Australia–United States relations

Australia–United States relations are the international relations between Australia and the United States. At the governmental level, Australia–United States relations are formalized by the ANZUS treaty and the Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement.

Australia–United States relations

Australia
United States
Diplomatic mission
Australian Embassy, Washington, D.C.United States Embassy, Canberra
Envoy
Ambassador Arthur SinodinosAmbassador Arthur B. Culvahouse Jr.
Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison with U.S. President Donald Trump shaking hands at the White House, September 2019.

According to a 2014 BBC World Service poll, 44 percent of Australians had a "mainly positive" view of the United States and 46 percent had a "mainly negative" view, for a net rating of −2 points. No similar survey was conducted to ascertain American perceptions of Australia.[1] According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 55% of Australians approve of U.S. leadership, with 21% disapproving and 24% uncertain.[2] In a more recent 2016 Pew Research poll, 60% of Australians approve of U.S. leadership.[3] In 2017, a major poll conducted in Australia by the Lowy Institute showed that 77% believed an alliance with the US was important for security.[4][5] However, the survey showed that 60% of Australians had developed an unfavorable view of the US as a result of President Donald Trump.[6] The survey also showed that the US was no longer considered Australia's "best friend", a title now held by New Zealand.[7] A 2017 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed only 29% of Australians had confidence in the current US President Donald Trump, in contrast to the 87% who had confidence in the former president, Barack Obama.[8] It also showed 70% of Australians had no confidence in the current US president.[9] The annual Lowy Institute survey revealed that in 2018 only 55% of Australians believed that the US could act responsibly in the world.[10] This was a drop from 83% in 2011 and a record low.[10] The survey also revealed that 70% of Australians do not think that Trump could act responsibly, with only 30% believing otherwise.[10]

Independent foreign policy
"Australians welcome Americans", postcard 1908
There are dozens of similarities [between America and Australia]...migrations to a new land, the mystique of pioneering (actually somewhat different in the two countries), the turbulence of gold rushes, the brutality of relaxed restraint, the boredoms of the backblocks, the feeling of making life anew. There may be more similarities between the history of Australia and America than for the moment Australians can understand."

Australian historian Donald Horne, 1964

The political and economic changes wrought by the Great Depression and Second World War, and the adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931, necessitated the establishment and expansion of Australian representation overseas, independent of the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Australia established its first overseas missions (outside London) in January 1940. The first accredited diplomat sent by Australia to any foreign country was R. G. (Richard Gavin Gardiner, although usually known by the two initials) Casey,[11] appointed to Washington in January 1940.[12][13]

The U.S. Embassy opened in Canberra in 1943, constructed in a Georgian architectural style.

Military
Australian frigate Newcastle alongside U.S. aircraft carrier Nimitz in the Persian Gulf in September 2005
USS Wasp (LHD-1) transits Port Jackson outside Sydney in 2019

In 1908, Prime Minister Alfred Deakin invited the Great White Fleet to visit Australia during its circumnavigation of the world. The fleet stopped in Sydney, Melbourne and Albany. Deakin, a strong advocate for an independent Australian Navy, used the visit to raise the public's enthusiasm about a new navy.

The visit was significant in that it marked the first occasion that a non-Royal Navy fleet had visited Australian waters. Many saw the visit of the Great White Fleet as a major turning point in the creation of the Royal Australian Navy. Shortly after the visit, Australia ordered its first modern warships, a purchase that angered the British Admiralty.[14]

During World War II, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in the South West Pacific Area, which included many Australian troops.[15] MacArthur's headquarters were located in Brisbane until 1944 and Australian forces remained under MacArthur's overall command until the end of World War II. After the Guadalcanal Campaign, the 1st Marine Division was stationed in Melbourne, and Waltzing Matilda became the division's march.

ANZUS
Main article: ANZUS

After the war, the American presence in the southwest Pacific increased immensely, most notably in Japan and the Philippines. In view of the cooperation between the Allies during the war, the decreasing reliance of Australia and New Zealand on the United Kingdom, and America's desire to cement this post-war order in the Pacific, the ANZUS Treaty was signed by Australia, New Zealand and the United States in 1951.[16] This full three-way military alliance replaced the ANZAC Pact that had been in place between Australia and New Zealand since 1944.

