Totten Glacier

Totten Glacier is a large glacier draining a major portion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, through the Budd Coast of Wilkes Land in the Australian Antarctic Territory. The catchment drained by the glacier is estimated at 538,000 km2 (208,000 sq mi),[1] extending approximately 1,100 km (680 mi) into the interior and holds the potential to raise sea level by at least 3.5 m (11 ft).[2] Totten drains northeastward from the continental ice but turns northwestward at the coast where it terminates in a prominent tongue close east of Cape Waldron. It was first delineated from aerial photographs taken by USN Operation Highjump (1946–47), and named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for George M. Totten, midshipman on USS Vincennes of the United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42), who assisted Lieutenant Charles Wilkes with correction of the survey data obtained by the expedition.

Totten Glacier
Map of Antarctica, with Wilkes Land slightly to the right
Totten Glacier
Location of Totten Glacier in Antarctica
LocationWilkes Land
Coordinates67°00′00″S 116°20′00″E

Totten Ice Shelf is a 6,200 km2 (2,400 sq mi) floating portion of Totten Glacier, laterally bounded by the Aurora Subglacial Basin to the south and Law Dome to the north. The ice shelf exists at the confluence of the two main grounded tributaries of Totten Glacier, its base lies 2,500 m (8,200 ft) below sea level near the grounding line of the western tributary, and the ice shelf surface is characterized by longitudinal channels and transverse fractures.[3][4] Totten Ice Shelf is of glaciological interest because it buttresses the flow of grounded ice while coupling the ice basin to ocean processes such as ocean warming.[5][6]

Totten Glacier Tongue (66°35′S 116°5′E) is a small glacier tongue extending seaward from Totten Glacier. Delineated from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47) and named by US-ACAN in association with Totten Glacier.

Melt

Totten Glacier drains the Aurora Subglacial Basin, which is largely grounded below sea level[7] and is subject to marine ice sheet instability, meaning melt near the grounding line could lead to runaway glacier retreat and a significant contribution to sea level rise.

Surface altimetry measurements from Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar suggest that Totten Glacier lost mass from 1992 to 2006[8] and gravity measurements obtained by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite indicate mass loss has continued through at least 2016.[9] The ICESat laser altimeter measured surface lowering of the grounded[10] and floating[11][12][13] portions of Totten Glacier from 2003 to 2009; however, longer term observations of the floating ice shelf show interannual variability of thickness[14] and velocity.[5][15][16]

Totten Glacier loses mass primarily through melt at its ice shelf base,[12][13] and melt is influenced by the availability of ocean heat entering the cavity below the ice shelf.[5][15][17][18] Warm, modified Circumpolar deep water enters the Totten Ice Shelf cavity through submarine canyons,[2][19] driven by wind processes at the nearby continental shelf break.[5] Wind processes and sea ice formation along the Sabrina Coast have been linked to variability in Totten Ice Shelf basal melt[17][18] and calving rates.[6][20]

