Treaty of Whampoa

The Treaty of Whampoa (simplified Chinese: 黄埔条约; traditional Chinese: 黃埔條約; pinyin: Huángpǔ Tiáoyuē; Cantonese Yale: Wòhngbou Tìuhyeuk) was a commercial treaty between Qing dynasty of China and Kingdom of France, which was signed by Qiying and Théodore de Lagrené on October 24, 1844 aboard the warship L’Archimède. It is considered an unequal treaty by many sources.

Terms

China was to grant the same privileges to the Kingdom of France as to Britain in the Treaty of Nanking and subsequent treaties. The privileges included the opening of five harbours to French merchants, extraterritorial privileges French citizens in China, a fixed tariff on Sino-French trade and the right of France to station consuls in China.

Toleration of Christianity

Although French Prime Minister François Guizot had given Lagrené only a mandate to negotiate a commercial treaty with France, Lagrené decided that he wanted to enhance France's international prestige by securing a rescission of Yongzheng Emperor's prohibition of Christianity in China from 1724. France could thus become the protectorate of Catholics in China, like France in the Levant. After protracted negotiations with Qiying, most of which Lagrené entrusted to his interpreter Joseph-Marie Callery, the Daoguang Emperor issued an edict in February 1846 that legalized the practice of Christianity in China.

gollark: > more like Go awayindeed.
gollark: Also, I think making up a dedicated assembly thing is basically the *point* of asm2bf, instead of some bizarre implementation detail like in Go.
gollark: > asm2bf has its own assembly languageIt's an esolang. Sanity and stuff don't count.
gollark: I think they are working on some codegen changes somewhere.
gollark: > Rust has llvm, which is kinda worse than an own asm because it's not even original and not even real asmIt's *better*, since it's actually used in other things and they did not make up their own for some bizarre reason.

See also

References
  • Cady, John Frank. The Roots of French Imperialism in Eastern Asia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967.
  • Grosse-Aschhoff, Angelus Francis J. The Negotiations between Ch'i-Ying and Lagrené, 1844-1846. St. Bonaventure, New York: Franciscan Institute, 1950.
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