Cornerstone Speech

The Cornerstone Speech, also known as the Cornerstone Address, was an oration given by Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens at the Athenaeum in Savannah, Georgia, on March 21, 1861,[1] delivered extemporaneously a few weeks before the Civil War began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter. Stephens's speech defended slavery as a fundamental and just result of the inferiority of the black race, explained the fundamental differences between the constitutions of the Confederacy and that of the United States, enumerated contrasts between U.S. and Confederate ideologies, and laid out the Confederacy's rationale for seceding from the U.S. In particular, he stated that "Our new government['s] foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man."

The Cornerstone Speech
Alexander H. Stephens, the deliverer of the speech
DateMarch 21, 1861 (1861-03-21)
LocationThe Athenaeum, Savannah, Georgia
ParticipantsAlexander H. Stephens

Speech title

The Cornerstone Speech is so called because Stephens used the word "cornerstone" to describe the "great truth" of white supremacy and black subordination upon which secession and the confederacy were based:

[I]ts foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests upon the great truth, that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth.[2]

Using biblical imagery,[3] Stephens argued that divine laws consigned African Americans to slavery as the "substratum of our society" by saying:

Our confederacy is founded upon principles in strict conformity with these laws. This stone which was rejected by the first builders "is become the chief of the corner"—the real "corner-stone"—in our new edifice.[1]

Overview

Background

The speech was given weeks after the secession of South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and then Texas and less than three weeks after the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President of the United States. The war itself would not begin until the U.S. base of Fort Sumter was attacked by the Confederates in mid-April, so open, large-scale hostilities between the two sides had not yet begun. However, there had been isolated incidents, such as the attack on the U.S. steamship Star of the West, carrying supplies for Fort Sumter. Some white inhabitants of the seceding states treated U.S. officials peacefully, encouraging postmasters to switch loyalties or leave for the North without hindrance. Referring to the general lack of violence, Stephens stated that the secession had to that point been accomplished without "the loss of a single drop of blood".

Cornerstone

Stephens's speech declared that disagreements over the enslavement of African Americans were the "immediate cause" of secession and that the Confederate constitution had resolved such issues, saying:

The new Constitution has put at rest forever all the agitating questions relating to our peculiar institution—African slavery as it exists among us—the proper status of the negro in our form of civilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. Jefferson, in his forecast, had anticipated this, as the "rock upon which the old Union would split." He was right. What was conjecture with him, is now a realized fact. But whether he fully comprehended the great truth upon which that rock stood and stands, may be doubted. The prevailing ideas entertained by him and most of the leading statesmen at the time of the formation of the old Constitution were, that the enslavement of the African was in violation of the laws of nature; that it was wrong in principle, socially, morally and politically. It was an evil they knew not well how to deal with; but the general opinion of the men of that day was, that, somehow or other, in the order of Providence, the institution would be evanescent and pass away. [...] Those ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. This was an error. It was a sandy foundation, and the idea of a Government built upon it—when the "storm came and the wind blew, it fell."[4]

Stephens contended that advances and progress in the sciences proved that the 18th-century view that "all men are created equal" was erroneous and that all men were not created equal.[5] He stated that advances in science proved that enslavement of African Americans by white men was justified and that it coincided with the Bible's teachings.[5] He also stated that the Confederacy was the first country in the world founded on the principle of racial supremacy:

Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite ideas; its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth. This truth has been slow in the process of its development, like all other truths in the various departments of science.

Stephens stated that the Confederacy's belief in human inequality was adhering to the "laws of nature":

May we not therefore look with confidence to the ultimate universal acknowledgement of the truths upon which our system rests? It is the first government ever instituted upon the principles in strict conformity to nature, and the ordination of Providence, in furnishing the materials of human society. Many governments have been founded upon the principle of the subordination and serfdom of certain classes of the same race; such were and are in violation of the laws of nature. Our system commits no such violation of nature's laws.