Australia, along with New Zealand, has been involved in most major American military endeavors since World War II including the Korean War, Vietnam War, Gulf War and the Iraq War—all without invocation of ANZUS. The alliance has only been invoked once, for the invasion of Afghanistan after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon.[17]

War on Terror

Following the September 11 attacks, in which eleven Australian citizens were also killed, there was an enormous outpouring of sympathy from Australia for the United States. Prime Minister John Howard became one of President George W. Bush's strongest international supporters, and supported the United States in the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and the invasion of Iraq in 2003.[17]

In 2004 the Bush Administration "fast tracked" a free trade agreement with Australia. The Sydney Morning Herald called the deal a "reward" for Australia's contribution of troops to the Iraq invasion.[18][19]

However, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd indicated that the 550 Australian combat troops in Iraq would be removed by mid-2008. Despite this, there have been suggestions from the Australian government that might lead to an increase in numbers of Australian troops in Afghanistan to roughly 1,000.[20]

In 2011, during US President Obama's trip to Australia, it was announced that United States Marine Corps and United States Air Force units will be rotated through Australian Defence Force bases in northern Australia to conduct training. This deployment was criticised by an editorial in the Chinese state-run newspaper People's Daily and Indonesia's foreign minister,[21] but welcomed[21][22] by Australia's Prime Minister. A poll by the independent Lowy Institute think tank showed that a majority (55%) of Australians approving of the marine deployment[23] and 59% supporting the overall military alliance between the two countries.[24]

In 2013, the US Air Force announced rotational deployments of fighter and tanker aircraft through Australia.[25]

Political
  • Wayne Swan, Barack Obama and Julia Gillard toast at a dinner at Parliament House in 2011
  • US and Australian Defence and Foreign Affairs ministers at the AUSMIN summit in Sydney, June 2017.
  • Vice President Pence and Foreign Minister Bishop meet for the first time in the White House, February 2017.
  • President Trump and Prime Minister Turnbull meet aboard the USS Intrepid to mark the 75th anniversary of the Battle of the Coral Sea, April 2017.

Since 1985, there have been annual ministerial consultations between the two countries, known as AUSMIN. The venue of the meeting alternates between the two countries. It is attended by senior government ministers such as the Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australian Minister for Defence, US Secretary of Defense and US Secretary of State.[26]

In late July 2020, Australia's Foreign Minister, Marise Payne, and Defence Minister Linda Reynolds, flew to the US to attend the annual AUSMIN talks with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Defense Secretary Mark Esper despite concerns about the coronavirus. The year's talks focused on growing tensions with China. In the joint statement following the meetings, the two countries expressed “deep concern” over issues including Hong Kong, Taiwan, the “repression of Uyghurs” in Xinjiang and China’s maritime claims in the South China Sea, which are “not valid under international law”.[27][28]

Australian tours by U.S. presidents

The first Australian visit by a serving United States President[29] was that of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966 to seek support for Australia's ongoing involvement in the Vietnam War. Australia had previously sent advisers and combat troops to Vietnam. In 1992, George H. W. Bush was the first of four US presidents to address a joint meeting of the Australian Parliament.

Dates President Cities visited Reason
20–23 October 1966 Lyndon B. Johnson Canberra, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Townsville State visit; met with Governor-General Lord Casey and Prime Minister Harold Holt. First US president to visit Australia.[30]
21–22 December 1967 Lyndon B. Johnson Melbourne Attended memorial service for Prime Minister Harold Holt and conferred with other attending heads of state.
31 December 1991
– 3 January 1992		 George H. W. Bush Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne Met with Prime Minister Paul Keating and senior Australian officials; addressed a joint meeting of the Australian Parliament.
19–23 November 1996 Bill Clinton Sydney, Canberra, Port Douglas State visit. Addressed joint meeting of Parliament and visited the Great Barrier Reef.
22 October 2003 George W. Bush Canberra Met with Prime Minister John Howard and addressed joint meeting of Parliament.
2–5 September 2007 George W. Bush Sydney Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Conference.
16–17 November 2011 Barack Obama Canberra, Darwin Met with Prime Minister Julia Gillard and addressed joint meeting of Parliament.
15–16 November 2014 Barack Obama Brisbane G20 economic summit.

