American Civil War prison camps

American Civil War Prison Camps were operated by both the Union and the Confederacy to handle the 409,000 soldiers captured during the war from 1861 to 1865. The Record and Pension Office in 1901 counted 211,000 Northerners who were captured. In 1861-63 most were immediately paroled; after the parole exchange system broke down in 1863, about 195,000 went to prison camps. Some tried to escape but few succeeded. By contrast 464,000 Confederates were captured (many in the final days) and 215,000 imprisoned. Over 30,000 Union and nearly 26,000 Confederate prisoners died in captivity. Just over 12% of the captives in Northern prisons died, compared to 15.5% for Southern prisons.[1]

A Union Army soldier barely alive who survived Andersonville Prison in Georgia on his release in May, 1865. Both Confederate and Union prisoners of war suffered great hardships during their captivity.

Parole

Lacking means for dealing with large numbers of captured troops early in the American Civil War, the Union and Confederate governments both relied on the traditional European system of parole and exchange of prisoners. A prisoner who was on parole promised not to fight again until his name was "exchanged" for a similar man on the other side. Then both of them could rejoin their units. While awaiting exchange, prisoners were briefly confined to permanent camps. The exchange system broke down in mid 1863 when the Confederacy refused to treat captured black prisoners as equal to white prisoners. The prison populations on both sides then soared. There were 32 major Confederate prisons, 16 of them in the Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina.[2] Training camps were often turned into prisons, and new prisons also had to be made. The North had a much larger population than the South, and Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was well aware that keeping its soldiers in Northern prisons hurt the Southern economy and war effort.

Prisoner exchanges
Main article: Dix–Hill Cartel

At the outbreak of the War the Federal government avoided any action, including prisoner exchanges, that might be viewed as official recognition of the Confederate government in Richmond. Public opinion forced a change after the First Battle of Bull Run, when the Confederates captured over one thousand Union soldiers.[3]

Union and Confederate forces exchanged prisoners sporadically, often as an act of humanity between opposing commanders. Support for prisoner exchanges grew throughout the initial months of the war, as the North saw increasing numbers of its soldiers captured. Petitions from prisoners in the South and editorials in Northern newspapers brought pressure on the Lincoln administration.[3] On December 11, 1861, the US Congress passed a joint resolution calling on President Lincoln to "inaugurate systematic measures for the exchange of prisoners in the present rebellion."[4] In two meetings on February 23 and March 1, 1862, Union Major Gen. John E. Wool and Confederate Brig. Gen. Howell Cobb met to reach an agreement on prisoner exchanges. They discussed many of the provisions later adopted in the Dix-Hill agreement. However, differences over which side would cover expenses for prisoner transportation stymied the negotiations.

Dix-Hill Cartel of 1862

Prison camps were largely empty in mid-1862, thanks to the informal exchanges. Both sides agreed to formalize the system. Negotiations resumed in July 1862, when Union Maj. Gen. John A. Dix and Confederate Maj. Gen. D. H. Hill were assigned the task. The agreement established a scale of equivalents for the exchange of military officers and enlisted men. Thus a navy captain or an army colonel was worth fifteen privates or ordinary seamen, while personnel of equal ranks were exchanged man for man. Each government appointed an agent to handle the exchange and parole of prisoners. The agreement also allowed the exchange of non-combatants, such as citizens accused of "disloyalty", and civilian employees of the military, and allowed the informal exchange or parole of captives between the commanders of the opposing forces.

Authorities were to parole any prisoners not formally exchanged within ten days following their capture. The terms of the cartel prohibited paroled prisoners from returning to the military in any capacity including "the performance of field, garrison, police, or guard, or constabulary duty."[5]

End of exchanges

The exchange system collapsed in 1863 because the Confederacy refused to treat black prisoners the same as whites. They said they were probably ex-slaves and belonged to their masters, not to the Union Army.[6] The South needed the exchanges much more than the North did, because of the severe manpower shortage in the Confederacy. In 1864 Ulysses Grant, noting the "prisoner gap" (Union camps held far more prisoners than Confederate camps), decided that the growing prisoner gap gave him a decided military advantage. He therefore opposed wholesale exchanges until the end was in sight. Around 5600 Confederates were allowed to join the Union Army. Known as "Galvanized Yankees" these troops were stationed in the West facing Native Americans.[7]

Prisoner exchanges resumed early in 1865, just before the war's end, with the Confederates sending 17,000 prisoners North while receiving 24,000 men.[8] On April 23, after the war ended, the riverboat Sultana was taking 1900 ex-prisoners North on the Mississippi River when it exploded, killing about 1500 of them.

