Adolf Hitler in popular culture

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party and Chancellor of Nazi Germany from 1933 (Führer from 1934) to 1945. Hitler has been represented in popular culture ever since he became a well-known politician in Germany. His distinctive image was often parodied by his opponents. Parodies became much more prominent outside Germany during his period in power. Since the end of World War II representations of Hitler, both serious and satirical, have continued to be prominent in popular culture, sometimes generating significant controversy.[1][2] In many periodicals, books, and movies, Hitler and Nazism fulfill the role of archetypal evil.[3][4] This treatment is not confined to fiction but is widespread amongst nonfiction writers who have discussed him in this vein.[5][6][7][8] Hitler has retained a fascination from other perspectives; among many comparable examples is an exhibition at the German Historical Museum which was widely attended.[9]

Charlie Chaplin as "Adenoid Hynkel" in the film The Great Dictator, 1940
"The Third Reich", 1934 painting by the anti-Nazi exile German painter Heinrich Vogeler.

Representations of Hitler during his lifetime
Heroic image of Hitler by Arno Breker

Numerous works in popular music and literature feature Adolf Hitler prominently.

In Germany, before he came to power, Hitler was often portrayed satirically in newspaper cartoons and propaganda by political enemies.[10][11] The photomontagist John Heartfield regularly depicted Hitler in absurd ways in his anti-Nazi poster designs. After the Nazis came to national power in January 1933, Hitler was mostly depicted as a god-like figure, loved and respected by the German people, as shown for example in Triumph of the Will, which Hitler co-produced.[12]

Hitler governed long enough for a generation of children to know only his style of charismatic leadership--and they responded to his message

An exception was the German movie Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse (The Testament of Dr. Mabuse) from 1933, which was banned by the Nazi propaganda ministry.[13] Many critics consider Fritz Lang's depiction of a homicidal maniac masterminding a criminal empire from within the walls of a criminal asylum to be an allegory of the Nazi ascent to power in Germany.[14]

Outside Germany Hitler's persona was often parodied. George Bernard Shaw's 1936 play Geneva includes a caricature of Hitler as Herr Battler, appearing at an international tribunal with his friends Signor Bombardone (Mussolini) and General Flanco (Franco). There are numerous cartoons satirising his distinctive features, such as those by David Low.[15][16]

After the start of the war

Another early example of a cryptic depiction is in Bertolt Brecht's 1941 play, The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, in which Hitler, in the persona of the principal character Arturo Ui,[17] a Chicago racketeer in the cauliflower trade, is ruthlessly satirised. Brecht, who was German but left when the Nazis came to power, also expressed his opposition to the National Socialist and Fascist movements in other plays such as Mother Courage and Fear and Misery of the Third Reich.[18]

Outside Germany, Hitler was made fun of or depicted as a maniac. There are many notable examples in contemporary Hollywood films. Several Three Stooges shorts, the first being You Nazty Spy! (1940), the very first Hollywood work lampooning Hitler and the Nazis in which the boys, with Moe Howard portraying "Moe Hailstone", as the Hitler character, are made dictators of the fictional country of Moronika.[19] This short in particular implies that business interests were behind Hitler's rise to power, and was said to be Moe Howard's and Larry Fine's favorite Stooges short subject.[20] A sequel was released a year later entitled I'll Never Heil Again. This one illustrated the disagreements between Hitler and the League of Nations. In other Three Stooges shorts, Hitler is referred to as "Schicklgruber" in reference to his father Alois Hitler's birth name. First released some nine months after the Stooges' initial Nazi-lampooning short subject, Charlie Chaplin made fun of Hitler as "Adenoid Hynkel," the buffoonish dictator of Tomainia, in his 1940 movie The Great Dictator.[21] This is one of the most recognizable Hitler parodies.[22]

US poster depicting Hitler with his "Panzers down"

Especially during World War II, Hitler was caricatured in numerous animated shorts, including Der Fuehrer's Face, a 1942 Disney wartime propaganda cartoon featuring Donald Duck (inspired by Spike Jones' playing of the song written by Oliver Wallace), and Herr Meets Hare with Bugs Bunny. However, Hitler's first appearance on a Warner Brothers cartoon was in Bosko's Picture Show in 1932 in a short gag where Hitler is shown chasing after Jimmy Durante with an ax. George Grosz painted Cain, or Hitler in Hell (1944) showing the dead attacking Hitler in Hell. The photomontage artist John Heartfield made frequent use of Hitler's image as a target for his brand of barbed satire during Hitler's lifetime. In Fritz Lang's 1941 movie Man Hunt, which opened in theaters before America's entry into the war, Hitler is seen in the scope of a British hunter's rifle. In Ernst Lubitsch's 1942 movie To Be or Not to Be (as well as in Mel Brooks' remake in 1983), an actor from a Polish stage group impersonates Hitler to enable the escape of the troupe to England.

British propaganda poster

Apart from Hollywood films, Hitler was the subject for several comic book superheroes who battled Hitler directly or indirectly in comics published during World War II. Superheroes that fought Hitler include Superman, Captain America, the Shield, and Namor the Sub-Mariner. The first Captain America comic showed Captain America hitting Hitler on the jaw. Captain America's archenemy, the Red Skull, was established as being an apprentice to Hitler. In Superman #15 the dictator Razan appeared, who attempted to invade a nearby democratic nation. Superman defeated his army, and Razan was shot while trying to escape.

Hitler was mocked in satirical folk songs such as "Stalin Wasn't Stallin'" or when new lyrics were created to old songs such as "Hitler Has Only Got One Ball" (to the tune of the "Colonel Bogey March").

Representations of Hitler after his death
Wax model of Hitler in the Chamber of Horrors section at Madame Tussauds, London

After his death, Hitler continued to be depicted as incompetent or foolish. However, while Hitler's anti-Semitic policies were well known during his lifetime, it was only after his death that the full extent of the Holocaust and other Nazi genocides became known.[23] This, coupled with Hitler no longer being a threat, has meant that the way he is depicted in popular culture has resulted in Hitler being personified as evil.

The 2003 television film Hitler: The Rise of Evil stars Robert Carlyle in the title role and depicts a semi-fictional account of Hitler's life from childhood to the new position of Führer und Reichskanzler, completing his ascension to full totalitarian, dictatorial power in Germany. However, the film has been criticized for its many inaccuracies in portraying Hitler's temperament and related events, to the point that it has been likened to fiction.

Moloch (1999), directed by Alexander Sokurov, starring Leonid Mozgovoy, deals with Hitler's life on his Berghof mountain retreat near Berchtesgaden during the war, drawing heavily from Hitler's Table Talk published after the war.

Hitler's last days have been depicted in several films, first in Der letzte Akt (1955), directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst, starring Albin Skoda as the dictator; next was the fifth and final installment of the Soviet film series Liberation (1969–72), directed by Yuri Ozerov, starring Fritz Diez (an actor who commonly portrayed Hitler in a number of East German films from 1955 onwards). The Death of Adolf Hitler, a British (7 January 1973) made-for-television production, starring Frank Finlay in the title role, and Hitler: The Last Ten Days (1973), directed by Ennio de Concini, starring Sir Alec Guinness were the first Western contributions. The fifth iteration was the U.S. television film The Bunker (1981), directed by George Schaefer, starring Sir Anthony Hopkins. Finally, there was the Academy Award–nominated Downfall (2004), directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel and starring Bruno Ganz as Hitler. Also depicting Hitler's final hour in the bunker, the short film Hundert Jahre Adolf Hitler - Die letzte Stunde im Führerbunker (1989), directed by Christoph Schlingensief, starring Udo Kier, cannot be considered a remake of the above films in the proper sense.