The phrases "laws of nature" and "all men are created equal" from the U.S. Declaration of Independence had formed part of the basis of Lincoln's assertion that he was defending the principles of the Founding Fathers by being opposed to slavery.[6] Democrats such as John C. Calhoun and Stephen A. Douglas had differing views on what the latter phrase meant. Calhoun had contended that the idea was peculiar to Thomas Jefferson and not a universal principle[6] whereas Douglas maintained that it referred to white men only.[7] In this context, Stephens' assertion has been read as validating Lincoln's interpretation of the U.S. Founding Founders' principles, but countering with an assertion of "racial inequality".[6]

After the Confederacy's defeat at the hands of the U.S. in the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, Stephens attempted to retroactively deny and retract the opinions he had made in the speech. Denying his earlier statements that slavery was the Confederacy's cause for leaving the Union, he contended to the contrary that he thought that the war was rooted in constitutional differences as detailed below.[8]

Constitutional differences

Economic

In the speech, Stephens also outlined how the Confederate constitution eliminated the tariff and prohibited the central government from spending on internal improvements. The reasoning was on a states' rights argument, with the Georgia Railroad as a first example:

The cost of the grading, the superstructure, and the equipment of our roads was borne by those who had entered into the enterprise. Nay, more not only the cost of the iron—no small item in the aggregate cost—was borne in the same way, but we were compelled to pay into the common treasury several millions of dollars for the privilege of importing the iron, after the price was paid for it abroad. What justice was there in taking this money, which our people paid into the common treasury on the importation of our iron, and applying it to the improvement of rivers and harbors elsewhere?

[...]

If Charleston Harbor needs improvement, let the commerce of Charleston bear the burden. If the mouth of the Savannah river has to be cleared out, let the sea-going navigation which is benefited by it, bear the burden.

Stephens noted that the new country would have a clear delineation between federal and state responsibilities and took the position similar to that of South Carolina during the nullification crisis, namely that the federal government should not pay for internal improvements.

Procedural

The first change was apparently very important to Stephens and he would have made the constitution even closer to that of the United Kingdom's, but he felt it was still an improvement over the U.S. Constitution, saying that "cabinet ministers and heads of departments may have the privilege of seats upon the floor of the Senate and House of Representatives and may have the right to participate in the debates and discussions upon the various subjects of administration".

As an example, in the U.S. Constitution the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury had no chance to explain his budget or to be held accountable except by the press.

The President was to serve a single six-year term in the hope that it would "remove from the incumbent all temptation to use his office or exert the powers confided to him for any objects of personal ambition".

Status

The seven states that seceded, Stephens thought, were sufficient to form a successful republic, with a population of five million (including blacks) and a land area larger than that of France, Spain, Portugal and the United Kingdom combined. The seven states contained taxable property of $2,200,000,000 and debts of only $18,000,000 whereas the remaining United States had a debt of $174,000,000.

Future

The Confederate constitution allowed new states to join easily. Stephens said that surely North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas would be members in the near future and that Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri would eventually join.

Stephens expected the swift evacuation of Fort Sumter, a U.S. Army stronghold in South Carolina, but what "course will be pursued toward Fort Pickens, and the other [U.S.] forts on the gulf, is not so well understood". Since the Confederacy up to that point had been born bloodless, Stephens stated that he had wanted that to continue and to make peace "not only with the North, but with the world". Even so, he surmised that the U.S. would not follow a peaceful course and accused the Republicans of being hypocritical in being opposed to slavery but at the same time refusing to acquiesce slave states seceding from the U.S.:

The principles and position of the present Administration of the United States—the Republican Party—present some puzzling questions. While it is a fixed principle with them, never to allow the increase of a foot of Slave Territory, they seem to be equally determined not to part with an inch "of the accursed soil." Notwithstanding their clamor against the institution, they seemed to be equally opposed to getting more, or letting go what they have got. They were ready to fight on the accession of Texas, and are equally ready to fight now on her secession. Why is this? How can this strange paradox be accounted for? There seems to be but one rational solution—and that is, notwithstanding their professions of humanity, they are disinclined to give up the benefits they derive from slave labor. Their philanthropy yields to their interest. The idea of enforcing the laws, has but one object, and that is a collection of the taxes, raised by slave labor to swell the fund necessary to meet their heavy appropriations. The spoils is what they are after—though they come from the labor of the slave.

Finally, Stephens predicted that the nascent Confederate regime would succeed or fail based on the character of its constituent body politic.