Death rates

The overall mortality rates in prisons on both sides were similar, and quite high. Many Southern prisons were located in regions with high disease rates, and were routinely short of medicine, doctors, food and ice. Northerners often believed their men were being deliberately weakened and killed in Confederate prisons, and demanded that conditions in Northern prisons be equally harsh, even though shortages were not a problem in the North.[9]

About 56,000 soldiers died in prisons during the war, accounting for almost 10% of all Civil War fatalities.[10] During a period of 14 months in Camp Sumter, located near Andersonville, Georgia, 13,000 (28%) of the 45,000 Union soldiers confined there died.[11] At Camp Douglas in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and Elmira Prison in New York state, with a death rate of 25%, very nearly equaled that of Andersonville.[12]

Main camps
Combatant Name Location Notes Image
Union Camp Chase Columbus, Ohio Established in May 1861 and closed in 1865. The camp's original capacity was for 4,000 men, but at times more than 7,000 prisoners were accommodated. The capacity was increased to 7,000, but towards the end of the war up to 10,000 men were crammed into the facility.[13]
The memorial to the Confederate dead at Camp Chase, dedicated in 1909
Union Camp Douglas Chicago, Illinois
Camp Douglas in Chicago the largest prisoner of war camp for detaining military personnel of the Confederate States of America
Union Fort Slocum Davids' Island, New York City Davids' Island was used from July 1863 to October 1863 as a temporary hospital for Confederate soldiers injured during the Battle of Gettysburg.
Union Elmira Prison Elmira, New York Originally established as Camp Rathbun, a training base, the site was converted to a prisoner of war camp in 1864 with a capacity for approximately 12,000 prisoners. Before its closure in 1865, 2,963 prisoners died there from various causes.[14]
Union Fort Delaware Delaware City, Delaware
Union Fort Warren Boston, Massachusetts [15]
Union Gratiot Street Prison St. Louis, Missouri [16]
Union Johnson's Island Lake Erie, Sandusky, Ohio [17]
Johnson's Island Prison barracks enclosed by a stockade
Union Ohio Penitentiary Columbus, Ohio [18]
Union Old Capitol Prison Washington, DC [19]
Union Point Lookout Saint Mary's County, Maryland [20]
Union Rock Island Prison Rock Island, Illinois A U.S. Government owned island in the Mississippi River[21]
Confederate Andersonville Andersonville, Georgia The site is the National POW Museum

13,000 of the 45,000 Union soldiers imprisoned here died, making Andersonville the worst prison in the Civil War.

Bird's eye view of the Andersonville POW camp.
Confederate Camp Lawton Millen, Georgia To relieve some of the conditions at Andersonville, a larger prison was constructed in the summer of 1864 near the Lawton Depot in the town of Millen, Georgia. Around 10,000 prisoners were moved to Camp Lawton between October to late November 1864. It is currently a state park, Magnolia Springs.
Confederate Belle Isle Richmond, Virginia
Confederate Blackshear Prison Blackshear, Georgia [22]
Confederate Cahaba Prison (Castle Morgan) Selma, Alabama
Confederate Camp Ford Near Tyler, Texas [23]
Confederate Castle Pinckney Charleston, South Carolina
Confederate Castle Sorghum Columbia, South Carolina
Confederate Castle Thunder Richmond, Virginia
Confederate Danville Prison Danville, Virginia
Confederate Florence Stockade Florence, South Carolina
Florence Stockade Confederate Prison Camp
Confederate Fort Pulaski Savannah, Georgia
Fort Pulaski used as Confederate prison camp from 1861-1862
Confederate Libby Prison Richmond, Virginia
Libby Prison in 1865, a Confederate prisoner of war camp for Union officers, National Archives and Records Administration
Confederate Salisbury Prison Salisbury, North Carolina
Bird's Eye View of the Confederate Prison Pen, Salisbury, North Carolina, 1861, lithograph
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See also

