Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging ([afriˈkɑːnər ˌviərstants.bəˈviəχəŋ]), meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement, commonly known by its abbreviation AWB, is a South African neo-Nazi separatist political and paramilitary organisation, often described as a White Supremacist group.[1][2][3][4] Since its founding in 1973 by Eugène Terre'Blanche and six other far-right Afrikaners, it has been dedicated to secessionist Afrikaner nationalism and the creation of an independent Boer-Afrikaner republic or "Volkstaat/Boerestaat" in part of South Africa. During bilateral negotiations to end apartheid in the early 1990s, the organisation terrorised and killed black South Africans.[5]

Afrikaner Resistance Movement

Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
AbbreviationAWB
LeaderSteyn von Rönge
FounderEugène Terre'Blanche
Founded7 July 1973
HeadquartersVentersdorp, North West Province, South Africa
Membership5,000 (c. 2016)
IdeologyBoerestaat
Afrikaner nationalism
Christian nationalism
Anti-Anglo sentiment
Neo-nazism
Political positionFar-right
Colors     Red,      white and      black
Slogan"God, Volk, Vaderland"
("God, Our People, Fatherland")
Party flag
Website
Official website

As of 2016, it is reported that the organization has around 5,000 members, and uses social media for recruitment.[6]

History

On 7 July 1973 Eugène Terre'Blanche, a former police officer, called a meeting of several men in Heidelberg, Gauteng, in the then-Transvaal Province of South Africa. He was disillusioned by what he thought were Prime Minister B.J. Vorster's "liberal views" of racial issues in the White-minority country, after a period in which Black-majorities had ascended to power in many former colonies. Terre'Blanche also worried about what he characterized as communist influences in South African society. He decided to form a group with six other like-minded persons, which they named the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement) (AWB), to promote Afrikaner and Christian nationalism. His associates elected him as head of the group, a position he held until he was killed on his farm in April 2010.

Their objective was to establish an independent Boerestaat ("Boer State") for Boer-Afrikaner people only. It was to be independent of apartheid South Africa, which they considered too left wing and liberal. The AWB was formed to try to regain the ground they thought lost after the Second Boer War; the men intended to re-establish the independent Boer Republics of the past: the South African Republic (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) and the Republic of the Orange Free State (Oranje Vrystaat).[7]

Apartheid era
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During the 1970s and 1980s, the AWB attracted several thousand White South Africans as members. They opposed the reform of apartheid laws during the 1980s, harassing liberal politicians and holding large (and often quite rowdy) political rallies. Terre'Blanche used his flamboyant oratorial skills and forceful personality to win converts. He railed against the lifting of many so-called "petty apartheid" laws, such as the law banning interracial sex and marriage (the Race Relations Act), mixing of the races (Group Areas Act), as well as the government providing limited political rights to Indians and Coloureds (persons of African and European ancestry, mixed-race individuals). During the State of Emergency (1984 to 1986), AWB violence and murders of unarmed non-whites were reported. The AWB especially opposed the then-banned African National Congress (ANC). The ruling National Party considered the AWB to be little more than a fringe group.

The group operated relatively unhindered until 1986, when White South African Police (SAP) Police officers took the unprecedented step of using lachrymatory agent or tear gas against the AWB when they disrupted a National Party rally. In 1988, the organisation was estimated to have had support amongst 5 to 7 percent of the White South African population.[2] In the Nick Broomfield documentary film, His Big White Self (2006), he claimed the organisation reached a peak of half a million supporters in its heyday.

During the end of apartheid
AWB Rally, Church Square, Pretoria in 1990.

During the negotiations that led to South Africa's first non-racial elections, the AWB engaged in violence and murder.[8] During the Battle of Ventersdorp in August 1991, the AWB confronted police in front of the town hall where President F. W. de Klerk was speaking, and "a number of people were killed or injured" in the conflict.[5] Later in the negotiations, the AWB stormed the Kempton Park World Trade Centre where the negotiations were taking place, breaking through the glass front of the building with an armoured car. The police guarding the centre failed to prevent the invasion. The invaders then took over the main conference hall, threatening delegates and painting slogans on the walls, but left again after a short period.[9] Six AWB members were sentenced to death for the murder of four black people at a fake roadblock they set up to terrorize black travellers.[8]

