Border barrier

A border barrier is a separation barrier that runs along an international border. Such barriers are typically constructed for border control purposes such as curbing illegal immigration, human trafficking, and smuggling.[1][2] In cases of a disputed or unclear border, erecting a barrier can serve as a de facto unilateral consolidation of a territorial claim that can supersede formal delimitation.

Not to be confused with Defensive wall.
Mexico–United States barrier in California
Pakistan–Afghanistan barrier
Israeli West Bank barrier
Berlin Wall, 1988.

Examples of border walls include the ancient Great Wall of China, a series of walls separating China from nomadic empires to the north. The construction of border barriers increased in the early 2000s; half of all the border barriers built since World War II ended in 1945 were built after 2000.[3]

List of current barriers

Note: The table can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.

Name Country Built Length (km) Type
Belize–Guatemala Belize and GuatemalaProposed, agreedN/ADisputed territory and anti-illegal immigration
Botswana–Zimbabwe Botswana and Zimbabwe2003500Anti-illegal immigration
Brunei–Malaysia Brunei and the city of Limbang, Malaysia200520Anti-illegal immigration
Bulgaria–Turkey barrier Bulgaria and Turkey201430Anti-illegal immigration
Ceuta border fence Spain and Morocco20018Anti-illegal immigration
China–Hong Kong Hong Kong and China1960s – early32Anti-illegal immigration
Costa Rica–Nicaragua Costa Rica and NicaraguaProposedN/AAnti-illegal immigration
Green Line (Cyprus) Cyprus and Northern Cyprus1964180Buffer Zone
Chinese–Korean border fence China and North KoreaUnder construction1,416Anti-illegal immigration
Egypt–Gaza barrier Egypt and Gaza Strip1979, subterranean barrier under construction3.1Anti-terrorism and anti-illegal immigration
Estonia–Russia barrier Estonia and RussiaPlanned106–108Against Russian intrusion, illegal trade and illegal immigration
Greece–Turkey border Greece and Turkey2012200Anti-illegal immigration
North Macedonia–Greece barrier North Macedonia and Greece201530Anti-illegal immigration
Malaysia–Thailand border Thailand and MalaysiaProposed650Anti-terrorism
Melilla border fence Spain and Morocco199811Anti-illegal immigration
Hungary–Serbia barrier Hungary and Serbia2015175Anti-illegal immigration
Hungary–Croatia barrier Hungary and Croatia201541Anti-illegal immigration
India–Bangladesh barrier India and BangladeshUnder construction3,268Anti-illegal immigration
India–Myanmar barrier India and MyanmarUnder construction1,624Anti-drug smuggling and anti-terrorism
India–Pakistan barrier India Pakistan2004550Anti-terrorism.
Iran–Pakistan barrier Iran and PakistanUnder construction700Anti-drug smuggling
Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan barrier Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan200645Anti-drug smuggling
Korean Demilitarized Zone North Korea and South Korea1953248Conflict zone
Kruger National Park South Africa and Mozambique1975120Anti-illegal immigration
South Africa–Zimbabwe Border South Africa and Zimbabwe2000s225Anti-illegal immigration, anti-drug smuggling, anti-weapon smuggling
Kuwait–Iraq barrier Kuwait and Iraq1991193Conflict zone
Libya–Tunisia barrier Libya and TunisiaTBA460Anti-Terrorism, Anti-illegal immigration
Norway–Russia border barrier Norway and Russia2016200Anti-illegal immigration
Pakistan–Afghanistan barrier Pakistan and AfghanistanUnder construction2,400Anti-terrorism, anti-illegal immigration, anti drug smuggling
Saudi–Yemen barrier Saudi Arabia and Yemen200475Anti-illegal immigration
Saudi–Iraq barrier Saudi Arabia and Iraq2014900Anti-illegal immigration and conflict zone
Slovenia–Croatia barrier Slovenia and Croatiaunder construction220Anti-illegal immigration
Turkey–Syria border barrier Turkey and SyriaUnder construction828Anti-terrorism, anti-illegal immigration and smuggling
Turkey–Iran border barrier Turkey and IranUnder construction144Anti-terrorism, anti-illegal immigration and smuggling
Turkmen–Uzbekistan barrier Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan20011,700Anti-illegal immigration
Ukraine–Russia barrier Ukraine and RussiaUnder construction2,000Anti Weapon Smuggling and Conflict zone
United Arab Emirates–Oman barrier United Arab Emirates and OmanUnder construction410Anti-illegal immigration
Mexico–United States barrier United States and MexicoPartially Constructed1,000Anti-illegal immigration and smuggling
Uzbek–Afghanistan barrier Uzbekistan and Afghanistan2001209Anti-illegal immigration
Uzbek–Kyrgyzstan barrier Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan1999870Conflict zone
Israel-West Bank barrier Israel and West Bank Partially Completed 708 Anti-terrorism (disputed territory)
Israel-Egypt barrier Israel and Egypt 2013 245 Anti-illegal immigration
Israel-Lebanon barrier Israel and Lebanon 2018 11 Conflict zone
Israel-Gaza barrier Israel and Gaza Strip 1994 N/A Anti-terrorism