Hitler was portrayed in the television miniseries Inside the Third Reich (1982) by Sir Derek Jacobi, who was nominated for an Emmy Award for his performance. Hitler was also portrayed in the film Valkyrie by David Bamber, which tells the story of the July 1944 bomb attempt on his life.[24]

Another example of Hitler representations are comedy films such as Mel Brooks' comedy The Producers featured a satirical play-within-a-play called Springtime for Hitler, featuring dancing Nazis and songs about the conquest of Europe. Brooks' later comedy, History of the World, Part I, featured "Hitler on Ice."

Hitler has also been portrayed in experimental films. Hitler: A Film from Germany (1978), a 4-part, 442-minute experimental film on Hitler, directed by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg, starring Heinz Schubert. A similar non-linear approach to Syberberg's, likening Hitler to a movie director as well, was used in the film The Empty Mirror (1996), directed by Barry J. Hershey, starring Norman Rodway, which speculates about Hitler surviving World War II, living in a secret subterranean bunker, and is today undergoing psychoanalysis conducted by Sigmund Freud.

Kosovar Emin Xhinovci has attracted considerable media attention for his striking resemblance to Hitler, and subsequent impersonation of him.[25]

Him by Maurizio Cattelan, depicting Adolf Hitler kneeling in prayer, exhibited in a courtyard in the former Warsaw Ghetto.

Him (2001) is a sculpture resembling a schoolboy kneeling in prayer, except that the head has been replaced with the realistic likeness of Adolf Hitler. The sculpture was frequently displayed at the end of a long hallway or at the opposite end of a white room, turned away from the viewer so that they wouldn't be able to recognize the individual until they advanced close enough. The artist's proof of Him (2001) was sold at auction by Christie's in 2016 for $17,189,000.[26]

Hitler in fiction

WorldCat lists 553 published books under this heading.[27]

Novels
  • Ron Hansen's historical fiction novel Hitler's Niece parallels Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s with his relationship with his niece (and secret mistress) Geli Raubal.
  • In the novel Young Adolf (1978) by English author Beryl Bainbridge, the 23-year-old Hitler travels to Liverpool to visit his English relatives.
  • The 1962 short story Genesis and Catastrophe: A True Story by Roald Dahl portrays an unhappy husband in Austria in 1889 whose wife is about to give birth. The father is pessimistic about the child's survival as their previous three children have all died in infancy. Rebuked by the doctor for his gloominess, his confidence is boosted by his wife's conviction that their new baby, a boy, will survive. The father names his newborn son Adolf Hitler.
  • In the novel Hunters in the Snow (2014) by English author D. M. Thomas, a young Hitler (going by the nom de guerre 'Wolf') becomes involved with Anna Freud and her father Sigmund whilst residing in Vienna.

Hitler appears in many alternate history novels.

  • In Philip K. Dick's The Man in the High Castle, Hitler, after being stricken by the later stages of syphilis, was confined to a lunatic asylum shortly after World War II, and his place taken by Martin Bormann and, later, Joseph Goebbels and possibly Reinhard Heydrich.
  • Similarly, in Eric Norden's The Ultimate Solution Nazi Germany won the war and rules the world, but Hitler personally got little benefit of it. Having gone entirely mad, he is kept closely confined, constantly shouting at uncaring guards that he had been betrayed - while a double is taking his place in public ceremonies.
  • In Nancy Kress' And Wild for to Hold [28] time-travelers intervene to change the past. Rather than assassinate Hitler, the humane emmissaries from the future kidnap him alive from the year 1932, and keep him captive under comfortable conditions; Hitler spends his time mainly reading Science Fiction Space Opera novels for which he developed a taste. In his absence, 1933 comes and passes with no dictatorship in Germany and no persecution of Jews.
  • In Norman Spinrad's 1972 alternate history novel The Iron Dream, Hitler in the early 1920s stopped dabbling in politics, emigrated to America, learned English and became a well-known and respected science fiction pulp novelist - author of Lord of the Swastika, the text of which provides the bulk of the book.
  • In Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory Series of alternate history novels, Hitler is still a sergeant in the German Army due to the German Empire's victory in the Great War against the Entente powers. He appears in the American Empire: The Center Cannot Hold as the adjutant to lieutenant colonel Heinz Guderian during an inspection tour of American-occupied Canada, where he meets barrel pioneer Irving Morrell. However, a character named Jake Featherston, the dictatorial President of the Confederate States of America, assumes a role similar to the real-life Hitler's.
  • Harry Turtledove also wrote Uncle Alf, set in an alternate history in which Imperial Germany won WWI and Adolf Hilter, a lowly sergeant in Kaiser Wilhelm's victorious army, writes letters to his niece (and secret mistress) Geli Raubal and describes his experiences in German-occupied Lille.
  • In Harry Turtledove's Worldwar series, World War II is interrupted when Earth is attacked by space aliens known as The Race. As a result, Hitler and the Third Reich itself exist in various alliances both with and against the Allies and the aliens.
  • In Ted White and Dave van Arnam's Sideslip, space aliens nicknamed "The Angels" (not a compliment) invaded and effortlessly conquered Earth in 1938. They deposed Hitler from power but did not otherwise harm him. The deposed Hitler eventually moved to America and settled in New York, where he is still alive and active in 1969. Having learned English, Hitler makes every week raving speeches to small crowds at Union Square, with Lincoln Rockwell as one of his junior aides. The "Angels", secure in their technological advantage and their domination of Earth - a minor colony in a vast Galactic Empire - tacitly tolerate Hitler and consider him as posing no threat to them.
  • In the controversial novella The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H. by George Steiner Hitler survives the end of the war and escapes to the Amazon jungle, where he is found and tried by Nazi-hunters 30 years later. Hitler's defence is that since Israel owes its existence to the Holocaust, he is really the benefactor of the Jews.
  • In Irving Wallace's The Seventh Secret (1985), Hitler and Eva Braun survive World War II by having doubles (a comedian named Manfred Müller and his girlfriend) murdered in their place (by Martin Bormann and others) staging the murder to look like suicide.
  • In the Doctor Who Past Doctor Adventures novel The Shadow in the Glass, the Sixth Doctor and Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart discover the existence of a Fourth Reich led by Hitler's son, Eva Braun having been smuggled away to give birth and another woman killed in her place. At the conclusion of the novel the Fourth Reich's threat is ended when Hitler's son forces the Doctor to take him back in time to meet his father, only for Hitler to shoot his son in the head in the belief that he is nothing but a madman. The Seventh Doctor also met Hitler in the Virgin New Adventures novel Timewyrm: Exodus, where Hitler was possessed by the powerful being known as the Timewyrm from pre-WW2 to 1940, learning to control its power before the Doctor tricked Hitler into banishing it by claiming that it was doing nothing to help him when in reality the Timewyrm's power was all that kept Hitler remotely stable in the early days of the war.
  • In Tim Jorgenson's novel Kolossus, set in 1953, Hitler is portrayed as conniving to designate the next Pope, his favored candidate being a (fictive) American papal nuncio who is willing to provide cover for a Nazi plot to steal an American atomic bomb.
  • In the novel The Berkut, Hitler is revealed to have faked his own death after staging an elaborate deception, making it appear as if he had Parkinson's disease, and then having a double apparently commit suicide in his place. Hitler escapes from Berlin with the aid of an SS-colonel and is eventually tracked down by a Russian squad of secret agents. He is captured alive, taken to Moscow, and kept in a cage beneath the Kremlin for Joseph Stalin's amusement. Immediately before Stalin's death, Hitler is executed, knowing that he has not survived Stalin.
  • A similar approach is taken by Ira Levin in The Boys from Brazil, where it is revealed that Hitler conspired with Josef Mengele to clone himself prior to his death. Using Hitler's blood, Mengele begins a project in the 1960s to clone several Hitlers and distribute the Hitler infants to families similar to that of the original. Mengele later attempts to recreate the sociological environment of Hitler's youth, beginning with killing the fathers of all the Hitler clones. Mengele's plan is to eventually create a second Hitler who will come of age in the 21st century and establish the Fourth Reich.
  • Forged journals of Hitler, known as the Hitler Diaries, were published in West Germany by the magazine Stern in 1983.
  • The Robert Ludlum novel The Apocalypse Watch meets its climax with the destruction of a Fourth Reich set in the 1990s, and the discovery of an ancient Adolf Hitler controlling a massive multinational corporation.
  • Robert Harris' 1992 novel Fatherland is based on a fictional German victory in WWII and Hitler meeting with U.S. President Joseph P. Kennedy during the 1960s.
  • In the novel Making History (1996) by Stephen Fry, a history professor and a young student manage to invent a method of sending objects back through time and they send a male contraceptive pill back to 1888, placing it into the drinking water in the well at the Braunau am Inn so that Hitler's father will be rendered infertile, preventing his son Adolf from ever being born. However, such meddling in history has unexpected repercussions, as the Nazi party is now led by Rudolph Gloder, a more competent, patient figure, who took subtle control of Europe as opposed to Hitler's military conquest, with the result that the world of the present is in a Cold War state between Nazi-controlled Europe and a socially conservative America that still regards homosexuality as a crime and permits racial segregation.
  • In The Plot Against America (2004), Philip Roth envisions what life would have been like in the United States had Charles Lindbergh defeated Franklin D. Roosevelt and became President during the 1940s, allying America with Nazi Germany.
  • In the novel The Medusa Amulet by Robert Masello, protagonist David Franco discovers that Hitler has survived into the present day under the alias Auguste Linz thanks to the Medusa Amulet, an ancient mirror created with water taken from the lair of the Gorgon Medusa that renders the user immortal if they see their reflection and the full moon in the amulet at the same time. Despite the amulet's power restoring him to health, Hitler is defeated when Franco decapitates him in a fight, his still-living body and head subsequently being destroyed when his house explodes.
  • Is the primary antagonist in the Sci-Fi/Adventure novel The Crisis Pendant by Charlie Patterson. Set in the near future, a squad of U.S. marines are thrust into a post-apocalyptic world where Nazism has been reborn into the century of technological advancements and redeveloped by a resurrected Hitler.
  • Hitler is also the main 'protagonist' in the German dark satire novel Er ist wieder da ("Look Who's Back") by Timur Vermes, published in 2012. Hitler is shown to somehow reawaken, alive again, in Berlin of 2011 and, since no one believes him to really be Hitler, becomes popular on YouTube as a Hitler impersonator.[29][30]
  • Lavie Tidhar's novel, A Man Lies Dreaming (2014) features a thinly-disguised Hitler (going by the nom de guerre 'Wolf' - which Hitler used during the 1920s) as a down-at-heels private eye in a 1930s London, in a world where the communists, rather than the Nazis, came to power in Germany. Wolf's nightmarish journey - described in terms of pulp fiction - turns out to be the hallucination of a concentration camp inmate. In the end of second world war, Hitler was defeted and then committed suicide