In 1988, the AWB was beset by scandal when claims that Terre'Blanche had had an affair with journalist Jani Allan surfaced. In July 1989, Cornelius Lottering, a member of a breakaway AWB group Orde van die Dood (Order of the Dead), attempted to assassinate Allan by placing a bomb outside her Sandton apartment.[10] Nick Broomfield's 1991 documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Driver's Wife claimed that Terre'Blanche had sex with Allan, a claim she denied. This led to Allan taking libel proceedings against the documentary broadcaster Channel 4 in 1992 in the London High Court. During the trial, several transcripts of their alleged unconventional sexual positions appeared in the South African and British press.[11] Terre'Blanche also submitted a sworn statement to the London court denying that he had had an affair with Allan. Although the judge found that Channel 4's allegations had not defamed Allan, he did not rule on whether or not there had been an affair.[12]

Bophuthatswana crisis
Main article: 1994 Bophuthatswana crisis

In 1994, before the advent of majority rule, the AWB gained international notoriety in its attempt to defend the dictatorial government of Lucas Mangope in the homeland of Bophuthatswana. The AWB, along with a contingent of about 90 Afrikaner Volksfront militiamen, entered the capital Mmabatho on 10 and 11 March. The black policemen and soldiers of the Bophuthatswana Defence Force who were out in force to support president Mangope disappeared from the streets in protest at the AWB's actions and later turned on the militiamen at the airport at Mafikeng. One AWB member was shot and killed when the convoy attempted to leave the airport and continue on to Mmabatho. When in Mmabatho, the AWB and the Afrikaner Volksfront found themselves under continuous siege from both the Bophuthatswana Defence Force and Mmabatho citizens. When attempting to retreat from Mmabatho on 11 March, three AWB members were summarily killed after they had been wounded in a firefight, by a rogue Bophuthatswana Defence Force member who defected to the ANC. Nearby photojournalists and television news crews recorded the incident, which proved to be a public relations disaster for the AWB, demoralising its White members.[13] The AWB claimed that they were asked into the country and only entered trying to help the Bophuthatswana Government, but the Tebbutt Commission found the "evidence is overwhelming that they entered the area uninvited and that they were not welcome there".[14]

Post-apartheid

On 17 June 2001 Terre'Blanche was sentenced to six years in prison for assaulting a petrol station worker, John Ndzima, to such an extent as to cause permanent brain damage, and the attempted murder of a security guard and former employee, Paul Motshabi. Terre'Blanche was released in June 2004 after serving three years in Rooigrond Prison near Mafikeng.[15] During his time in prison he became a born-again Christian and claimed he had moderated many of his more Ethno-Nationalist views and preached reconciliation as 'prescribed by God'.

In April 2007, AWB posters appeared at the 13th Klein Karoo National Arts Festival in Oudtshoorn. Several posters made reference to the Bok van Blerk song "De la Rey", an Afrikaans hit record about the Boer General as well as to South Africa's former Coat of Arms. Organisers were quick to remove the posters.[16]

In March 2008, the AWB announced it was re-activating for 'populist' reasons, citing the encouragement of the public. Reasons for the return include the electricity crisis, corruption across government departments and rampant crime.[17] Plans include a demand for land that they claim is legally theirs in terms of the Sand River Convention of 1852 and other historical treaties, through the International Court of Justice in The Hague if necessary, and if that failed, taking up arms. In April 2008, Terre'Blanche was to be the speaker at several AWB rallies in Vryburg, Middelburg and Pretoria.[18] Several areas in South Africa have been earmarked as part of a future Volkstaat according to three critical title deeds. The areas include Vryheid in KwaZulu-Natal, the old Republics of Stellaland and Goshen in the far North-West and sections of the Free State.[18]

The Mail & Guardian newspaper reported in 2008 that the AWB group has over 5000 members, and appeals to 18- to 35-year-olds to join the organisation's youth wing.[19][20] The South African press reported in 2016 that the AWB continue to use social media to recruit new members.[6]

In 2010, Terre'Blanche was killed by an employee on his farm,[21] and Steyn van Ronge was announced as new leader of the organisation.[22]

Leader
General Secretary Took Office Left Office
Eugène Terre'Blanche 7 July 1973 3 April 2010
Steyn von Ronge 8 April 2010 Incumbent