Barriers by region

Africa

Botswana

In 2003, Botswana began building a 480-kilometre-long (300 mi) electric fence along its border with Zimbabwe. The official reason for the fence is to stop the spread of foot-and-mouth disease among livestock. Zimbabweans argue that the height of the fence is clearly intended to keep out people. Botswana has responded that the fence is designed to keep out cattle, and to ensure that entrants have their shoes disinfected at legal border crossings. Botswana also argued that the government continues to encourage legal movement into the country. Zimbabwe was unconvinced, and the barrier remains a source of tension.[4]

Morocco–Spain border, by Melilla

Ceuta
Main article: Ceuta border fence

The Ceuta border fence was erected in 1993 at the Morocco–Spain border at Ceuta, a city on the North African coast that is Spanish territory in order to block the entrance of illegal immigrants to Spain.

Melilla
Main article: Melilla border fence

The Melilla border fence stands at the Morocco–Spain border at Melilla, a city on the North African coast that is Spanish territory, in order to block the entrance of illegal immigrants to Spain.

Morocco
Moroccan Wall in Western Sahara

The Moroccan Wall is an approximately 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi) long structure, mostly a sand wall (or "berm"), running through the region of Western Sahara and the southeastern portion of Morocco. It acts as a barrier between the Moroccan-controlled areas (Southern Provinces) and the Polisario-controlled section of the territory – Free Zone or de facto the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic that lies along its eastern and southern border.

According to maps from MINURSO[5] or the UNHCR,[6] part of the wall extends several kilometers into internationally recognized Mauritanian territory.

South Africa
Security fence along the South Africa–Mozambique border.

In 1975 a security fence of 120 kilometres (75 mi) was erected by South Africa to keep the violent revolution in Mozambique from spilling into Kruger National Park.[7] In 1990 it was reported:

Concern is growing in South Africa over the country's use of a lethal, 3,300 volt one amp electrified fence on its borders with Mozambique and Zimbabwe. According to a report recently published by the South African Catholic Bureau for Refugees, the fence has caused more deaths in three years than the Berlin Wall did in its entire history. Local people call the fence the 'Snake of Fire'. There have been calls by South African church leaders over the past months for the fence to be switched off permanently. Most of its victims have been women and children fleeing the war in Mozambique. The Berlin Wall resulted in 80 deaths over 28 years. Official figures provided by the South African Defence Force (SADF) indicate that 89 people were electrocuted at the fence between August 1986 and August 1989. Church leaders dispute these figures, and claim that the true figure is nearer 200 each year.[8]

On December 9, 2002, by the presidents of South Africa, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe signed a treaty authorizing the fence to be torn down in order to re-open the ancient elephant migration route between South Africa and Mozambique. The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) will connect the national parks of the three countries – South Africa's Kruger National Park, Mozambique's Limpopo National Park, and Zimbabwe's Gonarezhou National Park.[9]

In 2005 it was reported that only a relatively small portion of the high-security border fence separating South Africa's Kruger National Park with Zimbabwe's Gonarezhou Park had been removed. Security concerns, especially about illegal immigrants and the smuggling of weapons and four-wheel-drive vehicles, have been hindering the removal of more sections of the border fence.[10]

The Americas

Argentina

Argentina has constructed a border barrier wall along its 5 meters high, 1,300 km (807 mile) border with Paraguay.