Theatre
Hitler character appearing in a Punch and Judy puppet show in England.

Hitler made it onto the stage through Japanese novelist Yukio Mishima, who wrote a play called My Friend Hitler (Wagatomo Hitora), retelling the Night of the Long Knives. Moreover, the Hungarian writer George Tabori wrote a comedy called Mein Kampf which portrayed Hitler as a poor young man who enters Vienna, wanting to become an artist. Hitler appears as a minor character in Stanley Eveling's The Dead of Night, set above the Führerbunker as the Russians are entering Berlin. Dr Freud Will See You Now Mr Hitler (2008) was a radio drama by Laurence Marks and Maurice Gran presenting an imagined scenario in which Sigmund Freud treats the young Hitler. Toby Jones played Hitler. Utpal Dutt's 1975 Bengali play Barricade is set in the time that Hitler is rising to power.

Film

Television

Documentaries
  • The World at War (1974): a Thames Television series which contains much information about Hitler and Nazi Germany, including an interview with his secretary, Traudl Junge
  • "Adolf Hitler's Last Days": from the BBC series Secrets of World War II, the episode tells the story of Hitler's last days
  • The Nazis: A Warning From History (1997): six-part BBC TV series on how cultured and educated Germans accepted Hitler and the Nazis. Historical consultant was Ian Kershaw
  • Im toten Winkel – Hitlers Sekretärin (Blind Spot: Hitler's Secretary) (2002): a 90-minute interview with Traudl Junge. Made by Austrian Jewish director André Heller shortly before Junge's death from lung cancer. Junge recalls the last days in the Berlin bunker. Clips of the interview were used in Downfall.
  • Undergångens arkitektur (The Architecture of Doom) (1989): documentary about the National Socialist aesthetic as envisioned by Hitler
  • Das Fernsehen unter dem Hakenkreuz (Television Under the Swastika) (1999): documentary by Michael Kloft about the use of television in Nazi Germany for propaganda purposes from 1935 to 1944
  • Hitler: The Rise of Evil (2003): two-part TV series about the early years of Adolf Hitler and his rise to power (up to 1933), starring Robert Carlyle.
  • Ruins of the Reich (2007): a four-part series detailing the rise and fall of Hitler's Reich, created by historian R.J. Adams

Comedy

In Archer it is implied that Dr. Krieger is a clone of Adolf Hitler and one of the Boys from Brazil.

British comedian Spike Milligan appeared as Hitler on several occasions in his TV comedy series Q....

"Mr. Hilter" (sic) is portrayed by John Cleese in a Monty Python sketch as staying with his friends Ron Vibbentrop (Joachim Von Ribbentrop) and Reginald Bimmler (Heinrich Himmler) at a boarding house in Somerset and being introduced to other guests by the landlady as they plot the reunification of Taunton and Minehead.[36][37]

Heil Honey I'm Home! was a controversial 1950s-styled British sitcom about Hitler and Eva Braun living in suburbia, with Jewish next-door neighbors. Eight episodes were produced, but only one, the pilot, was ever broadcast (in 1990), as both television executives and the viewers alike thought the show in deplorably bad taste.

