Bayan Shireh Formation

The Bayan Shireh Formation (also known as Baynshiree/Baynshire Formation or Baynshirenskaya Svita) is a geological formation in Mongolia, that dates to the Late Cretaceous period. It was first described and established by Vasiliev et al. 1959.[1]

Bayan Shireh Formation Stratigraphic range: Cenomanian-Santonian ~96–89 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Sub-units	Upper Bayan Shireh, Lower Bayan Shireh, "Sheeregeen Gashoon" beds
Underlies	Javkhlant Formation
Overlies	Sainshand Svita
Thickness	Up to 300 m (980 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Claystone, sandstone
Other	Conglomerate, mudstone
Location
Coordinates	44.3°N 109.2°E / 44.3; 109.2
Approximate paleocoordinates	46.5°N 100.0°E / 46.5; 100.0
Region	Gobi Desert
Country	Mongolia
Type section
Named for	Bayan Shireh
Named by	Vasiliev et al.
Year defined	1959
Fossil localities in Mongolia. From C to D, mainly Bayan Shireh locations

Geology

late Early Cretaceous (105 Ma)

The Bayan Shireh Formation is primarily composed by varicoloured claystones and sandstones with calcareous concretions and characterized by grey mudstones and yellowish-brown medium grained sandstones.[1][2] Up to 300 m (980 ft) thick, the most complete sections are found in the eastern Gobi Desert, consisting of fine-grained, often cross-stratified gray sandstone interbedded with claystone and concretionary, intraformational conglomerates with relatively thick units of red to brown mudstone in the upper part.[3][4] The Baynshire and Burkhant localities are mainly composed by mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerates, with most of their sedimentation being fluvial.[5][6][7] The environments that were present on the Bayan Shireh Formation consisted mainly on semi-arid climates with large water bodies, such as rivers or lakes.[8][7] Although it is considered to be partially lacustrine[9], largescale cross-stratification in many of the sandstone layers at the Baynshire locality seem to indicate that a large meandering fluvial system was present. The upper Bayan Shireh Formation is marked by a horizon of large concretions, mudstones and concretionary conglomerate. It has been implied that during the late Bayan Shirehnian times, large rivers with direct connections to the sea drained a prominent part of the eastern Gobi region.[3][6][8]

While the lower Bayan Shireh is composed by extensive conglomerate that indicates the ancient presence of very active rivers, the upper Bayan Shireh is mainly composed by mudstone and claystone that is interbedded by sandstone, indicating again, the presence of rivers but also lakes and other water bodies.[10]

Stratigraphy

At first, the exact age was uncertain: based on comparisons with other formations, the Bayan Shireh paleofauna seems to correspond best with the Turonian through early Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous, about 93 to 80 million years ago.[5] However, examination of the magnetostratigraphy of the formation indicates that the entire Bayan Shireh lies within the Cretaceous Long Normal, which lasted only until the end of the Santonian stage, giving a possible Cenomanian through Late Santonian age, between 98.5 and 83.5 million years ago.[6] In 2012, Averianov and Sues re-examined many formations from the Gobi Desert, also the Bayan Shireh Formation. Based on biostratigraphic occurrences and previous dating, the Bayan Shireh Formation was again dated to the Cenomanian-Santonian stages, between 97.8 million and 83.6 million years ago. The upper Bayan Shireh dating to 90.5 million and 83.6 million years ago (Late Turonian-Late Santonian) correlating the Iren Dabasu Formation, and lower Bayan Shireh dating to 97.8 million and 90.5 million years ago (Early Cenomanian-Late Turonian).[8]

Based on the notorious turtle abundance among dinosaur remains, Danilov et al. 2014 considered the lower beds to be Cenomanian-Early Turonian and the upper beds to be Late Turonian-Santonian in age.[11] The recent redate of the formation, based on calcite U–Pb measurements, has estimated the exact age of the Bayan Shireh Formation from 95.9 ± 6.0 million to 89.6 ± 4.0 million years ago, Cenomanian trough Santonian ages.[12]

Correlations

A potential correlation between the Iren Dabasu Formation has been long suggested by most authors, mainly based on the highly similar vertebrate assemblages.[5][13][14][15] However, Van Itterbeeck et al. 2005 argued against this correlation concluding that instead, the Iren Dabasu Formation was coeval with the younger Nemegt Formation based on the charophyte and ostracode assemblages; therefore, these formations were dated to the Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian.[16] Averianov and Sues found that this correlation was inconsistent since the microfossil assemblages used by Van Itterbeeck and colleagues were not restricted to the Maastrichtian period and the similarities between these assemblages were most probably due to a similar deposition and climate settings. They proposed a correlation between the Bayan Shireh, Iren Dabasu and Bissekty Formations.[8]