United States
Main article: Mexico–United States barrier
See also: Trump wall and Mexico–United States border
At the US Mexico border

The United States has constructed a border barrier along 654 miles (1,053 km), some say more than 705 miles (1,135 km), (most of this section's data is from 2018), of its border with Mexico of 1,969 miles (3,169 km) to prevent illegal immigration and to deter smuggling of contraband, particularly illegal drugs. There has been discussion in the U.S. Congress on lengthening the barrier, but progress has been slow due to lobbying and lack of funding. In parts of the US (deserts and mountainous areas), there is only inferior fencing if anything. [11] President Donald Trump promised to build a 1,954-mile (3,145 km) border wall along the US–Mexico border during his campaign in the 2016 presidential election, famously pledging to "build the wall and make Mexico pay for it."[12][13] After his election, he authorized construction in January 2017 with Executive Order 13767.[14] In early 2018, 54% of Americans supported building a combination of physical and electronic barriers across the U.S.-Mexico border.[15][16] [17][18] In 2018, the federal government partly shut down for the longest period in U.S. history due to President Trump's refusal to consider a spending bill without funding for the proposed wall.[19] In February 2019, President Trump declared the National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States in order to use U.S. Department of Defense funding for the wall despite opposition from both houses of Congress.[20] In 2019, a majority of Americans (58%) now oppose substantially expanding the wall along the U.S.-Mexico border.[21][22]

Asia

Brunei

Brunei is building a security fence along its 20 kilometres (12 mi) border with Limbang, Malaysia, to stop the flow of irregular migrants and smuggled goods.

China (Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions)

The People's Republic of China (PRC) has two Special Administrative Regions on its southeastern coast – Hong Kong and Macau, both of which maintain controlled intra-national borders with the neighbouring Guangdong province in Mainland China. A Resident Identity Card is inspected when one crosses the border.

Hong Kong was a Dependent Territory of the UK until its sovereignty was handed over to the PRC in 1997, while Macau was a Special Territory of Portugal until its sovereignty was handed over to the PRC in 1999. Before the transfers of sovereignty back to the PRC, the Hong Kong–Guangdong and Macau–Guangdong borders were regarded as international borders.

Under the principle of "One Country, Two Systems", the two Special Administrative Regions continue to maintain their own customs and immigration policies, which are independent of those in Mainland China after the handovers. Due to differences in the policies between the special administrative regions and the Mainland, the Hong Kong–Guangdong and Macau–Guangdong borders have been maintained in operation after the returns.

Hong Kong has a border stretching 32 kilometres (20 mi) with the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone of Guangdong that features fences (topped with barbed tape/razor wire), thermal image sensors, lights, and closed-circuit television. Some sections are along the Shenzhen River thus acting as a physical barrier. The border is also patrolled regularly by police (and previously by the British Army until a short time before the handover in 1997). Just south of Shenzhen River (the geographical delimitation of the border) is a strip of rural land with restricted access, the 28 square kilometres (11 sq mi) Closed Area. Currently, the four road border crossings are located at Sha Tau Kok, Man Kam To, Lok Ma Chau, and Shenzhen Bay, and a railway and traveller crossing is located at Lo Wu. The residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region are required to have their Hong Kong ID Cards inspected by the Hong Kong Immigration Department and their Home Return Permits inspected by the Public Security Bureau of Guangdong when they cross the border. Travelers from other countries and regions are required to present their passports or other types of travel documents for immigration clearance at both Hong Kong immigration checkpoints and Mainland China immigration ports.

Macau has been maintaining a 340 metres (1,120 ft) controlled border with Zhuhai City in Guangdong with a crossing available at the Border Gate (built in 1870).[23] The border crossing is equipped with 54 counters for travelers and 8 for vehicular traffic. Opened in 1999, Macau's Lotus Bridge supplemented what has been the only border crossing into mainland China through Border Gate. Both border crossings allow access to Zhuhai. Canal dos Patos, a former canal forms part of the border area along with Sun Yat-sen Municipal Park located to west of Border Gate area. Fencing along both sides of the canal restricts access to either side. Pagoda-like sentry towers are located along the Mainland China side of the border.