In the Australian satirical comedy show The Chaser's War on Everything, comedian Andrew Hansen enters the offices at Foxtel dressed as Adolf Hitler to complain about the removal of the documentary Hitler's War by David Irving, claiming "you can't just kill something off because you disagree with it! I did, but you can't!"[38]

In the British BBC sci-fi comedy TV show, Red Dwarf episode "Meltdown", the main characters find a matter transporter device that allows them to travel anywhere in space. They end up travelling to a planet called Wax-world (a Wax-Droid theme park that has been abandoned for millions of years, during which time the droids have broken their programming and now the inhabitants of Villain World are waging war against Hero World). Two of the crew end up materializing in Villain World at their main command, the Third Reich. In the command room are Hitler and his high command which capture the two men. In the episode "Timeslides", a mutated developing fluid creates photographs that the crew can walk into, Lister enters a photograph of Hitler and accidentally saves his life when he steals Hitler's briefcase, which contains a bomb (a reference to the July 20 Plot). And in the episode "Cured", the crew discover a research facility in which revived historical villains including Hitler (played by Ryan Gage) have been rehabilitated.

In the Tom and Jerry cartoon The Lonesome Mouse (1943), Jerry finds a portrait of Tom and draws on it to make him look like Hitler.[39] However, this scene is often cut from Cartoon Network airings.

Hitler also appears in the British television series Misfits, which features superpowers, one of which being time travel. An elderly Jewish Holocaust survivor uses the power to travel back in time and kill Hitler; he fails, and Hitler finds his mobile phone, allowing the Nazis to overthrow Britain. At the end, Kelly, a main character in the show, obtains the time travel power and returns to Nazi Germany to take the phone from Hitler.

Hitler also appears in the Australian television series Danger 5, about five international spies on a mission to kill Adolf Hitler.

The Twilight Zone

In "The Man in the Bottle," a man (Luther Adler) who has been granted four wishes by a genie wishes himself to be a leader of a country who cannot be voted out of office, only to find he is Hitler and it is the end of World War II. He quickly uses his final wish to be restored to normal. In "He's Alive", Hitler appears to help a struggling Neo-Nazi (Dennis Hopper) gain more followers. In "No Time Like the Past," a time traveler (Dana Andrews) tries to assassinate Hitler in 1939, but is stopped when a suspicious maid brings the SS to his hotel room.

In an episode of the 2002 Twilight Zone called "Cradle of Darkness", another time traveler (Katherine Heigl) goes back in time to kill Hitler as an infant while disguising herself as the new housekeeper. She kidnaps the infant Hitler and leaps from a bridge, killing herself and the baby. A horrified housekeeper, who has been following her and had witnessed the murder, does not tell Hitler's parents because of fear of death as punishment, but rather bribes a gypsy to sell her baby. The baby is then returned to the Hitler household, where he takes his place to become the Hitler that the world knew.

Other

William Saroyan wrote a short story about Hitler in his 1971 book, Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody.

Hitler appears in the three-part episode of Justice League entitled "The Savage Time," where he is overthrown and cryogenically frozen by Vandal Savage, Savage having learned how to win the war from his future self. After Savage is defeated by the Justice League, Hitler is thawed and reinstated as Germany's dictator. Throughout the story, many characters (including Hitler's own subordinates) often refer him being a tyrannical lunatic (indicate the episode's casts and crew's contempt for him behind the scene). In the animated series Code Monkeys, Hitler is also cryogenically frozen (in carbonite, in reference to Han Solo) and is kept secret by the Hitler family. The Gamevision crew is invited there because of the game that Dave makes. Dave and Black Steve accidentally unfreeze Hitler, and they torture him by urinating on him. Hitler is then killed.

In the two-part episode Hitler's Secret Weapon in the British 1970s sci-fi series The Tomorrow People, Hitler is revealed to be not only still alive, but an Alien metamorph, capable of brain-washing young people to obey his wishes. A previous first season episode, The Medusa Strain had indicated Hitler was a time traveler from the future named A. C. Pritchard.

In the Doctor Who Season 6 Part 2 premiere, "Let's Kill Hitler", The Doctor is held at gunpoint and ordered to take a young River Song to kill Hitler.

In the twelfth season of Supernatural, the episode "The One You've Been Waiting For" sees protagonists Dean and Sam Winchester confronting a group of Nazi mystics who had trapped Hitler's soul in a watch before his death, only to lose it after the war. The watch is eventually recovered in 2016, but after Hitler is reborn in the body of the cult leader, it is revealed that he has been driven insane by his decades of confinement, and is shot in the head by Dean in the final confrontation.

The television series The Man in the High Castle, based on Philip K. Dick's novel of the same name, is mostly set on an alternate universe where Giuseppe Zangara succeeded in murdering Franklin D. Roosevelt, starting a chain reaction which climaxes with a Nazi atomic bombing of Washington, D.C. and the Greater Nazi Reich and Empire of Japan's conquest of the World after fighting in World War II against disadvantaged Allies. Hitler is thus an important character in the series, in which events start in this timeline's 1962 and which chronicles, amongst other events, his last years. The dictator, in the series, has become obsessed by a series of film reels depicting alternate realities (mainly events from a universe in which the Axis powers lost), made, smuggled, and collected by the series's titular character.

The lesson about Adolf Hitler's plans in 1933 was mentioned in the first episode of the anime Kill la Kill

In the TV series, Preacher, Hitler is introduced in the show's second season, portrayed by Noah Taylor.

In the German film "How About Adolf?" the characters discuss the ethics of naming a baby Adolf to try to destigmatize the name.

In the 2020 Amazon Prime TV-series Hunters it is discovered in 1977 that Adolph Hitler and Eva Braun are living in Argentina.

Video games

In many different video games Hitler appears, but with varying significance and roles.

In Beyond Castle Wolfenstein, the goal of the game is to infiltrate Hitler's bunker and kill Hitler and his senior staff with a bomb, similar to the July 20 plot. Wolfenstein 3D features Hitler as the final boss of Episode 3. He battles first wearing a mechanical battlesuit, then later carries two miniguns after the suit is heavily damaged. In addition, the map features Hitler-clones with flamethrowers that can be found before the final battle. Hitler also appears in Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus, the sequel to Wolfenstein: The New Order. Set in an alternate 1961 where Germany has won World War II and taken over most of the world, the protagonist B.J. Blazkowicz meets an elderly, sickly Adolf Hitler with evident signs of suffering from dementia while on an undercover mission in the planet Venus.

In the game Call of Duty: World at War, at the end of a victorious multiplayer match when playing as the German Army, when the march song is played the background Hitler can also be heard saying during it "Vor uns liegt Deutschland, in uns marschiert Deutschland, und hinter uns kommt Deutschland!" Translated in English as "Germany lies around us, in us marches Germany, and behind us Germany follows!" Hitler is also mentioned in the game's Russian Campaign, albeit not by name.

The point and click adaptation of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade features an interactive meeting between the player and Adolf Hitler. The player can ask Hitler to give him an autograph on a book or a free pass, or can punch Hitler (which results in Indiana's death).

The main antagonist in the NES game Golgo 13: Top Secret Episode is Smirk, a cyborg version of Hitler. When one of his clones is shot during the final boss fight, its head will fly towards the screen to attack the player, clearly resembling him.

In the Japanese version of the NES game Bionic Commando, the main character has to fight futuristic Nazis. The last boss of the game is Hitler, who is resurrected by evil scientists. In the U.S. version of the game, the name of the boss was changed to Master-D, in order to appease Nintendo's censorship policies, although he still resembles Hitler. In the modern remake Bionic Commando: Rearmed, the same character appears and, though still clearly resembling Hitler, is never named.