Fossil content

In terms of biodiversity, therizinosaurs and turtles were the most abundant vertebrates across the formation, as evidenced on numerous remains.[11][17] Nevertheless, hadrosauroids were pretty abundant too, particularly at the Baynshire locality with numerous remains unearthed from this area and a new unnamed hadrosauroid. In addition, most specimens of Gobihadros come from this locality.[7][18][10] Also, niche partitioning has been reported within the therizinosaurids Erlikosaurus and Segnosaurus[19], and the ankylosaurs Talarurus and Tsagantegia.[20] Mammals however, are extremely uncommon; Tsagandelta is the only mammal described so far.[21] Besides vertebrate fossils, abundant fossil fruits have been collected from the Bor Guvé and Khara Khutul localities and they are especially abundant at Bor Guvé. Although they resemble Abelmoschus esculentus their taxonomic position remains unclear and further examination is required.[22]

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Theropods

Theropods reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Achillobator	A. giganticus	Burkhant, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Maxilla and fragmentary postcrania."[23]	A giant dromaeosaurid.
Alectrosaurus?	A. olseni?	Bayshin Tsav, Ömnögovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Two specimens, fragmentary skull and postcrania."[24][25]	A tyrannosauroid. Also present in the Iren Dabasu Formation
Dendroolithidae spp.	Indeterminate	Baynshire, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Various nests and egg clutches."[26][27]	Eggs probably laid by a therizinosaur
Enigmosaurus	E. mongoliensis	Khara Khutul, Dornogovi Province	Lower Bayan Shireh	"Incompletely preserved pelvis."[28][29][30]	A therizinosauroid.
Erlikosaurus	E. andrewsi	Bayshin Tsav, Ömnögovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Skull, right pes, and fragmentary postcranium."[29][31][30]	A therizinosaurid.
"Gallimimus"	"G. mongoliensis"	Bayshin Tsav, Ömnögovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Complete skull with postcrania only lacking the caudal region."[32]	An informally named ornithomimid that actually differs from Gallimimus.
Garudimimus	G. brevipes	Bayshin Tsav, Ömnögovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Skull with fragmented postcrania."[33][34][35]	A primitive ornithomimosaur.
Segnosaurus	S. galbinensis	Amtgai - Khara Khutul, Ömnögovi Province	Upper and Lower Bayan Shireh	"Three specimens, including mandible, pelvis, hindlimb, scapulocoracoid, incomplete forelimb, and fragmentary vertebrae."[36][29][30]	A therizinosaurid.
Tyrannosauroidea indet.	Indeterminate	Tsagan Teg, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"An isolated nearly complete left frontal."[37]	A tyrannosauroid.
Undescribed ornithomimosaurs	Indeterminate	Baynshire, Bayshin Tsav, Khongil Tsav, Sheeregeen Gashoon, Shine Us Khuduk		"More than five specimens and a bonebed containing mainly postcranial elements."[38][39][40][41][42]	Multiple ornithomimosaurian taxa.
Unnamed caenagnathid	Indeterminate	Tsagan Teg, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Partial lower jaw similar to Gigantoraptor."[43]	A large oviraptorosaur.
Unnamed therizinosaurid	Indeterminate	Ulribe Khuduk, Ömnögovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Forelimbs with two digits, partial pelvis and vertebrae."[44]	A two-fingered therizinosaurid.
Unnamed velociraptorine	Indeterminate	Shine Us Khuduk - Tel Ulan Chaltsai	Upper and Lower Bayan Shireh	"Fragmentary crania and postcrania from two specimens."[45][46][47]	A dromaeosaurid.