Notes
  1. James Ford Rhodes (1904). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1864-1866. Harper & Brothers. pp. 507–8.
  2. Roger Pickenpaugh, Captives in Gray: The Civil War Prisons of the Union (2009)
  3. Hesseltine, Civil War Prisons, pp. 9-12.
  4. Official Records, Series II, Vol. 3, p. 157.
  5. WikiSource. "WikiSource: Dix-Hill Cartel". Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  6. Mark Grimsley; Brooks D. Simpson (2002). The Collapse of the Confederacy. U of Nebraska Press. p. 88.
  7. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (1992). "The Galvanized Yankees" (PDF). Experience Your America (July). Retrieved 2 Jan 2012.
  8. Pickenpaugh, Captives in Blue p 232
  9. The position is denied in James Gillispie, Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners (2012); he says there was no conspiracy to maltreat Confederate prisoners. However, he compares the death rates in Northern camps with the death rates of Confederate soldiers in a Confederate hospital that faced severe shortages; he did not compare with a Union hospital for Union soldiers.
  10. Chambers and Anderson (1999). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. p. 559.
  11. "Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp-Reading 1". Nps.gov. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  12. Yancey Hall ""US Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands". National Geographic News. July 1, 2003.
  13. "Camp Chase Civil War Prison". Censusdiggins.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  14. Horigan, Michael (2002). Elmira: Death Camp of the North. Amazon.com: Stackpole Books. pp. 179–180. ISBN 0-8117-1432-2.
  15. "Preservationists Seek Funds For Film About Boston's Fort Warren". Civilwarnews.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  16. "Gratiot Street Prison". Civilwarstlouis.com. January 25, 2001. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  17. http://www.nps.gov/pevi/HTML/johnson.html
  18. "Ohio State Penitentiary". Wtv-zone.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  19. Colonel N. T. Colby (March 1, 2002). "The "Old Capitol" Prison". Civilwarhome.com. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  20. "Point Lookout State Park History". Maryland Department of Natural Resources. June 16, 2009. Archived from the original on December 19, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  21. "Rock Island National Cemetery, Arsenal, and Confederate POW Camp". Illinoiscivilwar.org. 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  22. "Blackshear Prison Camp". Piercecounty.www.50megs.com. June 15, 2000. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  23. "Camp Ford". The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved November 3, 2012.

Bibliography

General
  • Burnham, Philip. So Far from Dixie: Confederates in Yankee Prisons (2003)
  • Butts, Michele Tucker. Galvanized Yankees on the Upper Missouri: The Face of Loyalty (2003); Confederate POWs who joined the US Army
  • Current, Richard N. et al., eds. Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (1993); reprinted in The Confederacy: Macmillan Information Now Encyclopedia (1998), articles on "Prisoners of War" and "Prisons"
  • Gillispie, James M. Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners (2012) excerpt and text search
  • Gray, Michael P., ed. Crossing the Deadlines: Civil War Prisons Reconsidered (2018) online review
  • Hesseltine, William B. Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology. (Ohio State University Press, 1930)
  • Hesseltine, William B. "The Propaganda Literature of Confederate Prisons," Journal of Southern History (1935) 1#1 pp. 56–66 in JSTOR
  • Pickenpaugh, Roger. Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy (2013) excerpt and text search
  • Pickenpaugh, Roger. Captives in Gray: The Civil War Prisons of the Union (2009)
  • Rhodes, James Ford Rhodes (1904). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1864-1866. Harper & Brothers. pp. 483–508 vol 4 ch 29., for an impartial account. another copy online
  • Robins, Glenn. "Race, Repatriation, and Galvanized Rebels: Union Prisoners and the Exchange Question in Deep South Prison Camps," Civil War History (2007) 53#2 pp. 117–140 in Project MUSE
  • Sanders, Charles W., Jr. While in the Hands of the Enemy: Military Prisons of the Civil War. (Louisiana State University Press, 2005)
  • Silkenat, David. Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4696-4972-6.
  • Speer, Lonnie R. Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War. (1997).
  • Speer, Lonnie. War of Vengeance: Acts of Retaliation Against Civil War POWs. (Stackpole Books, 2002)