China (Mainland)

China, in October 2006, is also building a security barrier along its border with North Korea to prevent illegal immigrants.[24]

Egypt
Main article: Egypt–Gaza barrier

Egypt began construction of a formidable barrier between Egypt and Gaza in 2009 prompted by concern that militant Islamist factions were making use of the Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels to move weapons and personnel between Gaza and Egypt.[25]

India
Along the black-dotted line and on the working boundary

Since the mid-1990s, India has been involved in the construction of some of the lengthiest border barriers along its international borders. Six of the nine countries neighboring India are classified as Least Developed Countries, and thus thousands of people from these countries – especially from Bangladesh and Burma – illegally immigrate into India.

The India–Bangladesh barrier and India–Myanmar barrier are being built to check smuggling, illegal immigration, and infiltration by Islamist terrorists. The refugee crisis could also ensue should a climate catastrophe ravage South Asia.

In addition, India completed the construction of the India–Pakistan barrier, which runs along the Line of Control in Kashmir and India–Pakistan international border. The purpose of this barrier is to prevent infiltration by armed militants.

India has fortified parts of their border against Pakistan with a new detection system using lasers.[26]

Fence separating Israel from Palestinian Authority at the former Israeli-Jordanian Green Line

Iran

The Iran–Pakistan barrier wall is 700 kilometres (430 mi) long, which Iran claims is to stop the flow of illegal border crossings, stem the flow of drugs, and prevent terror attacks. However, the Provincial Assembly of Balochistan, whose lands straddle the border region, strongly opposed the barrier as the wall would divide the Baloch people politically and socially, with trade and social activities being seriously impeded.

Leader of the Opposition, Kachkol Ali, said the governments of the two countries had not taken the Baloch into their confidence on this matter[27] and demanded that construction be stopped immediately and he also appealed to the international community.[28] Residents of the Sorap locality in the Mand area of western Mekran region in Balochistan province rely on edible goods from Iran for their livelihood but Iranian border security forces vacate the town. According to BBC, "The Balochistanis, who live on both sides of the border and in the area where both countries neighbour Afghanistan, have had their communities divided by the wall."[29]

Israel
The Israeli West Bank barrier route built (red), under construction (pink) and proposed (white), as of June 2011

Due to Israel's specific security situation, as well as immigration concerns, border fences and walls have been utilized:

  • Jerusalem: During the 1950s and 1960s a fortified barrier separated Jordanian and Israeli-controlled sectors of the city. More recently, the West Bank barrier separates some Arab parts of greater Jerusalem form the city proper.[30] During the tenure of Prime-Minister Arik Sharon, part of the Israeli-Jordanian Green Line was fenced-off by a barbed-wire protective barrier.
  • Lebanon and Syria: Israel's borders with Lebanon and Syria have sophisticated security barriers.
  • The barrier on the Golan Heights follows the border shaped by battles of the Yom Kippur War, but handed Kuneitra back to Syria.
  • Egypt: Barrier proposed in 2005 and completed in 2013 to block smugglers, terrorists and illegal migrants.
  • Jordan: This peaceful border is secured with a barrier designed to prevent the illegal movement of people in either direction.
  • The Israel–Gaza barrier follows the 1949 Armistice lines.
  • In the early 1990s, during the Oslo Accords, Yitzhak Rabin became the architect of delineated borders between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, and which came to fruition with the construction of barriers under Arik Sharon.

Korea
Main article: Korean Demilitarized Zone

South Korea has constructed a border barrier between its territory and North Korea to obstruct any southward movement by the army of North Korea. The border features:

Kuwait

The United Nations has constructed a demilitarized zone to stop Iraq from re-invading Kuwait; Kuwait plans to install a new border barrier as well.

  • Kuwait–Iraq barrier

Pakistan

In September 2005, Pakistan stated it has plans to build a 2,400-kilometre (1,500 mi) fence along its border with Afghanistan to prevent Islamic insurgents and drug smugglers slipping between the two countries. Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf has subsequently offered to mine the border as well.[31][32]

Russia

There is an electronic security barrier (ex-"Iron Curtain") along the old Soviet border. Also, a security barrier is on the border of Russia with Norway, Finland, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. There is no barrier on Russian territory along the border with Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, or Ukraine, but there are some barriers on the Estonian, Latvian sides. It was reported in 2005 that the Russian government was considering the construction of a security barrier along its internal border with Chechnya to combat terrorism.[33]

Saudi Arabia
Main article: Saudi–Yemen barrier

Saudi Arabia has begun construction of a border barrier or fence between its territory and Yemen to prevent the unauthorized movement of people and goods. The difference between the countries' economic situations means that many Yemenis head to Saudi Arabia to find work. Saudi Arabia does not have a barrier with its other neighbors in the Gulf Cooperation Council, whose economies are more similar.