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See also

References
  1. Roberts, Jason; et al. (2011). "Refined broad-scale sub-glacial morphology of Aurora Subglacial Basin and East Antarctica derived by an ice-dynamics-based interpolation scheme". The Cryosphere. 5 (3): 551–560. Bibcode:2011TCry....5..551R. doi:10.5194/tc-5-551-2011.
  2. Greenbaum, J. S.; Blankenship, D. D.; Young, D. A.; Richter, T. G.; Roberts, J. L.; Aitken, A. R. A.; Legresy, B.; Schroeder, D. M.; Warner, R. C. (2015). "Ocean access to a cavity beneath Totten Glacier in East Antarctica". Nature Geoscience. 8 (4): 294–298. Bibcode:2015NatGe...8..294G. doi:10.1038/ngeo2388. ISSN 1752-0908.
  3. Greene, C. A.; Blankenship, D. D. (2018). "A Method of Repeat Photoclinometry for Detecting Kilometer-Scale Ice Sheet Surface Evolution". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 56 (4): 2074–2082. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2017.2773364. ISSN 0196-2892.
  4. Dow, Christine F.; Lee, Won Sang; Greenbaum, Jamin S.; Greene, Chad A.; Blankenship, Donald D.; Poinar, Kristin; Forrest, Alexander L.; Young, Duncan A.; Zappa, Christopher J. (2018-06-01). "Basal channels drive active surface hydrology and transverse ice shelf fracture". Science Advances. 4 (6): eaao7212. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao7212. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6007161. PMID 29928691.
  5. Greene, Chad A.; Blankenship, Donald D.; Gwyther, David E.; Silvano, Alessandro; Wijk, Esmee van (2017-11-01). "Wind causes Totten Ice Shelf melt and acceleration". Science Advances. 3 (11): e1701681. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1681G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701681. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 5665591. PMID 29109976.
  6. Greene, Chad A.; Young, Duncan A.; Gwyther, David E.; Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K.; Blankenship, Donald D. (2018-09-06). "Seasonal dynamics of Totten Ice Shelf controlled by sea ice buttressing". The Cryosphere. 12 (9): 2869–2882. Bibcode:2018TCry...12.2869G. doi:10.5194/tc-12-2869-2018. ISSN 1994-0416.
  7. Young, Duncan A.; Wright, Andrew P.; Roberts, Jason L.; Warner, Roland C.; Young, Neal W.; Greenbaum, Jamin S.; Schroeder, Dustin M.; Holt, John W.; Sugden, David E. (2011). "A dynamic early East Antarctic Ice Sheet suggested by ice-covered fjord landscapes". Nature. 474 (7349): 72–75. Bibcode:2011Natur.474...72Y. doi:10.1038/nature10114. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 21637255.
  8. Rignot, Eric; et al. (2008). "Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling". Nature Geoscience. 1 (2019): 106–110. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..106R. doi:10.1038/ngeo102.
  9. "Gravimetric Mass Balance". February 7, 2018.
  10. Pritchard, Hamish D.; Arthern, Robert J.; Vaughan, David G.; Edwards, Laura A. (2009). "Extensive dynamic thinning on the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets". Nature. 461 (7266): 971–975. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..971P. doi:10.1038/nature08471. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 19776741.
  11. Pritchard, H. D.; Ligtenberg, S. R. M.; Fricker, H. A.; Vaughan, D. G.; Broeke, M. R. van den; Padman, L. (2012). "Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves". Nature. 484 (7395): 502–505. Bibcode:2012Natur.484..502P. doi:10.1038/nature10968. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 22538614.
  12. Rignot, E.; Jacobs, S.; Mouginot, J.; Scheuchl, B. (2013-07-19). "Ice-Shelf Melting Around Antarctica". Science. 341 (6143): 266–270. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..266R. doi:10.1126/science.1235798. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23765278.
  13. Depoorter, M. A.; Bamber, J. L.; Griggs, J. A.; Lenaerts, J. T. M.; Ligtenberg, S. R. M.; Broeke, M. R. van den; Moholdt, G. (2013). "Calving fluxes and basal melt rates of Antarctic ice shelves". Nature. 502 (7469): 89–92. Bibcode:2013Natur.502...89D. doi:10.1038/nature12567. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 24037377.
  14. Paolo, Fernando S.; Fricker, Helen A.; Padman, Laurie (2015-04-17). "Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating". Science. 348 (6232): 327–331. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..327P. doi:10.1126/science.aaa0940. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25814064.
  15. Li, Xin; Rignot, Eric; Mouginot, Jeremie; Scheuchl, Bernd (2016-06-28). "Ice flow dynamics and mass loss of Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, from 1989 to 2015". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (12): 2016GL069173. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.6366L. doi:10.1002/2016gl069173. ISSN 1944-8007.
  16. Roberts, Jason; Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K.; Paolo, Fernando S.; Donnelly, Claire; Gwyther, David E.; Padman, Laurie; Young, Duncan; Warner, Roland; Greenbaum, Jamin (2018). "Ocean forced variability of Totten Glacier mass loss" (PDF). Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 461 (1): 175–186. Bibcode:2018GSLSP.461..175R. doi:10.1144/sp461.6.
  17. Khazendar, A.; Schodlok, M. P.; Fenty, I.; Ligtenberg, S. R. M.; Rignot, E.; Broeke, M. R. van den (2013-12-05). "Observed thinning of Totten Glacier is linked to coastal polynya variability". Nature Communications. 4: 2857. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2857K. doi:10.1038/ncomms3857. PMID 24305466.
  18. Gwyther, D. E.; Galton-Fenzi, B. K.; Hunter, J. R.; Roberts, J. L. (2014-05-06). "Simulated melt rates for the Totten and Dalton ice shelves". Ocean Sci. 10 (3): 267–279. Bibcode:2014OcSci..10..267G. doi:10.5194/os-10-267-2014. ISSN 1812-0792.
  19. Rintoul, Stephen Rich; Silvano, Alessandro; Pena-Molino, Beatriz; van Wijk, Esmee; Rosenberg, Mark; Greenbaum, Jamin Stevens; Blankenship, Donald D. (16 December 2016). "Ocean heat drives rapid basal melt of the Totten Ice Shelf". Science Advances. 2 (12). doi:10.1126/sciadv.160161 (inactive 2020-01-22).
  20. Miles, Bertie W. J.; Stokes, Chris R.; Jamieson, Stewart S. R. (2016-05-01). "Pan–ice-sheet glacier terminus change in East Antarctica reveals sensitivity of Wilkes Land to sea-ice changes". Science Advances. 2 (5): e1501350. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E1350M. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501350. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 4928901. PMID 27386519.

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document: "Totten Glacier". (content from the Geographic Names Information System) 

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