Hitler is the main antagonist in Operation Darkness.

Small roles for Hitler are in Snoopy vs. the Red Baron (Hitler as a sidekick for Paul von Hindenburg), the game series Medal of Honor (Hitler in the opening sequence of Medal of Honor: Frontline) and in the Famicom Disk System game Time Twist: Rekishi no Katasumi de....

The idea of alternate reality is picked up for example in the PC video game series Command & Conquer: Red Alert. Here the world-renowned physicist Albert Einstein had traveled back in time and chronoshifted (or "deleted from time") Hitler before his rise to power. The resulting power vacuum led to the Soviet Union invading Europe, with Joseph Stalin assuming a role very similar to Hitler's. Germany then joins the Allies in the battle against the Soviet Union, and the general who gives the player's orders in the video sequences is German. In the PC video game War Front: Turning Point, Hitler is killed in the early days of World War II. A new chancellor comes to power and under his rule, Operation Sea Lion succeeds and Nazi Germany successfully conquers Britain.

Hitler is represented, along with other historical World War II characters, in the Hearts of Iron PC series and in Assassins Creed 2 where he is depicted possessing a piece of eden.

In the Assassin's Creed series, Hitler was a Templar puppet who used a Piece of Eden to take control of Germany.[40][41] In response, other Templar puppets Winston Churchill, FDR, and Joseph Stalin attempted to thwart his plans. Instead of committing suicide, he was killed by the Assassins.

Players can create and use "Hitler-like" Miis on the Nintendo Wii in certain games such as Wii Sports. However, Nintendo banned Hitler-like Miis, or Miis that are even named "Hitler", from playing online in Mario Kart Wii. The recent update on the Xbox 360 can have players create avatars that also can resemble Hitler. So far, Microsoft has not banned anyone from using Hitler-like avatars.

In the game Sniper Elite V2, with the "Assassinate the Führer" bonus mission, the player has the opportunity to kill Adolf Hitler. A similar mission appears as DLC in Sniper Elite 4.

In the game The Saboteur, excerpts from Hitler's speeches play over loudspeakers throughout a Nazi-occupied Paris during several cutscenes.

A conspiracy theory named In-Lakech in Persona 2: Innocent Sin claims that Hitler was smuggled out of Germany by his elite guard, the Last Battalion, and moved to Antarctica. Furthermore, he wields the Lance of Longinus, referred to as the Spear Of Destiny (which the real Adolf Hitler had an interest in possessing), and plans to raise the ship Xibalba from beneath Sumaru City and awaken the Bolontiku, who guided the evolution of apes to man and will guide the evolution of man to the ultimate being, "Idealian".

In a mod for the video game Hearts of Iron 4, The New Order, Adolf Hitler is pivotal as a dying fuhrer who can choose between various different successors who will take the aging and economic crisis-striken Reich into very different directions.

Comics and cartoons
Depictions of Adolf Hitler in American comic books during World War II. Clockwise from upper left: America's Best Comics #7 October 1943, "Why is Hitler so miserable?" Captain Marvel Jr. #10, August 1943. Artwork by Mac Rayboy, Daredevil Battles Hitler, July 1941, Lev Gleason Publications. Cover art by "Woodro" (Charles Biro and Bob Wood), Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). Cover art by Joe Simon (inks and pencils) and Jack Kirby (pencils).

In EC Comics' Weird Fantasy #14 story Exile, Earth is revealed to be a penal planet where all people with the "evil" gene are sent and they are transporting their latest prisoner and speculating on his influence on the prison planet just as it is revealed he is Adolf Hitler.

DC Comics feature Hitler on several occasions. In Strange Adventures #3 (December 1950-January 1951), there is a story in which Hitler is captured by space aliens just before his attempted suicide. A fake corpse is left for the SS to find. As punishment for Hitler's crimes, he is imprisoned for life alone on a rocket ship which will travel through space until he dies (the rocket ship can automatically manufacture its own food for him); during his waking hours, he is forced to listen to an endless loop recording of all the speeches he has ever made. The character known as the Unknown Soldier, who first appeared in June 1966, kills Hitler, impersonates him for a short time, then pretends his death was a suicide. In Adventures of the Outsiders #33-35, a clone of Hitler is created by Baron Bedlam. Planning to give the clone the same persona as the original, Bedlam gives him a mentally retarded Jewish maid, several films of the Holocaust and a handgun, Bedlam's intention being for the clone to embrace Nazism and ultimately murder the maid to "prove himself" as Hitler. Instead, the clone — realizing his connection to the atrocities he views — commits suicide.

In DC Comics' Elseworlds imprint, The Golden Age, Hitler's brain is successfully transplanted into the brain pan of Dyna-Mite. Now pretending to be a superhero called Dynaman, he plots in resurrecting Nazi ideals with the aid of the Ultra-Humanite. He possessed a magical item, the Spear of Destiny, which gave him control over superpowered beings that entered Nazi territory, an explanation for why the Justice Society of America did not enter Berlin and end the war. In Fawcett Pre-Crisis comics, he was a member of the Monster Society of Evil with Benito Mussolini and Hideki Tojo, and other Nazis like (List of Captain Marvel (DC Comics) enemies) Herr Phoul were other members of the Society. He was shown to have helped in the creation of super-strong Aryan supervillain Captain Nazi. In the Justice League episode "The Savage Time", Hitler makes an unnamed cameo. He is shown cryogenically frozen by Vandal Savage, who has replaced him as Fuhrer, not just of Germany, but the whole world. He is never named, but the character's identity is unmistakable.

In the comic book The Savage Dragon by Erik Larsen (published by Image Comics), it is revealed that Hitler did not die in 1945, but after a fight against Hellboy in Romania in 1952. His body ruined, the brain is transplanted to the body of a large gorilla. Suffering amnesia and calling himself Brainiape, the chimera possesses great psionic powers and joins the Chicago, IL criminal organization known as the Vicious Circle, eventually becoming its leader. He remembers his past only in 1996 when he encounters Hellboy again, alongside the Vicious Circle's enemy, the meta-talented policeman called Dragon. The ape body is killed, and it is revealed that Hitler's brain had mutated and could live unaided by any technology or host body, ambulatory on tiny legs.[42]

Marvel Comics' villain the Hate-Monger is revealed to be the consciousness of Hitler transferred to a cloned body by Nazi scientist Arnim Zola. The original Hitler, rather than committing suicide, was confronted by the Human Torch and his sidekick Toro after Eva Braun committed suicide. The two heroes set Hitler ablaze as he attempted to set off a bomb. As he died, he commanded one of his loyal followers nearby to tell the world he had committed suicide. The clone is killed in Fantastic Four #21 when the Invisible Girl makes him hit his own troops with his hate-ray, causing them to shoot him for getting them into a battle with the Fantastic Four. At the time of his death, he was planning to start wars using a ray which caused hatred and to which only he possessed the antidote to, having started with a South American country. He preached ideas of bigotry also while in America. In another story, Hitler is seen in the Hellish realm of the demon Mephisto.

