Timbira language

Timbira is a dialect continuum of the Northern Jê language group of the Jê languages ̣(Macro-Jê) spoken in Brazil. The various dialects are distinct enough to sometimes be considered separate languages. The principal varieties, Krahô /ˈkrɑːhoʊ/[3] (Craó), and Canela /kæˈnɛlə/[3] (Kanela), have 2000 speakers apiece, few of whom speak Portuguese. Krẽje, however, is nearly extinct, with only 30 speakers in 1995.

Timbira
Native toBrazil
RegionMaranhão, Pará, Tocantins
EthnicityTimbira
Native speakers
5,100 (2005–2008)[1]
plus moribund Parkatêjê[1] and Kỳikatêjê
DialectsCanela, Krahô, Krĩkatí, Pykobjê, Parkatêjê, Kỳikatêjê, Krẽje
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
ram – Canela (Apànjêkra, Mẽmõrtũmre = Ràmkôkãmẽkra)
xra – Krahô
xri – Krĩkatí
gvp – Parkatêjê (Pará Gavião)
xre – Krẽje (Kreye, Krenje, Taje)
Glottologtimb1253[2]

Varieties

Linguistic varieties of Timbira include:[4]

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) divides the Timbira tribes into two groups, Timbirá (Canela) and Krao.[5] The majority are included under Timbira:

Timbira (Canela)
  • Mehin, Tajé (Timbirá)
  • Kreapimkatajé (Krepúnkateye)
  • Krenjé (Krẽyé)
  • Remkokamekran (Remako-Kamékrere, Merrime)
  • Aponegicran (Apáñekra)
  • Krenkatajé (Canella, Kenkateye)
  • Sakamekran (Chacamecran, Mateiros)
  • Purekamekran, Makamekran (Pepuxi)
  • Apinagé, Karaho (Carauau)
  • Menren (Gaviões, Augutjé – only a few words known)
  • Meitajé
Krao
  • Krahó, Krikati (Kỳikatêjê)
  • Piokobjé (Bucobu, Pukobje, Paicogê)
  • Kapiekran

Ramirez et al. (2015)

Ramirez et al. (2015) considers Timbira-Kayapó to be a dialect continuum, as follows:[6]

Canela-Krahô ↔ Gavião-Krĩkati ↔ Apinajé ↔ Kayapó ↔ Suyá-Tapayuna ↔ Panará-Kayapó do Sul

Apart from Kapiekran, all Krao varieties are recognized by the ISO. Under the Timbira group, Loukotka included several purported languages for which nothing is recorded: Kukoekamekran, Karákatajé, Kenpokatajé, Kanakatayé, Norokwajé (Ñurukwayé). The Poncatagê (Põkateye) are likewise unidentifiable.

Another common convention for division, though geographic rather than linguistic, is Western Timbira (Apinayé alone) vs Eastern Timbira (Canela, Krikatí, Krahô, Gavião, and others).

Gurupy is a river, sometimes used to refer to the Krenye.

Nikulin (2020)
gollark: yes.
gollark: Where something can just be two types because ??? and you can't tell the difference.
gollark: An untagged union is like a C union.
gollark: Personally, very late, I find Rust's tooling (cargo) much nicer than, say, python's.Also, tagged unions good, regular unions bad?
gollark: But those are the most funnestest things?

References
  1. Canela (Apànjêkra, Mẽmõrtũmre = Ràmkôkãmẽkra) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
    Krahô at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
    Krĩkatí at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
    Parkatêjê (Pará Gavião) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
    (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Eastern Timbira". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  4. Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
  5. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  6. Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
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