Ornithischians

Ornithischians reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Amblydactylus spp.	Indeterminate	Baynshire, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Five three-toed footprints."[48]	Ornithopod tracks.
Amtocephale	A. gobiensis	Amtgai, Ömnögovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Nearly complete frontoparietal dome."[49]	A primitive pachycephalosaurid.
Amtosaurus	A. magnus			"Fragmentary skull."	Reclassified as Bissektipelta archibaldi and nomen dubium.[50]
"Gadolosaurus"	Not given.	Bayshin Tsav, Ömnögovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Nearly complete skeleton from a juvenile individual."[51]	A hadrosauroid
Graciliceratops	G. mongoliensis	Sheeregeen Gashoon	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Partial crania and postcrania."[52]	A primitive neoceratopsian.
Gobihadros	G. mongoliensis	Bayshin Tsav, Ömnögovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Multiple specimens with a virtually complete skull and postcranial remains".[18][10]	A primitive hadrosauroid.
Maleevus	M. disparoserratus			"Partial skull"	Nomen dubium.[53]
Microceratops	M. gobiensis			"Partial skull and postcrania."	Material reclassified as Graciliceratops mongoliensis and nomen dubium.[54][52]
Ovaloolithidae indet.	Indeterminate	Mogoyn Ulagiyn Khaets, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh?	"Egg, shells and egg clutches."[55]	Eggs probably laid by an ornithopod.
Talarurus	T. plicatospineus	Bayshin Tsav, Ömnögovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"More than five specimens, including partial to nearly complete skulls, partial skeletons and osteoderms."[56][57][58][59][20]	An ankylosaurid.
Tsagantegia	T. longicranialis	Tsagan Teg, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Skull."[60][20]	An ankylosaurid.
Unnamed hadrosauroid	Indeterminate	Baynshire - Char Teeg, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Partial right dentary and sparce postcranial remains."[10]	A primitive hadrosauroid slightly smaller than Gobihadros.

Sauropods

Sauropods reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Erketu	E. ellisoni	Bor Guvé, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Vertebrae and postcrania."[22]	A somphospondylan.
Unnamed titanosaur	Indeterminate	Bor Guvé, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Vertebrae."[61]	A titanosaur.

Other reptiles

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Charitonyx	C. tajanikolaevae	Khara Khutul, Dornogovi Province	Lower Bayan Shireh	"Fragmented postcrania."[62][63]	A nanhsiungchelyid.
Gobiapalone	G. orlovi	Burkhant - Baynshire - Khongil Tsav, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Crania and postcrania."[11]	A trionychid.
Hanbogdemys	H. orientalis	Khara Khutul, Dornogovi Province	Lower Bayan Shireh	"Fragmented cervical remains."[63]	A nanhsiungchelyid.
Kharakhutulia	K. kalandadzei	Khara Khutul, Dornogovi Province	Lower Bayan Shireh	"Fragmented postcrania."[63]	A nanhsiungchelyid.
Kirgizemys sp.	Indeterminate	Khara Khutul, Dornogovi Province	Lower Bayan Shireh	"Fragmented postcrania."[63]	A nanhsiungchelyid.
Kizylkumemys	K. schultzi	Khara Khutul, Dornogovi Province	Lower Bayan Shireh	"Fragmented postcrania."[64][63]	A nanhsiungchelyid.
Lindholmemys	L. martinsoni	Sheeregeen Gashoon - Usheen Khuduk	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Fragmentary shell."[65]	A lindholmemydid.
"Trionyx"	T. baynshirensis	Baynshire, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Fragmentary shell."[11]	A trionychine.

Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Paralligator	P. gradilifrons	Sheeregeen Gashoon	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Complete skull with fragmentary postcrania."[66][67]	A paralligatorid.
	P. major	Sheeregeen Gashoon	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Fragmentary crania."[68][67]	A paralligatorid.
Unnamed crocodylomorph ichnotaxon	Indeterminate	Baynshire, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Swim tracks."[17]	Tracks made underwater by a swimming individual.

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Azhdarchidae spp.	Indeterminate	Bayshin Tsav, Ömnögovi Province − Burkhant, Dornogovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Cervical vertebrae."[69]	An azhdarchid.

Mammals

Deltatheroidans

Deltatheroidans reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Tsagandelta	T. dashzevegi	Tsagan Tsonj	Lower Bayan Shireh	"Partial left dentary."[21]	A deltatheroidan.

Fish

Sharks

Sharks reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Hybodus	H. kansaiensis	Bayshin Tsav, Ömnögovi Province	Upper Bayan Shireh	"Teeth and postcrania."[8]	A hybodontid.
Osteichthyes spp.	Indeterminate		Upper Bayan Shireh	"Unspecified material."[8]	Bony fish.

Flora

Flora reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic Position	Material	Notes	Images
Bothrocaryum	B. gobience	Khara Khutul, Dornogovi Province	Lower Bayan Shireh	"Unspecified material."[70]	A cornacean.
Nyssoidea	N. mongolica	Khara Khutul, Dornogovi Province	Lower Bayan Shireh	"Unspecified material."[70]	A cornacean.
Angiosperm spp.	Indeterminate	Bor Guvé - Khara Khutul, Dornogovi Province	Upper and Lower Bayan Shireh	"Fossil fruits."[22]	Very abundant at Bor Guvé.

See also

• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
• List of Asian dinosaurs
• Laurasia
• Geology of Mongolia
• Cretaceous Mongolia

References

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