In Weird War Tales #58 (1977) "Death of a dictator" Hitler kills a raving man dressed in rags before going into suspended animation in the belief history will repeat and he will be able to rebuild the Third Reich. The story ends with our Hitler with long hair being killed in exactly the same manner the raving man dressed in rags was. The final panel reveals that the scientist was all too correct in that history would repeat as our Hitler's killer looks exactly like he did originally and he is going to his suspended animation chamber and these events will replay themselves...forever.

From Hell by Alan Moore depicts Hitler’s mother Klara as having visions of the Holocaust during her son’s conception.

In the Spanish comic series Hitler (1978), published in Spain by Mercocomic and in France by Elvifrance, Hitler fakes his death by using a double, escapes Germany along with Martin Bormann (both disguised as Russian soldiers), then suffers from amnesia and, of all things, becomes an agent of the KGB with the mission of hunting down Nazis. Later on in the story, he recovers his memory and ends up in an asylum for the mentally disturbed.[43]

The popular British comic strip Charley's War by Pat Mills which was published in Battle Picture Weekly 1979-1985 and portrayed the experiences of young British soldier Charley Bourne in the trenches of the Great War. The strip included a sequence of episodes in which the story's hero Charley and his unit are stationed opposite the regiment of young Lance Corporal Adolf Hitler in December 1917. Charley and Hitler fight hand-to-hand in one scene, nearly killing each other. Hitler is portrayed as a somewhat eccentric and scruffy soldier, ill-tempered but brave, albeit selfishly so.

The New Adventures of Hitler by Grant Morrison and Steve Yeowell deals with the idea that Hitler stayed in Liverpool, based on rumors that he visited local family members like William Patrick Hitler.

Steve Yeowell's cover to Crisis #48

Other examples of Hitler in comics includes Osamu Tezuka's manga Adolf (Hitler is one of the three men named Adolf around which the story revolves), the Mexican comic book series Fantômas (in which a multi-part storyline titled "The Son of Hitler" has the son of Hitler and Eva Braun raise a Fourth Reich that conquers France) and Spriggan (Neo-Nazis use clones of Hitler in order to gain access to a hidden stash of ancient artifacts somewhere in Europe by using the Holy Grail in order for his soul to enter the clone and led the Neo-Nazi remnants to its locations).

Hitler was mentioned in Hellsing created the Millennium group. Also in Drifters, he founded the Orte Empire.

Warner Bros. produced wartime cartoons which constantly parodied Hitler and his personality traits and quirks. Most (if not all) cartoons with Hitler and the Nazis as the antagonists ended up with the American hero cartoon character (such as Bugs Bunny or Daffy Duck) making a mockery out of Hitler.

Though during World War II Hitler often parodied and typically as a human sandbag for superheroes in North American comic books, decades after his death Hitler then portrayed in a serious tone as evil personified, as shown on a panel in Red 5 Comics' 2017 miniseries Chasing Hitler. Art by Jethro Morales and Marie Enger.

In Red 5 Comics' 2017 four parts comic book miniseries, Chasing Hitler, by Hayley and Jai Nitz, and art by Jethro Morales, Adolf Hitler and his wife Eva Braun faked their deaths after poisoning their subordinates who bear strong resemblances to them with cyanide, leading the Allied forces to begin a secret mission to hunt them down after they discovered that the corpses are not authentic.

Japanese manga artist Shigeru Mizuki wrote Gekiga Hitler, first serialized in Weekly Manga Sunday in 1971 and published in English in 2015 as Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler by Drawn & Quarterly.[44]

Hitler in music

Many songs tell a story about Hitler one way or the other, for example "Gotterdammerung" by Stratovarius directly mentions the history of Hitler and the Nazi regime. Bowie has also been quoted saying "Hitler was the first rock star" and, at one time, wanted to direct a film based on the life of Heinrich Himmler. "Heads We're Dancing" by Kate Bush tells the story of a woman who dances all night with a charming stranger, only to discover the following morning that he is Adolf Hitler. Texas Groove metal band Pantera wrote and recorded a song called "By Demons Be Driven". It tells the story of how Hitler was plagued by paranoia and began to hate the Jewish people and religion. Australian band TISM's debut single was "Defecate on My Face", which was about Adolf Hitler's supposed coprophilia. Australian comedy troupe the Doug Anthony Allstars had a song called "Mexican Hitler", which told the story of what Hitler would have been like if he was born Mexican. It made an appearance in their television show, DAAS Kapital.[45]

The song "Hitler as Kalki" by apocalyptic folk band Current 93 makes use of Savitri Devi's idea that Hitler was an avatar of the Hindu god Kalki. "Two Little Hitlers" by Elvis Costello, superficially a song about a loveless couple but reportedly a real-life reflection of the relationship between the singer and his producer Nick Lowe (who had previously recorded a song entitled "Little Hitler", the similarities leading to speculations about the origins of the later song) on the album Armed Forces. Antony and the Johnsons have released the song "Hitler in My Heart" on their debut in which the term "Hitler" is generally used as a metaphore for the bad within oneself - likewise in the song "Crack Hitler" by Faith No More from Angel Dust.

Other songs take a more serious approach and deal with Hitler's impact on the world. Thrash metal group Flotsam and Jetsam recorded the song "Der Fuhrer" for their album Doomsday for the Deceiver. The song discusses the devastation Hitler caused in Europe. New York metal band Anthrax recorded the song "The Enemy" for their album Spreading the Disease. The song discusses Hitler's role in the Holocaust.

There are some examples of parodies involving Hitler. Bing Crosby and the Andrew Sisters reference Hitler in the song, Hot Time in the Town of Berlin. "Der Fuehrer's Face" is an elaborate parody on Nazism created by musical comedian Spike Jones. It is one of his most well-known tunes. A novelty rap song entitled "To Be or Not to Be (The Hitler Rap)" performed by Mel Brooks is on the movie To Be or Not to Be's soundtrack album, but it was not in the movie itself. By typing Hitler Rap into YouTube, one can view the music video, a popular YouTube favorite. Mel Brooks dressed as Hitler sings from behind a desk while male dancers in pants, harnesses and SS caps made of black leather and female dancers in fishnet stockings dance wildly with each other around Hitler on a large dance floor with a checkerboard design.

List of songs about Adolf Hitler

Internet
See also: List of Internet phenomena

Parodied clips from the 2004 film Downfall have proliferated internationally via YouTube and other video sites.[46] The parodies replace the subtitles from the original movie with incorrect subtitles. The most frequently used clips include the scene where Hitler receives news of the advancing Red Army vastly outnumbering the forces commanded by Felix Steiner, and where Hitler orders Otto Günsche to find SS-Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein. They are subtitled with references to Hitler becoming angry over various facets of modern pop culture such as politics, online gaming, movies, television, music, sports and many other local or international events.

The phenomenon started in English but has spread to other languages including Japanese (massive number of videos on Nico Nico Douga on various topics), Chinese (influenced by Japan, comments on Wenzhou train collision and many other sensational topics mainly on Tudou and Youku. In addition, Hong Kong people used the clip to criticize social events, like Cable TV un-subscription, salt shortage due to misbelief of salt being able to protect from radiation from the Fukushima nuclear disaster), Bulgarian (to ridicule Bulgarian president Georgi Parvanov for being a State Security agent during the communist dictatorship and for being a poacher[47]), Romanian (for the 2009 presidential election), Croatian (comments about frequent affairs in the government), Serbian (regarding poor results by football team FK Red Star), French (about the weather), Spanish (about a wide variety of topics mainly related to Argentine and Chilean local events), Indonesian (mainly about local politics, presidential elections, cultures, and also everyday life), and Hebrew (about the difficulty of finding parking space in Tel Aviv[48]).