Specific camps
  • Arnold–Scriber, Theresa and Terry G. Scriber. Ship Island, Mississippi: Rosters and History of the Civil War Prison (McFarland, 2012) excerpt and text search
  • Byrne, Frank L., "Libby Prison: A Study in Emotions," Journal of Southern History 1958 24(4): 430-444. in JSTOR
  • Casstevens, Frances. George W. Alexander and Castle Thunder: A Confederate Prison and Its Commandant. (McFarland, 2004)
  • Davis, Robert Scott. Ghosts and Shadows of Andersonville: Essays on the Secret Social Histories of America's Deadliest Prison (Mercer University Press, 2006) 310pp
  • Fetzer, Jr., Dale and Bruce E. Mowdey. Unlikely Allies: Fort Delaware's Prison Community in the Civil War (Stackpole Books, 2002)
  • Genoways, Ted & Hugh H. Genoways (eds.), A Perfect Picture of Hell: Eyewitness Accounts by Civil War Prisoners from the 12th Iowa, (U of Iowa Press, 2001).
  • Gray, Michael P. The Business of Captivity in the Chemung Valley: Elmira and Its Civil War Prison (2001) online
  • Hesseltine William B., ed. Civil War Prisons (1972) 123 pp reprints among others:
    • Futch, Ovid. "Prison Life at Andersonville," Civil War History (1962) 8#2 pp. 121–135
    • McLain, Minor H. "The Military Prison At Fort Warren," Civil War History (1962) 8#2 pp. 135–151.
    • Robertson, James I., Jr. "The Scourge of Elmira," Civil War History (1962) 8#2 pp. 184–201.
    • Walker, T. R. "Rock Island Prison Barracks," Civil War History (1962) 8#2 pp. 152–163.
  • Hesseltine, William B. "Andersonville Revisited," The Georgia Review (1956) 10#1 pp. 92–101 in JSTOR
  • Horigan, Michael. Elmira: Death Camp of the North. (Stackpole Books, 2002)
  • Levy, George. To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas, 1862–65. (2nd ed. 1999) excerpt and text search.
  • Marvel, William. Andersonville: The Last Depot (University of North Carolina Press, 1994)
  • McAdams, Benton. Rebels at Rock Island: The Story of a Civil War Prison (2000)
  • Richardson, Rufus B. "Andersonville," New Englander and Yale Review (November 1880) 39# 157 pp. 729–774 online
  • Triebe, Richard H. Fort Fisher to Elmira: The Fateful Journey of 518 Confederate Soldiers. CreateSpace, 2011.
  • Waggoner, Jesse. "The Role of the Physician: Eugene Sanger and a Standard of Care at the Elmira Prison Camp," Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences (2008) 63#1 pp 1–22; Sanger reportedly boasted of killing enemy soldiers
  • Wheelan, Joseph. Libby Prison Breakout: The Daring Escape from the Notorious Civil War Prison. New York: Public Affairs, 2010.

Historiography
  • Chesson, Michael B. "Prison Camps and Prisoners of War," in Steven E. Woodworth, ed. The American Civil War (1996), 466-78; good review of published studies. online
  • Cloyd, Benjamin G. Haunted by Atrocity: Civil War Prisons in American Memory (Louisiana State University Press; 2010) 272 pages.traces shifts in Americans' views of the brutal treatment of soldiers in both Confederate and Union prisons, from raw memories in the decades after the war to a position that deflected responsibility. excerpt and text search
    • Robins, Glenn. "Andersonville in History and Memory," Georgia Historical Quarterly (2011) 95#3, pp 408–422; extended review of Cloyd (2010)

Fiction
  • Kantor, MacKinlay. Andersonville (1956) a novel that won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction

Primary Sources
  • reports from Harper's Weekly 1863-64; illustrated
  • Civil War Research Database search for individual soldiers
  • Chandler's 1864 Confederate report; the single most important original document. From Official Records series. ii. vol. vii. pp. 546–551
  • Extracts from the Minutes of Proceedings of the Standing Committee of the United States Sanitary Commission...1864 , with hair-raising details
  • Appendix to the Report of the Sanitary Commission (1864) much more detail
  • Trial of Captain Henry Wirz with documents
  • Ransom, John. Andersonville] (original edition 1881; reprinted as Andersonville Diary); first person account that greatly exaggerated conditions; historians consider it untrustworthy as a primary source.
  • Robert H. Kellogg, Life and Death in Rebel Prisons (1866) ch 1
  • prison letters from Massachusetts men who died in prison
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