In 2006 Saudi Arabia proposed constructing a security fence along the entire length of its desert border of 900 kilometres (560 mi) with Iraq in a multimillion-dollar project to secure the Kingdom's borders in order to improve internal security, control illegal immigration, and bolster its defences against external threats.[34]

As of July 2009 it was reported that Saudis will pay $3.5 billion for security fence.[35] The combined wall and ditch will be 1,000 km (600 mi) long and include five layers of fencing, watch towers, night-vision cameras, and radar cameras and manned by 30,000 troops.[36]

The land borders between Saudi Arabia and Qatar were closed in 2017. Saudi Arabia has proposed the construction of the Salwa Canal along the Saudi-Qatar border, effectively turning Qatar into an island.[37]

Thailand

Thailand plans to build a concrete fence along parts of its border with Malaysia to keep Muslim militants and dual citizens from crossing Thailand's southern border with Malaysia.

Turkey

There are 4 border barriers around Turkey :

The barrier on the Syrian border is the third longest wall in the world after the Great Wall of China and the U.S.-Mexico border wall.[38]

United Arab Emirates

The UAE is building a security barrier along its border with Oman.

  • United Arab Emirates–Oman barrier

Uzbekistan

In 1999 Uzbekistan began constructing a barbed wire fence to secure its border with Kyrgyzstan.

In 2001 Uzbekistan fortified the fence with Afghanistan.

Europe

Austria
Main article: Austrian border barrier

In October 2015, during the European migrant crisis, the Austrian interior minister Johanna Mikl-Leitner announced construction of up to 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long border barriers at several border crossings with Slovenia. The barrier is to be guarded by Austrian police and Austrian Armed Forces.[39]

Belarus
Border zone in Brest with a security electric fence, a ploughed trace-control strip and a pillbox.

There is an electronic security barrier along the Belarus–Poland border consisting of Soviet-made security electric fences S-175 and KS-185. There are no electronic barriers on other borders.

Bulgaria

Bulgaria has built a fence on its border with Turkey starting in 2013.[40]

Denmark

During 2019, Denmark built a 1,5 m (5 ft) high fence along its border to Germany. Officially it is to keep out wild boars which are alleged to carry African swine fever.[41] Denmark also enforces border controls on the border with Germany.

Estonia

In August 2015, Estonia announced a plan to build a barrier on its border with Russia.[42]

France
Main article: Calais border barrier

The Calais border barrier built jointly by Britain and France on French soil surrounds the port and Channel Tunnel entrance at Calais.[43] Many migrants have tried to enter Britain by jumping on trucks or trains using the tunnel.

Germany
East German guard Conrad Schumann leaping over barbed wire into West Berlin on 15 August 1961

From 1952 onwards, East Germany started to construct a fortified Inner German border to separate it from West Germany. From 1961 the Berlin Wall also divided the city of Berlin into two. Most of the wall was demolished in and after 1989.

Greece
See also: Greek–Turkish relations
The Greek barrier is on the small section of the border where Evros River does not create a natural barrier.

After having made an agreement with Frontex on the guard of the maritime borders of Greece with Turkey[44] the Greek government decided a wall to be built at the land border with Turkey, the Evros River.[45] These actions have been made as a reaction to the illegal immigration to Greece through the Greco-Turkish borders. These immigrants are originated from Asian and African states. From January to the beginning of November 2010, 32,500 illegal migrants were intercepted in a single 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) stretch of the Turkish–Greek border along the Evros River.[46] This site is the main entrance of illegal immigrants to the EU from the Asian continent.[46] Illegal immigration is a current sore subject between the two countries.