Footage and/or characters from other films, ranging from other depictions of Hitler in the likes of Inglourious Basterds or Hitler: The Last Ten Days, or even films that have little or nothing to do with Downfall, are also juxtaposed for humorous effect. A trend involving the use of computer-generated imagery or special effects, such as superimposing Hitler's head on various videos, are also starting to become popular.

On April 21, 2010, Constantin Film, the production and distribution company responsible for the film, initiated a massive removal of parody videos on YouTube.[49] This removal was criticized by digital rights advocates[50] and was followed by the appearance of self-referential parody videos on the very subject of Constantin's actions with respect to the parodies.[51]

The website Cats That Look Like Hitler features pictures of cats that bear some resemblance to the German leader.

Godwin's Law states "As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches one". From this is derived an additional formulation, also encountered online, which states "The first person to mention the Third Reich automatically loses the argument".

In 2010, Hitler has been portrayed by EpicLLOYD in the second episode of YouTube series Epic Rap Battles of History, "Darth Vader vs. Hitler", where he faces Darth Vader (portrayed by co-creator Nice Peter) in a rap battle.[52] This episode became the series most popular episode and it successfully lead to the popularity of the series creators Nice Peter and EpicLLOYD. In 2011, in Season two's first episode, "Hitler vs. Vader 2", EpicLLOYD and Nice Peter reprised their roles in a second rap battle between Darth Vader and Hitler[53] and again for the start of season three, in the episode "Hitler vs. Vader 3", which was uploaded on October 7, 2013 on the series' YouTube channel.[54]

Art
Satan Leads the Ball by Arthur Szyk
Being on the Dole by Wolf Howard

Salvador Dalí painted several pictures involving Hitler. The Enigma of Hitler (1939) depicts a torn photograph of Hitler on a plate in a typically surreal landscape over which hangs a broken telephone and an umbrella.[55] He also painted the Metamorphosis of the Face of Hitler into a Moonlit Landscape (1958). One of his late works was Hitler Masturbating (1973), depicting just that, with Hitler seen from behind in an armchair in the center of a snow-filled desolate landscape.

Hitler is depicted in a balloon overlooking marching, helmeted troops in the painting Vision of War by Indian artist A. Ramachandran. A picture of him with Gandhi by M. F. Husain was controversial with Hindutva groups in India.

In India

The name "Hitler" is widely used for anyone is overly authoritarian in manner, but it does not have the same negative connotation as in the West. For example in the 1998 film Hitler, the disciplinarian hero nicknamed Hitler is simply a person with staunch traditional values.[56] There are at least three other Indian films entitled "Hitler", in all of which the Hitler character is the hero (Hitler (1996 film); Hitler (1997 film); Hitler Umanath). Hitler Didi (My Sister Hitler) is a TV show about a character with a domineering elder sister.

Hitler is also used as a personal name in India, as in the case of the politician Adolf Lu Hitler Marak. The film Hero Hitler in Love is about a man called "Hitler" who tries to love everyone. Furthermore, the swastika has for centuries been a common symbol in India with positive connotations. According to The Indian Republic,

A more recent cinematic outing- Gandhi to Hitler (2011) was decried for painting the man as a lost hero of India’s struggle for Independence while Hitler memorabilia, including his autobiography Mein Kampf, continues to grow in sales. In 2006, a Mumbai restaurant was forced to change its name from the ill advised "Hitler’s Cross" while in 2012, a clothing store named "Hitler" in Ahemdabad drew considerable anger (tellingly the owner of the unfortunately named store said that he had picked the name in memory of his grandfather, a strict disciplinarian who the family referred to as "Hitler").[56]

According to Navras Jaat Aafreedi, such references to Hitler are not usually linked to pro-Nazi sympathies, but some Hindu nationalist groups see Hitler's use of the swastika as a "great service to Hinduism" and link anti-Semitic ideology to anti-Islamism.[56]

The "Hitler" clothing store in Ahmedabad in Gujarat opened in mid-August 2012. The store immediately became embroiled in controversy over its name.[57] The store's logo even had a swastika embedded in the dot above the "i" in Hitler's name. The owner, Rajesh Shah, told media he did not expect all the commotion. He had chosen the name because the grandfather of his business partner was nicknamed "Hitler" because of his strict demeanor. He added to the media that he also hadn't known about Hitler's Holocaust until after the store's opening. He stated he did not intend to change the name unless somebody else paid the expenses. Among the groups that objected to the store's name was the small Jewish community in Ahmedabad. A diplomat at the Israeli embassy in New Delhi said that the embassy would protest in "the strongest terms possible" to the Indian government. The Israeli consul general in Mumbai asked state officials to ensure the store was renamed,[58] but commented that she believes the use of the name most likely is a product of ignorance rather than antisemitism.[59] Reports suggested that the shop owner had agreed to rename the store following an offer by a Jewish organization to pay the costs. In October 2012 the Ahmedabad Municipal authorities allegedly removed the store sign without proper procedure.[60] It was later renamed Gladiator.[61]

Cross Cafe in Mumbai was formerly Hitler's Cross cafe. The business sought to attract attention by using the Hitler theme, and was decorated with Nazi imagery. Actor Murli Sharma attended the opening party; when asked what he thought about the name, he said "I am not really agitated as I have not read much about the man. However, from what I know about Hitler, I find this name rather amusing."[62] Alternative names suggested included Stalin Samosa Shop, Ayatollah Khomeini's Falafels, and Kim Jong's Juicy Juice.[63]

In Thailand

Hitler Fried Chicken is a fast-food restaurant in Thailand based on Yum! Brands Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant chain.[64] The mascot of Hitler Fried Chicken is Adolf Hitler wearing a Colonel Sanders outfit. Adolf Hitler is considered 'chic' by many in Thailand.[65]

gollark: Look, if people choose to install potatOS, it's their own problem.
gollark: Well, that means potatOS can (theoretically, I haven't implemented code for it) edit your world, so... yay?
gollark: You should run it, though.
gollark: As I said, I cannot neither antideny nor unconfirm that potatOS won't not spread to no disks.
gollark: And?

