Ctenochasmatoidea

Ctenochasmatoidea is a group of early pterosaurs within the suborder Pterodactyloidea. Their remains are usually found in what were once coastal or lake environments. They generally had long wings, long necks, and highly specialized teeth.[1]

Ctenochasmatoids Temporal range: Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous, 152–105 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Fossil specimen of Ctenochasma elegans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Order:	†Pterosauria
Suborder:	†Pterodactyloidea
Clade:	†Euctenochasmatia
Clade:	†Ctenochasmatoidea Unwin, 1995
Subgroups
†Ctenochasmatidae †Gallodactylidae

Evolutionary history

The earliest known ctenochasmatoid remains date to the Late Jurassic Kimmeridgian age. Previously, a fossil jaw recovered from the Middle Jurassic Stonesfield Slate formation in the United Kingdom, was considered the oldest known. This specimen supposedly represented a member of the family Ctenochasmatidae,[2] though further examination suggested it belonged to a teleosaurid stem-crocodilian instead of a pterosaur.[3]

Ecology

Most ctenochasmatoids were aquatic or semi-aquatic pterosaurs, possessing large webbed hindfeet and long torsos - both adaptations for swimming and floating -, as well as a predominant occurrence in aquatic environments, the exception being the more slender-limbed and short-torsoed gallodactylids. They occupied a wide variety of ecological niches, from generalistic carnivores like Pterodactylus to filter-feeders like Pterodaustro and possible molluscivores like Cycnorhamphus. Most common, however, were straight-jawed, needle-toothed forms, some of the most notable being Ctenochasma and Gnathosaurus; these possibly occupied an ecological niche akin to that of modern spoonbills, their teeth forming spatula-like jaw profile extensions, allowing them a larger surface area to catch individual small prey.[4]

Flight

Most ctenochasmatoids have wing proportions akin to those of modern shorebirds and ducks, and probably possessed a similar frantic, powerful flight style. The exception is Ctenochasma, which appears to have had longer wings and was probably more comparable to modern skuas.[4]

Launching varied radically among ctenochasmatoids. In forms like Cycnorhamphus, long limbs and shorter torsos meant a level of relative ease. In forms like Pterodaustro, however, which possessed long torsos and short limbs, launching might have been a more taxing and prolonged affair, only possible in large open areas, just like modern heavy-bodied aquatic birds such as swans, even with the pterosaurian quadrupedal launching.[4]

Classification

Ctenochasmatoidea was first defined by David Unwin in 2003 as the clade containing Cycnorhamphus suevicus, Pterodaustro guinazui, their most recent common ancestor, and all its descendants.[5] Below is a cladogram showing the results of a phylogenetic analysis presented by Steven Vidovic and David Martill, using the earliest available definitions for each clade name.[1]

Life reconstruction of the ctenochasmatid Gladocephaloideus

Euctenochasmatia	Diopecephalus   Ctenochasmatoidea Gallodactylidae   Aerodactylus     Aurorazhdarchidae   Huanhepterus       Ardeadactylus     Aurorazhdarcho           Cycnorhamphus   Moganopterinae   Feilongus     Moganopterus           Ctenochasmatidae   Gladocephaloideus       Pterodaustro         Beipiaopterus     Gegepterus         Ctenochasma       Gnathosaurus     Plataleorhynchus

In 2018, Longrich, Martill, and Andres recovered a significantly different set of relationships for early pterodactyloids in their own analysis, as shown below using the earliest available definitions for each clade name.[6]

Restored skull of the ctenochasmatid Pterodaustro

Euctenochasmatia

Pterodactylus antiquus   Ctenochasmatoidea Gallodactylidae   Cycnorhamphus suevicus     Normannognathus wellnhoferi     Ctenochasmatidae Ctenochasmatinae   Ctenochasma   Pterodaustrini   Pterodaustro       Beipiaopterus     Gegepterus             Kepodactylus     Moganopterinae   Moganopterus     Feilongus         Ardeadactylus       Elanodactylus   Gnathosaurinae   Huanhepterus       Plataleorhynchus     Gnathosaurus

References

1. Vidovic, S.U.; Martill, D.M. (2017). "The taxonomy and phylogeny of Diopecephalus kochi (Wagner, 1837) and "Germanodactylus rhamphastinus" (Wagner, 1851)". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 455. doi:10.1144/SP455.12.
2. Buffetaut, E. and Jeffrey, P. (2012). "A ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Stonesfield Slate (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire, England." Geological Magazine, (advance online publication) doi:10.1017/S0016756811001154
3. Andres, B.; Clark, J.; Xu, X. (2014). "The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group". Current Biology. 24 (9): 1011–6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030. PMID 24768054.
4. Witton, Mark P. (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691150613.
5. Unwin, D. M., (2003). "On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs." Pp. 139-190. in Buffetaut, E. & Mazin, J.-M., (eds.) (2003). Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 217, London, 1-347.
6. Longrich, N.R., Martill, D.M., and Andres, B. (2018). Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. PLoS Biology, 16(3): e2001663. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663