Greece has constructed a barrier on the section of its land border with Turkey that is not separated by the Evros river, between October 2011 and December 2012.[47]

Hungary
Main article: Hungarian border barrier
Hungarian border barrier with Serbia

Hungary completed the construction of a 175 kilometres (109 mi) wall between Hungary and Serbia in September 2015 and on the border with Croatia in October 2015 to stop illegal migration into the EU.[48] In April 2016, Hungarian government announced construction of reinforcements of the barrier, which it described as "temporary".[49] In July 2016, nearly 1,300 migrants were "stuck" on the Serbian side of the border.[50] In August 2016, Orbán announced that Hungary will build another larger barrier on its southern border.[51] On April 28, 2017, the Hungarian government announced it had completed a second fence, 155 kilometres (96 mi) long, on the Serbian border.[52][53]

On September 24, 2015, Hungary began building fence on its border with Slovenia, in the area around Tornyiszentmiklós–Pince border crossing.[54] The razor wire obstacle was removed two days later.[55] As of March 2016, everything is in place if Hungary decides to build a border barrier on the Hungarian–Romanian border – the military is "only waiting for the command from the government".[56]

Attempted border entries have fallen since the barrier was constructed. During the month of September 2015 there was a total number of 138,396 migrant entries, and by the first two weeks of November the average daily number of intercepted migrants decreased to only 15, which is a daily reduction of more than 4,500.[57]

Latvia

Latvia started to build a fence on its border with Russia in December 2015.[58]

Lithuania

BBC News reported in January 2017, that Lithuania was planning a fence on its border with the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad.[59] The fence is to be 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall and 130 kilometres (81 mi) long.[60]

Macedonia

Macedonia began erecting a fence on its border with Greece in November 2015.[61]

Norway
Main article: Norway–Russia border barrier

In 2016 Norway constructed a barrier along a short part of its border with Russia, near the only official border crossing.[62]

Slovenia
Main article: Slovenian border barrier

Slovenia began erecting a border barrier along its border with Croatia in 2015 to control illegal migration into the Schengen Area.[63] As of November 2019 there was 220 kilometres (137 mi) of fences in total. They built extra kilometres in early 2020.[64][65]

Spain

The European Union and Spain have constructed barriers between Morocco and the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla to prevent illegal immigration and smuggling.

Even though both the United Kingdom and Spain are part of the European Union, the border fence separating Gibraltar and Spain is still relevant because Gibraltar, a British Overseas Territory, is not part of the Schengen Area so remains outside of the customs union and VAT area. The border crossing is open twenty-four hours a day to facilitate customs collection by Spain.

Ukraine
Main article: Russia–Ukraine barrier

United Kingdom
A "peace line" in Belfast

In Belfast, Derry, and other settlements in Northern Ireland, barriers called "peace lines" have been built to separate the two main communities. Their purpose is to minimize inter-communal violence between Irish nationalists/republicans (who mainly self-identify as Irish and/or Catholic) and unionists/loyalists (who mainly self-identify as British and/or Protestant). They were first built following the 1969 riots and beginning of the "Troubles". They have continued to be built and expanded since the Belfast Agreement of 1998. In 2008 a public discussion began about how and when the barriers could be removed.[66] On 1 September 2011, Belfast City Council agreed to develop a strategy regarding the removal of peace walls.[67] At the end of 2011 several local community initiatives resulted in several interface structures being opened for a trial period.[68] In January 2012, the International Fund for Ireland launched a Peace Walls funding programme to support local communities who want to work towards removing the peace walls.[69]

Border barriers in history
Map of the Roman Empire, along with locations of limes
The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls, which formed most of what is called the Great Wall of China today

Antiquity

Middle Ages

Early modern period
  • Zanja de Alsina, built in the 1870s along the southern frontier of Argentina
  • Great Hedge of India, built by the British in 1803

Defunct barriers in modern times

Other
gollark: The hard disk I'm using for backups is making faint clicky noises. This is very reassuring.
gollark: Has my backup already finished? This was very fast. I don't trust it.
gollark: Maybe the determinant would have been more funnerer than multiplication. Oh well.
gollark: You are to multiply them for code guessing however.
gollark: I think jabu does typical mind fallacy.

