George Washington Gale

George Washington Gale (1789 – September 13, 1861) was

a Presbyterian clergyman who believed in hellfire and had chronic dyspepsia. He was a small man, slight of build, inclined to be thin because his food did not agree with him, but graceful, dignified, and even commanding, with regular features expressing a pensive thoughtfulness when not rendered irritable and querulous by his ailment. He was narrow and intolerant in religion, but gracious in social intercourse, a dreamer, somewhat visionary, but with a canny vein of practicality, though too indifferent to money to handle it carefully or account for it consistently. He lacked the qualities of a leader, but was gifted with powers of persuasion that won converts in his revivals, and raised substantial sums to finance his educational enterprises. His piety and his dyspepsia were the outstanding facts in his life."[1]^:37

George Washington Gale
Born	1789 (1789) Stanford, New York
Died	September 13, 1861(1861-09-13) (aged 71–72)
Alma mater	Union College
Known for	Promoting manual labor colleges; founder of the Oneida Institute and Knox College; mentor of George Grandison Finney
Religion	Presbyterian

He was born in Stanford, Dutchess County, New York, the youngest of 9 siblings,[2] and became a Presbyterian minister in western New York state. (At the time, the transportation center of Utica was the intellectual capital of western New York.) A graduate with honors from Union College in 1814, he attended Princeton Theological Seminary but withdrew because of poor health (dyspepsia). "After a brief term of service in the Female Missionary Society, Gale received his ordination in the St. Laurence Presbytery, and settled down to preach in...the Burned Over District."[2] He "was not a gifted speaker".[1]^:35 His first assignment was as missionary to settlements on the shore of Lake Ontario, followed by a pastorate in Adams, New York.[1]^:42[2]^:38–39

Oneida Institute of Science and Industry

In 1824, Gale, again troubled by dyspepsia, traveled to the southern United States, visiting Georgetown College, Hampden-Sydney College, and Central College (later the University of Virginia); he disapproved of Thomas Jefferson's decision to remove religion from the university's operation.[2]

Gale bought a farm in Western, New York, and started an experiment "teaching some young men who proposed to prepare themselves to preach the Gospel",[3] the 7 young men paying him through their labor. This successful experiment would be the start in the United States of the manual labor college. Among the students there was Charles Finney, a lawyer who, through Gale's efforts, found a new faith in Christ and undertook to become a Christian minister.[4][5][6]

In 1827 Gale went on to found the Oneida Institute of Science and Industry in Whitesboro, New York, an institution with a strong religious component, incorporating manual labor as a means by which students could pay for their education and simultaneously receive the spiritual (psychological) and physical benefits of exercise. Most of the Western students followed him there.

Although the details are not known ("the reasons are not clearly apparent"[7] ^:33), Gale was not effective as the Institute's leader; he described his own status as "straitened".[8]^:5 He was "too indifferent to money to handle it carefully or account for it consistently."[1]^:37 He asked to be replaced in 1831, and his replacement, Beriah Green, "for whom Gale had nothing but scorn",[1]^:44 took over in 1833, finding that Gale had left the school with significant indebtedness. The philanthropist brothers and benefactors of Oneida Lewis and Arthur Tappan sought a new manual labor school to support, hiring in 1832 one of Gale's students, Theodore Weld, to find a suitable location. Weld recommended the new Lane Theological Seminary, in Cincinnati. In a highly public incident Gale never refers to, a group of about 24 students, led by Weld, moved there from Oneida, complaining mysteriously about "the lack of theological classes". Finding Lane unhospitable to their abolitionism, they left en masse for the new Oberlin. Both Lane and Oberlin were barely functioning before the arrival of the Oneida contingent.

Knox College

By far the best-known part of Gale's life, since original documents are available and Gale spoke and wrote of it several times, is his years at Knox College.

In 1833–1834, in Whitesboro, the unemployed Gale drew up the plans and recruited supporters for yet another manual labor college, further west. A scouting party (a "committee") found fertile, well-situated land available in Illinois. In 1836 "more than 30 families", most from the Utica–Troy Mohawk River region of upstate New York, accompanied him to found Galesburg, Illinois, named for him,[9] and in 1837 the Knox Manual Labor College (later Knox College, site of one of the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858).[8]^:5–13 Gale became a professor of rhetoric and moral philosophy at Knox.[8]^{:13, 15}

References

1. Calkins, Earnest Elmo (1937). They Broke the Prairie: being some account of the settlement of the Upper Mississippi Valley by religious and educational pioneers, told in terms of one city, Galesburg, and of one college, Knox. New York: Scribner's.
2. Forssberg, Grant. The Origins of Knox College. Knox College. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
3. Finney, Charles G. (1989). "Revival at De Kalb". In Rosell, Garth M.; Dupuis, A. G. (eds.). The Original "Memoirs" of Charles G. Finney. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Academie Books. ISBN 0310459206.
4. Memoirs, Conversion to Christ
5. Memoirs, Beginning of His Work
6. Memoirs, His Doctrinal Education and Other Experiences at Adams
7. Muelder, Hermann R. (1937). Church history in a Puritan colony of the Middle West. Galesburg, Illinois: Central Congregational Church and First Presbyterian Church.
8. Gale, G. W. (1845). A brief history of Knox College, situated in Galesburgh, Knox County, Illinois : with sketches of the first settlement of the town. Cincinnati. OCLC 950873725.
9. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 133.

Further reading

• Gale, George Washington (1964). Autobiography (to 1834) of George Washington Gale (1789-1861), founder of Galesburg, Illinois and Knox College. New York. OCLC 4887564.