Triskelion of the AWB

The AWB flag is composed of three black sevens forming a triskelion in a white circle upon a red background. According to AWB, the sevens, 'the number of final victory', 'stand to oppose the number 666, the number of the anti-Christ'. Red is considered to represent Jesus' blood and the struggle of the Christians, while black stands for bravery. The inner white circle symbolises the "purity" and "eternal life".[23]

The AWB also uses the "Vierkleur", the original flag of the once independent South African Republic, the flag of the Orange Free State and the old flag of South Africa that was used from 1928 to 1994 but with the British flag replaced[24].

Flag of South Africa (1928—1994) without Union Jack

In fiction

The organisation is a popular antagonist amongst writers of alternate history literature. Several members of a fictionalised AWB are important characters in Harry Turtledove's American Civil War alternate history novel The Guns of the South (1992).[25] The AWB also features prominently in Larry Bond's novel of a Cold War-era civil war/international conflict in South Africa, Vortex (1991).

gollark: Also, I am being sarcasm.
gollark: What's [REDACTED POTATO MALWARE]?
gollark: Well, Rust is COOL and SAFE, and Linux has BUGS in it!
gollark: https://github.com/vlang/v/issues/35
gollark: Have you never heard of V?

See also

Similar groups

Separatism

Documentary films

References

Notes

  1. Turpin-Petrosino, Carolyn (2013). The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists. Taylor and Francis. There are hate groups in South Africa. Perhaps among the most organized is the Afrikaner Resistance Movement or AWB (Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging). Included in its ideological platform are neo-Nazism and White supremacy.
  2. Battersby, John D. (22 February 1988). "Rightists Rally in Pretoria, Urging a White State". The New York Times.
  3. "South Africa's neo-Nazis drop revenge vow". CNN. 5 April 2010.
  4. Clark, Nancy; Worger, William (2013). South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. Routledge. p. xx. Terre'Blanche, Eugene (1941–2010): Began career in the South African police. In 1973 founded the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging as a Nazi-inspired militant right-wing movement upholding white supremacy.
  5. "Amnesty decision". Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 1999. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
  6. Ilze-Marie Meintjies (2 January 2016). "AWB denies claims a member was found with weapons, paraphernalia". Eyewitness News (South Africa).
  7. Van Der Hoogt, C. W (1900). The Story of the Boers, Chapter: A Century of Injustice. p. 96. Archived from the original on 7 March 2001.
  8. "SAPA – 26 Mar 98 – SIX CONVICTED AWB KILLERS APPEAR IN COURT FOR RE-SENTENCING". www.justice.gov.za. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  9. "Goldstone Commission: Events at the World Trade Centre June 1993". Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
  10. "TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION". South African government. 23 March 1998.
  11. Sweeney, John (19 December 1999). "Brief encounters". The Observer. London.
  12. "Century of Sundays". Carte Blanche. 3 May 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006.
  13. Wood, Elizabeth (2003). Forging Democracy From Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78323-2.
  14. "Tebbutt Commission". Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
  15. Carroll, Rory (10 June 200). "Terre'Blanche returns to a new world". The Guardian. London.
  16. "AWB 'De la Rey' posters surface at festival". IOL. 2 April 2007.
  17. Bevan, Stephen (1 June 2008). "AWB leader Terre'Blanche rallies Boers again". The Telegraph. London.
  18. "The return of Eugene Terre'Blanche". IOL. 30 March 2008.
  19. "Ek is wit en trots daarop". Mail & Guardian. 12 October 2008.
  20. Eugene Terre'Blanche murdered Archived 5 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine News24, 3 April 2010
  21. "Life term for Terreblanche murder". BBC News.
  22. Steyn van Ronge appointed as the new leader of the AWB Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine News Time. 6 April 2010
  23. "Symbols and Emblems". AWB. Archived from the original on 6 April 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
  24. South Africa's White Supremacist Training Camps on YouTube
  25. Turtledove, Harry. The Guns of the South. Del Rey: New York City, 1993.

Further reading
  • Marinovich, Greg; Silva, Joao (2000). The Bang-bang Club: The Making of the New South Africa. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-00733-1. (details the Bophuthatswana incident)
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