See also

Notes
  1. Cocks, Geoffrey (Autumn 1979). "The Hitler Controversy". Political Psychology. International Society of Political Psychology. 1 (2): 67–81. doi:10.2307/3791103. JSTOR 3791103.
  2. "Israel wants Indian menswear shop Hitler renamed". CBS News. September 3, 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  3. "An attempt to fathom Hitler / Robert Carlyle conveys depths of tyrant's evil". San Francisco Chronicle. May 16, 2003. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  4. Erickson, Hal (2010). "Hitler: The Rise of Evil (2003): Movie review". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  5. Victor, G. (1999). Hitler: The Pathology of Evil. Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-228-7.
  6. Rosenbaum, R. (1999). Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-095339-X.
  7. Johnson, E. (2000). Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04908-7.
  8. Levenda, P. (2005). Unholy Alliance: A History of Nazi Involvement with the Occult. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1409-5.
  9. A. J. Goldman (3 November 2010). "Why Did Germans Embrace Him?". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 October 2014. Nazis are never far from the news here, but 'Hitler and the Germans: Nation and Crimes' is Hitler's biggest coup in Berlin since Mel Brooks's 'The Producers' lit up the German capital last year. The exhibition at the German Historical Museum has attracted a mountain of domestic and international media attention and brisk business.
  10. "Propaganda and the Visual Arts in the Third Reich". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  11. Welch, Professor David (17 February 2011). "Nazi Propaganda". BBC History. BBC. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  12. Hoberman, J. (6 March 2016). "'Triumph of the Will': Fascist Rants and the Hollywood Response". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  13. Sayre, Nora (6 December 1973). "Lang's 'Testament of Dr. Mabuse,' at Cultural Center Tomorrow:The Cast". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  14. "Home Cinema @ The Digital Fix - The Testament of Dr. Mabuse". Dvdtimes.co.uk. 2004-03-22. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  15. Cronin, Brian (4 October 2008). "Stars of Political Cartooning - David Low". CBR.com. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  16. "The Nazi-Soviet Pact". BBC. p. 2. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  17. Tim Masters (25 September 2013). "Henry Goodman on Brecht's Hitler satire Arturo Ui". BBC News. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  18. "Don't Bash Brecht". The Guardian. The Guardian. May 2008.
  19. Dancis-McClatchy, Bruce (4 September 2018). "They used nyuk-nyuks against Nazis". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  20. Lenburg, Jeff; Maurer, Joan Howard; Lenburg, Greg (1994). The Three Stooges scrapbook. New York: Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-0946-5.
  21. Kürten, Jochen (11 December 2015). "When Charlie Chaplin imitated Adolf Hitler". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  22. Chalakoski, Martin (29 April 2017). "Chaplin's The Great Dictator might be the most popular, but it was The Three Stooges who first openly mocked Hitler on film". The Vintage News. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  23. Novick, Peter (2000). The Holocaust in American Life. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 19–24. ISBN 978-0-618-08232-2.
  24. Dibbits, Kat (22 January 2009). "Hitler - my part in his downfall". The Bolton News. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  25. Una Hajdari (23 December 2014). "On je sa Kosova, izgleda kao Hitler i od toga dobro živi" [He's From Kosovo, Looks Like Hitler and Earns a Living That Way] (in Serbian). Vice Serbia. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  26. Christie's auction results for 'Bound To Fail' sale
  27. French, Jackie. "Results for 'Hitler fiction'". Worldcat.org. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  28. Published in Asimov's Science Fiction, July 1991.
  29. Thomas Badtke: "'Bild' finanzierte den Führer: Adolf Hitler - Er ist wieder da!" book review. Retrieved April 04, 2013.
  30. Kharunya Paramaguru: "He’s Back: Hitler Satire Tops Germany’s Best-Seller List". Retrieved April 04, 2013.
  31. "Countdown to War". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  32. "Hitler – Ein Film aus Deutschland" [Hitler – A Film from Germany]. German Films. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
  33. Waller, J. Michael (2007). Fighting the War of Ideas Like a Real War. Lulu.com. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-615-14463-4.
  34. "Mein Kampf (2009)". IMDb. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  35. "Ordinary German tries to kill Hitler in '13 Minutes'". Boston Herald. MediaNews Group, Inc. 28 July 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  36. "Hilter (sic) Python Sketch". YouTube. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  37. "Monty Python Sketch - words". Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  38. "The Chasers - Hitler at Foxtel". YouTube. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  39. Shull, Michael S.; Wilt, David E. (2004). Doing Their Bit: Wartime American Animated Short Films, 1939–1945 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-786-41555-7.
  40. Assassin's Creed II - Glyph #12 "Titans of Industry"
  41. Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood – Rifts: Cluster 3
  42. "Brainiape/Hitler's profile at Comic Book Gorillarama". Archived from the original on 2013-01-15.
  43. "Hitler - series synopsis (in French)". Archived from the original on 2009-08-18.
  44. Arul, Davin (2016-03-22). "Review: Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler". The Star. Retrieved 2020-03-19.
  45. The Doug Anthony Allstars; Paul McDermott; Tim Ferguson; Richard Fidler (1992). DAAS Kapital (scriptbook). Australia: Allen & Unwin. p. 33. ISBN 1-86373-101-6.
  46. Stephen Matchett (11 October 2008). "There's life after Downfall". The Australian. Archived from the original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
    "YouTube Hitler parodies go viral". 2008-10-21. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  47. Video on YouTube
  48. Video on YouTube
  49. Finlo Rohrer (2010-04-21). "Downfall filmmakers want YouTube to take down Hitler spoofs". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 22 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  50. "Everyone Who's Made a Hitler Parody Video, Leave the Room | Electronic Frontier Foundation". Eff.org. 2010-04-20. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  51. Melanson, Mike (2010-04-22). "YouTube Weighs In on Hitler, Parodies, Mashups & Fair Use". Readwriteweb.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  52. "Darth Vader vs Hitler. Epic Rap Battles of History 2". YouTube. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  53. "Hitler vs Vader 2. Epic Rap Battles of History Season 2". YouTube. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  54. "Hitler vs Vader 3. Epic Rap Battles of History Season 3". YouTube. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  55. Paloma Esteban Leal. "Salvador Dalí - The Enigma of Hitler". Reina Sofía Museum. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  56. "Is Hitler loved in India?", The Indian Republic, Wednesday, 20 August 2014.
  57. Nelson, Dean (August 29, 2012). "India's Jewish community condemn 'Hitler' clothes shop". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  58. "Israel wants Indian menswear shop Hitler renamed". CNN. September 3, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  59. "Hitler-butikk vekker avsky" [Hitler store engenders disgust]. Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). AFP. August 29, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  60. AMC turns ‘Hitler’ at Vastrapur store, Owners of garment store approach police commissioner, claim civic officials removed their signboard without serving a notice, Ahmedabad Mirror Bureau, October 31, 2012
  61. Gladiator Fashion Ahmedabad CityShor
  62. Tunzelmann, Alex von (2010-06-11). "Why Bollywood's film about Hitler is profoundly misguided". The Guardian. London. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  63. In India, a café named Hitler's Cross, Anand Giridharadas, August 24, 2006
  64. Merwin, Hugh (2013-07-08). "Hitler-Themed Chicken Restaurant in Thailand Ruffles Many Feathers". Grub Street. New York. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  65. Kraus, Tibor (2012-02-27). "Bangkok's 'Hitler chic' trend riles tourists, Israeli envoy". CNN. New York. Retrieved January 23, 2019.

References
  • Faschismus in der populären Kultur [Fascism in popular culture] by Georg Seesslen Berlin : Edition Tiamat, 1994–1996. ISBN 3-923118-24-4, OCLC: 80476144
  • The world Hitler never made : alternate history and the memory of Nazism by Gavriel David Rosenfeld. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-84706-0 OCLC: 58052431
  • Hitler's imagery and German youth by Erik H Erikson; Berkeley, Calif. : Institute of Child Welfare, University of California, 1940-1950? OCLC: 26533155

Further reading
  • Butter, Michael. The Epitome of Evil: Hitler in American Fiction, 1939-2002. Palgrave Macmillan, April 28, 2009. ISBN 0230620809, 9780230620803.
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