See also

References
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  2. "Border Barrier". Frontline. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  3. Friedman, Uri (19 May 2016). "A World of Walls". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  4. Phillips, Barnaby (2004-03-30). "Zimbabwe crisis spills over border". BBC News. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
  5. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 27, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "UNHCR – Western Sahara Atlas Map – June 2006". Unhcr.org. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  7. "RSA – Mozambique Border Fence". Home.telkomsa.net. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
  8. Monteiro, Tania (1990-01-27). "'Hundreds killed' by South Africa's border fence". New Scientist. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  9. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved September 22, 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf
  12. https://www.donaldjtrump.com/policies/immigration
  13. "Trump-O-Meter: | PolitiFact". www.politifact.com. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  14. Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (2017-01-25). "Trump Orders Mexican Border Wall to Be Built and Plans to Block Syrian Refugees". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  15. Kerns, Jen (2018-02-03). "New polling proves President Trump is right — 'Americans are #Dreamers, too'". The Hill. News Communication. 61 percent think that current border security is inadequate, and ... 54 percent support a physical barrier
  16. De Pinto, Jennifer; Backus, Fred; Khanna, Kabir; Salvanto, Anthony (20 January 2018). "Most Americans support DACA, but oppose border wall – CBS News poll". CBS. Most Americans ... oppose building a border wall, but seven in 10 Republicans support it.
  17. Salvanto, Anthony; De Pinto, Jennifer (21 December 2018). "Most Americans don't support building the wall". CBS. 59 percent of Americans oppose building a wall... A large majority of Republicans support the wall -- 79 percent. A majority of independents -- 66 percent -- oppose the wall, and 84 percent of Democrats are also against it.
  18. Kurtzleben, Danielle (23 January 2018). "What The Latest Immigration Polls Do (And Don't) Say". NPR. Given the choice between "open borders" ... and a "secure border," 79 percent of Americans agreed that the U.S. needs "secure borders." ... In a different poll, 58 percent of Americans support "building a combination of physical and electronic barriers across the U.S.-Mexico border."
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  21. Gramlich, John. "How Americans see illegal immigration, the border wall and political compromise". Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  22. Norman, Jim (4 February 2019). "Solid Majority Still Opposes New Construction on Border Wall". Gallup News. Gallup. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  23. "LateRooms – Last Minute Hotel Deals & Cheap Hotels". AsiaRooms.com. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  24. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. Fraser, Christian (9 December 2009). "Egypt starts building steel wall on Gaza Strip border". BBC. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  26. "BSF activates 'laser walls' along India-Pakistan border".
  27. "Debate on Iran border wall disallowed". dawn.com. May 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
  28. "BAE Systems to deliver 145 M777 Ultra Light Howitzers to the Indian Army". Archived from the original on November 18, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  29. "South Asia | World's barriers: Pakistan–Iran". BBC News. 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
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  31. "Pakistan doing all it can in terror war – Musharraf". Turkish weekly. February 28, 2006. Archived from the original on October 9, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-03. WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf said on Monday his country was doing all it could in the U.S.-led war against terrorism and offered to fence and mine its border with Afghanistan to stem Taliban infiltration. "I have been telling Karzai and the United States, 'Let us fence the border and let us mine it.' Today I say it again. Let us mine their entire border. Let us fence it. It's not difficult", Musharraf said, referring to Afghan President Hamid Karzai.
  32. Plett, Barbara (March 1, 2006). "Musharraf interview: Full transcript". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-12-03. Now the other thing that I've said: if he thinks everyone is crossing from here, I've been saying let us fence the border and let us also mine the border. We are experts at mining, they should mine the border on their side. We will fence it on our side. If that is all right I am for it, so that they are not allowed to go across at all. And then let us see what is happening in Afghanistan. Why don't they agree to this, I've said this openly many times before, they don't do it, for whatever are their reasons. I know how effective the fence, the Indian fence which is about 1,800 kilometres, and they are fencing the Kashmir mountains also, it is so difficult. Why are they doing that, are they mad, they are spending billions of rupees. Because it is effective. Let's fence this border so that this blame game is killed once for ever.
  33. Katz, Yaacov (November 8, 2005). "Israel may export fence to Russia". jpost.com. Retrieved 2007-03-05. The Russian government is mulling the construction of a security barrier along the border with Chechnya similar to Israel's West Bank security fence as part of its efforts to combat Muslim terror
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