the Smithsonian Institution, which raised private donations to keep its museums open during the shutdown.

Failing to find anybody to accept the money to reopen the park, Key West residents, under the auspices of the satirical micronation Conch Republic, sent a flotilla of civilian boats and fire department boats to Fort Jefferson in order to reopen the national park. When officials attempted to enter the fort, they were cited. The citation was contested in court the following year, and the resultant case, The United States of America v. Peter Anderson, was quickly dropped.

The park is a landing location for immigrants arriving from Cuba in homebuilt boats called "chugs." Receiving and housing the migrants is a particular problem for Dry Tortugas, which has limited resources for such arrivals and which is several hours from the nearest Coast Guard or Border Patrol units. Communications with Key West are accomplished using a satellite-based voice-over-IP system, which is prone to garbling and delays, and by a radio relay system using an abandoned Air Force tower between Key West and the Dry Tortugas.[20]

Visitation steadily rose for several decades, reaching a peak of 83,704 in 2000. Since then visitation has slowly declined, with an average of about 63,000 per year in the period from 2007 to 2016.[2]

Ecology
Coral and various fish including a striped species known as a sergeant major

The Dry Tortugas archipelago is classified as a borderline subtropical—tropical ecosystem, hosting species that do not normally breed in, and are not commonly found anywhere else within, the continental United States or the islands and waters surrounding it.

When a cold front along Florida wiped out 96 percent of branching coral in 1976-77, once extensive branching coral formations became rubble fields.[21] The Dry Tortugas National Park now consists of patch reef and branching coral rubble.[21][22]

Birds

Dry Tortugas National Park has an official bird list of 299 species. Of these, only eight species frequently nest within the park: sooty tern, brown noddy, brown pelican, magnificent frigatebird, masked booby, roseate tern, bridled tern and mourning dove.[23] The park features the only nesting colonies of sooty tern, brown noddy, magnificent frigatebird, and masked booby in the contiguous United States.[9]

Birdwatching activity peaks each spring (usually April) when dozens of migratory bird species can pass through the park in a single day. Many birds land inside the parade grounds of Fort Jefferson where they are often observed at close range. Common migratory warblers include the northern parula, American redstart, prairie warbler, hooded warbler, palm warbler, black-and-white warbler, common yellowthroat, yellow-rumped warbler, ovenbird, northern waterthrush, black-throated blue warbler, blackpoll warbler, and Cape May warbler, with more than 20 additional warbler species having shown up at least once. Several raptor species are often seen hunting songbirds. Until early 2013 a small freshwater fountain existed beneath several seaside mahoe and buttonwood trees, and was the only freshwater source for many miles. Maintenance issues necessitated its removal, but a replacement water barrel is scheduled for installation in the fall of 2013. Each year several bird guides offer tours of Dry Tortugas National Park during April and early May when daily bird lists can often reach 100 or more species.

Invasive species and eradication efforts

An active eradication program has resulted in the removal of invasive Casuarina trees and agave from Loggerhead Key, by cutting and herbicide treatment. Pterois, commonly known as lionfish, have also been found in the park's waters and the National Park Service was reviewing (in 2015) the lionfish management plan to determine what actions to take to manage the spread of this invasive species in Dry Tortugas National Park and Everglades National Park.[24]

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See also

References
  1. "Listing of acreage as of December 31, 2011". Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  2. "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  3. "National Park Service Dry Tortugas National Park". National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  4. Herndon, David (November–December 2001). "Trips: Florida's Dry Tortugas National Park". National Geographic Adventure. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  5. "Discover Dry Tortugas National Park & Fort Jefferson in the Florida Keys". Trips To Discover. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  6. "Everglades & Dry Tortugas". UNESCO. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  7. Thornberry-Ehrlich, Trista L. (January 31, 2005). "Dry Tortugas National Park Geologic Resource Management Issues – Scoping Summary" (pdf). Colorado State University. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  8. Dry Tortugas National Park Map (Map). National Park Service.
  9. "Final General Management Plan Amendment Environmental Impact Statement" (pdf). Dry Tortugas National Park. National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  10. "Research Natural Area Will Be Effective January 19, 2007". Dry Tortugas National Park. National Park Service. January 18, 2007. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  11. "Directions". Dry Tortugas National Park. National Park Service. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  12. Randazzo, Anthony; Halley, Robert (1997). Randazzo, Anthony; Jones, Douglas (eds.). Geology of the Florida Keys, in The Geology of Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. pp. 251–259. ISBN 9780813014968.
  13. "USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2019-07-05.
  14. National Weather Service Forecast Office
  15. "Dry Tortugas National Park: 2000 Annual Report" (pdf). National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  16. "Places". Dry Tortugas National Park. National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  17. Federal Writers' Project (1939), Florida. A Guide to the Southernmost State, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 205
  18. "Dry Tortugas National Park Enabling Legislation". Dry Tortugas National Park. National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  19. "Antiquities Act 1906–2006". National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
  20. "Everglades and Dry Tortugas National Parks: Superintendent's Annual Report Fiscal Year 2010" (pdf). National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
  21. Di Santo, V; Pomory, CM; Bennett, WA (2009). "Algal Garden Cultivation and Guarding Behavior of Dusky Damselfish on Coral Rubble and Intact Reef in Dry Tortugas National Park". In: Pollock NW, ed. Diving for Science 2009. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 28th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
  22. Muslic, A. et al. (2013). Linear Extension Rates of Massive Corals from the Dry Tortugas National Park (DRTO), Florida. Reston, Va.: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
  23. Roseate Terns recently returned to nest on Bush Key. The small Bridled Tern colony on Long Key began in 2007 with a single pair, and represents the first confirmed breeding of this species within the park. "Bird List Dry Tortugas National Park" (PDF). Archived from the original (pdf) on 2015-03-06. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
  24. Lionfish - Dry Tortugas National Park (U.S. National Park Service)
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