Aluminium sulfacetate

Aluminium sulfacetate is a mixture of aluminium salts dissolved in water with formula Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)
4.[1][2]

Uses

It is an evenly balanced mixture of aluminium sulfate and aluminium acetate. It can be used as a mordant, which is a substance used to set dyes on fabrics[3] that typically contains a polyvalent metal ion like aluminium or iron,[4] In mixtures with basic aluminium diacetate or aluminium sulfacetate, aluminium triacetate has been used as a mordant with alizarin dye.[1] In 1899, Albert Ganswindt recommended that the use of impure sulfacetates that are empyreumatic liquids "should be abandoned" in favour of pure preparations.[5] Empyreuma is an obsolete chemical and medical term referring to "the smell and taste associated with burning vegetable and animal matter",[6] and likely results in this case from the use of pyroligneous acid (wood acid) or wood acid lime in the preparation of the mordant.[5]

Preparation

A common approach to preparing aluminium sulfacetate is by reaction of aluminium sulfate with lead(II) acetate. The relative amount of each reagent controls the composition of the resulting mixture.[1] When the stoichiometric ratio of lead acetate to aluminium sulfate exceeds 3:1, the process is theoretically driven to completion and aluminium triacetate is the sole product. With less lead acetate, a mixture of aluminium triacetate and aluminium sulfacetate results that becomes increasingly rich in the latter as the reagent mole ratio approaches 2:1. This approach is used to form various mixtures for mordant applications:[1]

Al
2(SO
4)
3   +   3 Pb(CH
3CO
2)
2   →   2 Al(CH
3CO
2)
3   +   3 PbSO
4

Basic aluminium sulfacetates can also be prepared, Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)
4 - n(OH)
n, with hydroxide anions replacing some acetate ions. The extreme cases are aluminium sulfacetate itself (n = 0) and the double salt of aluminium sulfate and aluminium hydroxide (n = 4 case, Al
2SO
4(OH)
4). Aluminium sulfacetate is made from the hydrates of aluminium sulfate and lead acetate:[2]

Al
2(SO
4)
3•18H
2O   +   2 Pb(CH
3CO
2)
2•3H
2O   →   Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)
4   +   2 PbSO
4   +   24 H
2O

The n = 1 and n = 2 cases, both of which are basic aluminium sulfacetates, are prepared using sodium bicarbonate along with the regents:[2]

2 Al
2(SO
4)
3•18H
2O   +   3 Pb(CH
3CO
2)
2•3H
2O   +   2 NaHCO
3   →   Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)
3OH   +   3 PbSO
4   +   Na
2SO
4   +   2 CO
2   +   45 H
2O
Al
2(SO
4)
3•18H
2O   +   Pb(CH
3CO
2)
2•3H
2O   +   2 NaHCO
3   →   Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)
2(OH)
2   +   PbSO
4   +   Na
2SO
4   +   2 CO
2   +   21 H
2O

The n = 3 case, also a basic aluminium sulfacetate, is prepared using acetic acid instead of lead acetate, along with sodium bicarbonate:[2]

Al
2(SO
4)
3•18H
2O   +   CH
3COOH   +   4 NaHCO
3   →   Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)(OH)
3   +   2 Na
2SO
4   +   CO
2   +   19 H
2O
gollark: Yes, and I don't care, because I think that's a misinterpretation of it.
gollark: ```The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.```This fourth amendment thingy does sound slightly relevant.
gollark: And this *could easily be* and is *already a breach of privacy*.
gollark: Yes, that is also bad.
gollark: And because the UK has similar things and "intelligence" sharing.

References
  1. von Georgievics, Georg (2013). The Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres – Their Origin, Structure, Preparation, Washing, Bleaching, Dyeing, Printing and Dressing. Read Books. ISBN 9781447486121.
  2. Hummel, J. J.; Knecht, Edmund (1888). Die Färberei und Bleicherei der Gespinnstfasern (in German). Springer-Verlag. pp. 116–118. ISBN 9783642912061.
  3. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "Mordant". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M04029
  4. Llewellyn, Bryan D. (May 2005). "Stain Theory – How mordants work". Archived from the original on 14 August 2007.
  5. Ganswindt, Albert (1889). Handbuch der Färberei und der damit verwandten vorbereitenden und vollendenden Gewerbe (in German). p. 270.
  6. "Definition of empyreuma". Collins Dictionary. 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
Compounds containing the sulfate group (SO2−
4)
H2SO4 He
Li2SO4 BeSO4 B esters
ROSO3−
(RO)2SO2		 (NH4)2SO4
[N2H5]HSO4
(NH3OH)2SO4
NOHSO4		 HOSO4 F Ne
Na2SO4
NaHSO4		 MgSO4 Al2(SO4)3
Al2SO4(OAc)4		 Si P SO42−
HSO3HSO4
(HSO4)2		 Cl Ar
K2SO4
KHSO4		 CaSO4 Sc2(SO4)3 TiOSO4 VSO4
V2(SO4)3
VOSO4		 CrSO4
Cr2(SO4)3		 MnSO4 FeSO4
Fe2(SO4)3		 CoSO4
Co2(SO4)3		 NiSO4
Ni2(SO4)3		 CuSO4
Cu2SO4
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)]SO4		 ZnSO4 Ga2(SO4)3 Ge As Se Br Kr
RbHSO4
Rb2SO4		 SrSO4 Y2(SO4)3 Zr(SO4)2 Nb MoSO4
Mo2(SO4)3
Mo(SO4)2
Mo(SO4)2
Mo(SO4)3		 Tc Ru(SO4)2 RhSO4
Rh2(SO4)3		 PdSO4 Ag2SO4
AgSO4		 CdSO4 In2(SO4)3 SnSO4
Sn(SO4)2		 Sb2(SO4)3 Te I Xe
Cs2SO4
CsHSO4		 BaSO4   Hf Ta W Re OsSO4
Os2(SO4)3
Os(SO4)2		 IrSO4
Ir2(SO4)3		 PtSO4
Pt(SO4)2		 AuSO4
Au2(SO4)3		 Hg2SO4
HgSO4		 Tl2SO4
Tl2(SO4)3		 PbSO4
Pb(SO4)2		 Bi2(SO4)3 PoSO4
Po(SO4)2		 At Rn
Fr Ra   Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
↓
La2(SO4)3 Ce2(SO4)3
Ce(SO4)2		 Pr2(SO4)3 Nd2(SO4)3 Pm2(SO4)3 Sm2(SO4)3 Eu2(SO4)3 Gd2(SO4)3 Tb2(SO4)3 Dy2(SO4)3 Ho2(SO4)3 Er2(SO4)3 Tm2(SO4)3 Yb2(SO4)3 Lu2(SO4)3
Ac2(SO4)3 Th(SO4)2 Pa U2(SO4)3
U(SO4)2
UO2SO4		 Np(SO4)2 Pu(SO4)2 Am2(SO4)3 Cm2(SO4)3 Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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