United States tours by Australian Prime Ministers
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Dates Prime Minister Cities/countries visited Reason
April and May 1944[31] John Curtin San Francisco, Washington, Warm Springs, New York City Meeting with President Roosevelt and travel to and from the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in London.
9 May 1946[32] Ben Chifley Washington Met with President Truman for 15 minutes.
28 July 1950[33] Robert Menzies Washington Met with President Truman for half the day.
19 May 1952[33] Robert Menzies Washington Met with President Truman.
20 December 1952[33] Robert Menzies Washington Met with President Truman for informal dinner.
2 October 1960[34] Robert Menzies Washington Met with President Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of the United Kingdom.
24 February 1961[35] Robert Menzies Washington Met with President John F. Kennedy and discussed SEATO, ANZUS and Laos.
20 June 1962[35] Robert Menzies Washington Met with President Kennedy and discussed West New Guinea, Vietnam, ANZUS and the European Union.
8 July 1963 [36] Robert Menzies Washington Met with President Kennedy.
24 June 1964[37] Robert Menzies Met with President Lyndon B. Johnson.
7 June 1965[38] Robert Menzies Met with President Johnson.
June 1966[39] Harold Holt Met with President Johnson and endorsed the USA's Vietnam policy. His speech included the words "All the way with LBJ".
27 to 30 May 1968 [40] John Gorton Washington and LBJ ranch Met with President Johnson and discussed Vietnam.
6 May 1969 [41] John Gorton Washington Met with President Richard Nixon and discussed Vietnam.
2 November 1971 [42] William McMahon Washington Met with President Nixon and discussed bilateral issues and commitment to the ANZUS treaty.
NA[43] Gough Whitlam No visit. Nixon had not extended an invitation due to irritation over a letter from Whitlam criticising bombing in North Vietnam. Whitlam was prepared to visit in June 1973 without an official invitation ("Official invitations are not necessary in these circumstances").[44]
27 July 1977[45] Malcolm Fraser Met with President Jimmy Carter.
30 June 1981[46] Malcolm Fraser Met with President Ronald Reagan.
17 April 1986[47][48] Bob Hawke US/Australian relations Met with President Reagan. US offered a $5M gift for Australia's bicentennial celebrations for the proposed Australian Maritime Museum.[49]
22–24 June 1988[48] Bob Hawke Washington, D.C. Met with President Reagan and other government officials.
14 September 1993[50] Paul Keating Seattle, Washington APEC meeting - met with President Bill Clinton.
7–15 July 2000[51] John Howard Japan and USA
4–8 September 2000[52][53] John Howard Millennium Summit and Commonwealth High Level Review Group.
8–14 June 2001[54] John Howard
8–14 September 2001[54] John Howard State visit. Address a joint sitting of the US Congress on 12 September. Was the first world leader to support the US in its response to the September 11 attacks.
28 January
– 8 February 2002[54]		 John Howard
8–16 February 2003[55] John Howard
1–10 May 2005[56] John Howard New York City, Washington, D.C. State visit. Addressed the 60th anniversary session of the United Nations in New York City.
8–14 May 2006[57] John Howard
March/April 2008[58] Kevin Rudd Washington DC Part of 17-day world tour to China, the US, the UK and Europe. Met with President George W. Bush, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Defense Secretary Robert Gates and US Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke.[59] Also met with several presidential candidates.[60]
24 March 2009 Kevin Rudd Washington DC Met with President Barack Obama.
7 March 2011 Julia Gillard Washington DC Met with President Barack Obama and addressed joint sitting of Congress.
12–13 November 2011 Julia Gillard Honolulu, Hawaii APEC meeting - met with President Barack Obama.
24–28 September 2012[61] Julia Gillard New York City Addressed the 67th session of the United Nations in New York City.
12 June 2014 Tony Abbott Washington DC Met with President Barack Obama.
19 January 2016 Malcolm Turnbull Washington DC Met with President Barack Obama.
4 May 2017 Malcolm Turnbull New York City Met with President Donald Trump.
23 February 2018 Malcolm Turnbull Washington DC Met with President Donald Trump.
19–27 September 2019 Scott Morrison Washington DC State visit.