Legacy

When war broke out and the Confederacy refused to release captured black U.S. soldiers in exchange for imprisoned Confederates in U.S. custody, Union official Benjamin Butler alluded to all this, telling the Confederates that "your fabric of opposition to the Government of the United States has the right of property in man as its corner-stone".[9] Abolitionist Frederick Douglass, in an 1863 speech in Pennsylvania encouraging black men to fight for the U.S. cause, also alluded to the speech, stating that: "Stephens has stated, with the utmost clearness and precision, the difference between the fundamental ideas of the Confederate Government and those of the Federal Government. One is based on the idea that colored men are an inferior race who may be enslaved and plundered forever and to the hearts content of any men of different complexion..."[10]

Historian Harry V. Jaffa discusses the speech at length in his 2000 book A New Birth of Freedom. He concludes that "this remarkable address conveys, more than any other contemporary document, not only the soul of the Confederacy but also of that Jim Crow South that arose from the ashes of the Confederacy".[11] Jaffa equated the racism of Stephens and the Confederacy to that of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, stating the two were not that different in principle:

Stephens's prophecy of the Confederacy's future resembles nothing so much as Hitler's prophecies of the Thousand-Year Reich. Nor are their theories very different.[11]

The speech was given extemporaneously and thus transcripts of it were published based on notes, approved by Stephens,[12] written by reporters who were in attendance.[12] After the war, Stephens attempted to retroactively downplay the importance of slavery as the cause of Confederacy's secession. In a 1865 diary entry, he accused reporters of having misquoted him and that constitutional issues were more important.[13][14] He further expounded on this allegation in his 1868 book A Constitutional View of the Late War between the States.[13] According to one scholar, the amount of "misquotations" alleged by Stephens after the war are so numerous as to be highly unlikely.[13]

There is a misconception that Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy's leader, was outraged by Stephens's admission that slavery was the reason behind the slave states' secession as the former was attempting to garner foreign support for the nascent regime from countries that were not very accepting of slavery. However, there is no evidence that this actually happened. Stephens, Davis and the latter's wife Varina did not discuss any such disagreement in their respective autobiographies, nor did Stephens's official biographers. The first mention of Davis's supposed reaction was a 1959 biography of Davis by Hudson Strode, who appears to have presented his own conjecture as fact.[12]

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See also
  • American Civil War
  • Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union

References
  1. Cleveland, Henry (1886). Alexander H. Stephens, in Public and Private: With Letters and Speeches, Before, During, and Since the War. Philadelphia. pp. 717–729. Online at TeachingAmericanHistory.org, a website maintained by Ashland University. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  2. Schott, Thomas E. (1996). Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography. p. 334.
  3. Psalm 118, v.22
  4. DuBois, W.E.B. (1999). Black Reconstruction in America 1860-1880 (The Oxford W.E.B. DuBois ed.). p. 49.
  5. Jaffa, Harry V. (2000). A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-8476-9952-0. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  6. Bennett, William John (2006). America: From the Age of Discovery to a World at War, 1492–1914. HarperCollins Christian Publishing. pp. 315–316. Retrieved May 21, 2019. America: From the Age of Discovery to a World at War, 1492–1914.
  7. Curtis, George William (October 18, 1859). "The Present Aspect of the Slavery Question". New York City: Harper & brothers.
  8. Rhea, Gordon (January 25, 2011). "Address to the Charleston Library Society". Why Non-Slaveholding Southerners Fought. Civil War Trust. Archived from the original on March 21, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
  9. Butler, Benjamin Franklin (1892). Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Major-General Benj. F. Butler. Boston: A. M. Thayer. p. 604. Retrieved March 11, 2016. [Y]our fabric of opposition to the Government of the United States has the right of property in man as its corner-stone.
  10. Foner Vandepaer, Elizabeth; Foner, Laura (1999). Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings. Chicago Review Press. p. 535. Retrieved May 21, 2019. Stephens has stated, with the utmost clearness and precision, the difference between the fundamental ideas of the Confederate Government and those of the Federal Government. One is based on the idea that colored men are an inferior race who may be enslaved and plundered forever and to the hearts content of any men of different complexion
  11. Jaffa, Harry V. (2000). A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-8476-9952-0. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016. This remarkable address conveys, more than any other contemporary document, not only the soul of the Confederacy but also of that Jim Crow South that arose from the ashes of the Confederacy. From the end of Reconstruction until after World War II, the idea of racial inequality gripped the territory of the former Confederacy, and not only of the former Confederacy, more profoundly than it had done under slavery. Nor is its influence by any means at an end. Stephens's prophecy of the Confederacy's future resembles nothing so much as Hitler's prophecies of the Thousand-Year Reich. Nor are their theories very different. Stephens, unlike Hitler, spoke only of one particular race as inferior.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  12. "The Cornerstone of Objectivity: Davis' Reaction to Stephens' Speech". This Cruel War. August 26, 2015. Archived from the original on May 20, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
  13. Rank, Scott Michael (January 16, 2019). "Reasons for Secession and the Civil War". History on the Net. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
  14. Stephens, Alexander (1865). What I Really Said in the Cornerstone Speech  – via Wikisource.
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