Kyoto Protocol

Australia's Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 3 December 2007, leaving the United States and Canada as the last major industrial nations not to ratify the agreement.[20] Australia's previous government, led by Liberal John Howard, refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol citing, along with the United States, that it would "damage their economies".[62]

Trump administration

The first phone conversation between the United States President Donald Trump and Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull took place in February 2017 and lasted around 25 minutes.[63] During the call, Trump disagreed with Turnbull on a deal that had been made during President Barack Obama's presidency. The agreement aims to take about 1,250 asylum seekers into the United States, who are currently located on Nauru and Manus Island by Australian authorities.[64] The deal will involve a swap of the 1,250 refugees located on Nauru and Manus with several thousand refugees originating in Honduras, Guatemala, and other Central American nations. Though the details of the trade were not made transparent to the public, a public briefing announced the deal would be applied only to existing refugees and that they would be resettled in America in the coming year.[65][66]

On Twitter, 2 February 2017, Trump tweeted that the refugee agreement was a "dumb deal".[67] Notwithstanding the disagreement, Vice President Mike Pence, while on a visit to Australia in April 2017, stated the United States will abide by the deal.[68] In August 2017, the Washington Post released the full transcript of the meeting. In it, President Trump described the refugee deal as "ridiculous", "rotten", and "stupid". The President, angered by the discussion about refugees, said "I have had it. I have been making these calls all day and this is the most unpleasant call all day. Putin was a pleasant call".[69] As at 16 November 2018 about 300 refugees have been resettled from Nauru under the refugee swap deal, some of whom want to return to Nauru.[70]

In a video released by Channel Nine on 14 June 2017, Turnbull is seen mocking Trump at the Midwinter Ball.[71]

In response to the growing threat of North Korea developing nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles, Prime Minister Turnbull, in August 2017, emphasized the alliance between Australia and the United States and his nation's commitment to aiding the United States with possible conflict stating, "So be very, very clear on that. If there's an attack on the US, the ANZUS Treaty would be invoked and Australia would come to the aid of the United States, as America would come to our aid if we were attacked."[72]

In May 2018, the United States granted Australia a permanent exemption from the United States' worldwide 25% steel tariff, making Australia one of only four nations worldwide to be exempted.[73] Several other countries generally considered to have close relationships with the United States, such as Canada, Mexico, and the European Union, have not received permanent exemptions.

On 2 January 2019, Washington lawyer Arthur Culvahouse was confirmed US Ambassador to Australia, filling a post that had been vacant since John Berry left the post in September 2016.[74]

Trade
Monthly value of Australian merchandise exports to the United States (A$ millions) since 1988
Monthly value of US merchandise exports to Australia (A$ millions) since 1988

Trade between the United States and Australia is strong, as evidenced by the Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement. The United States is Australia's fourth largest export market and its second largest source of imports.[75] The United States is also the largest investor in Australia while Australia is the fifth largest investor in the US.

Australia and the United States also provide significant competition for each other in several third-party exports such as wheat, uranium and wool and, more recently, in the information technology sector. Although the US has a sizable sheep population, American imports of lamb meat from Australia and New Zealand remain stronger than the domestic output.

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See also

References
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  16. Full text of the ANZUS Treaty Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
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  63. Karp, Paul (3 February 2017). "'Big personality': Australian PM puts brave face on phone call with Trump". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
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  67. Sydney, Katharine Murphy Ben Doherty in (2 February 2017). "Australia struggles to save refugee agreement after Trump's fury at 'dumb deal'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
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  69. March, Stephanie (4 August 2017). "Donald Trump told Malcolm Turnbull 'you are worse than I am' on refugees during call, leaked transcript reveals". ABC News (Australia). ABC. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
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  71. Westcott, Ben (15 June 2017). "Australia's Turnbull mocks US President Trump in leaked audio". CNN. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
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  75. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Further reading
  • Camilleri, Joseph A. The Australia-New Zealand-US Alliance: Regional Security in the Nuclear Age (Routledge, 2019).
  • Cuthbertson, Ken. "Australian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 179–188. online
  • Kelton, Maryanne. 'More than an Ally'?: Contemporary Australia-US Relations (2008).
  • Moore, John Hammond, ed. Australians in America: 1876–1976 (University of Queensland Press, 1977).
  • Siracusa, Joseph M., and David G. Coleman eds. Australia Looks to America: Australian–American Relations, since Pearl Harbor (Regina Books, 2006).
  • Tidwell, Alan. "The role of ‘diplomatic lobbying’in shaping US foreign policy and its effects on the Australia–US relationship." Australian Journal of International Affairs 71.2 (2017): 184-200.
  • Tow, William T. "President Trump and the Implications for the Australia–US Alliance and Australia's Role in Southeast Asia." Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs 39.1 (2017): 50-57.
Library resources about
Australia–United States relations
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