Symon Petliura

Symon Vasylyovych Petliura[lower-alpha 1] (Ukrainian: Си́мон Васи́льович Петлю́ра; 22 May [O.S. 10 May] 1879 – May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist. He became the Supreme Commander of the Ukrainian Army and the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic during Ukraine's short-lived sovereignty in 1918–1921, leading Ukraine's struggle for independence following the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917.

Symon Petliura
Симон Петлюра
Chief Otaman Symon Petliura
2nd Chairman of the Directorate
In office
11 February 1919 – 25 May 1926
Preceded byVolodymyr Vynnychenko
Succeeded byAndriy Livytskyi1
Secretary of Military Affairs
In office
28 June 1917 – 6 January 1918
Prime MinisterVolodymyr Vynnychenko
Preceded byposition created
Succeeded byMykola Porsh
Personal details
Born
Symon Vasylyovych Petliura

(1879-05-22)22 May 1879
Poltava, Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire
Died25 May 1926(1926-05-25) (aged 47)
Paris, France
NationalityUkrainian
Political partyRUP (1900–1905), USDLP (1905–1919)
Spouse(s)Olha Petliura (1885–1959, m.1910)[1]
ChildrenLesya (1911–1941)
Alma materPoltava Orthodox Seminary
OccupationPolitician and statesman
Signature
Military service
Allegiance Ukrainian People's Republic
Branch/serviceUkrainian People's Army
Years of service1914–1922
RankChief Otaman
CommandsHaidamaka Kish of Sloboda Ukraine
Battles/warsUkrainian–Soviet War
Kiev January Uprising
Anti-Hetman Uprising
Polish–Soviet War
1Government in exile.

Career to 1917

Born on 22 May  [O.S. 10 May]  1879[5] in a suburb of Poltava (then part of the Russian Empire), Symon Petliura was the son of Vasyl Pavlovych Petliura and Olha Oleksiyivna (née Marchenko), of Cossack background. His father, a Poltava city resident, had owned a transportation business; his mother was a daughter of an Orthodox hieromonk (priest-monk). Petliura obtained his initial education in parochial schools, and planned to become an Orthodox priest.[6]

Petiura studied in the Russian Orthodox Seminary in Poltava from 1895 to 1901.[5] While there he joined the Hromada society in 1898.[5] When his membership in Hromada was discovered in 1901, he was expelled from the seminary.[5] In 1900 Petliura joined the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party (RUP).[5] In 1902, under threat of arrest, he moved to Yekaterinodar in the Kuban, where he worked for two years - initially as a schoolteacher and later as an archivist for the Kuban Cossack Host[5] helping to organize over 200,000 documents. In December 1903 he was arrested for organizing a RUP branch in Yekaterinodar and for publishing inflammatory anti-tsarist articles in the Ukrainian press outside of Imperial Russia (in Austrian-controlled Lemberg in Galicia).[5] Released on bail in March 1904, he moved briefly to Kiev and then emigrated to the Western Ukrainian city of Lviv - then officially called Lemberg - in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[5]

In Lviv, Petliura lived under the name of Sviatoslav Tagon,[7] working alongside Ivan Franko and Volodymyr Hnatiuk as an editor for the journal Literaturno-Naukovy Vistnik ("Literary Scientific Herald"), the Shevchenko Scientific Society and as a co-editor of Volya newspaper. He also contributed numerous articles to the Ukrainian-language press in Galicia.

At the end of 1905, after an amnesty was declared, Petliura returned briefly to Kiev, but soon moved to the Russian capital of Petersburg in order to publish the socialist-democratic monthly magazine Vil’na Ukrayina ("Free Ukraine") along with Prokip Poniatenko and Mykola Porsh.[5] After Russian censors closed this magazine in July 1905, he moved back to Kiev where he worked for the newspaper Rada ("The Council"). In 1907–09 he became the editor of the literary magazine Slovo (Ukrainian: Слово, "The Word") and co-editor of Ukrayina (Ukrainian: Україна, "Ukraine").

Because of the closure of these publications by the Russian Imperial authorities, Petliura had once again to move from Kiev. He went to Moscow in 1909, where he worked briefly as an accountant. There in 1910 he married Olha Bilska (1885–1959), with whom he had a daughter, Lesia (1911–1942). From 1912 until May 1917 he served as a co-editor of the influential Russian-language journal Ukrayinskaya Zhizn (Ukrainian Life).

Journalism and publications

As the editor of numerous journals and newspapers, Petliura published over 15,000 critical articles, reviews, stories and poems under an estimated 120 nom-de-plumes. His prolific work in both the Russian and Ukrainian languages helped shape the mindset of the Ukrainian population in the years leading up to the Revolution in both Eastern and Western Ukraine. His prolific correspondence was of great benefit when the Revolution broke out in 1917, as he had contacts throughout Ukraine.

Publications before 1914

As the Ukrainian language had been outlawed in the Russian Empire by the Ems Ukaz of 1876, Petliura found more freedom to publish Ukraine oriented articles in Saint Petersburg than in Ukraine. There, he published the magazine Vilna Ukrayina (Ukrainian: Вільна Україна, "Independent Ukraine") until July 1905. Tsarist censors, however, closed this magazine, and Petliura moved back to Kiev.

In Kiev, Petliura first worked for Rada. In 1907 he became editor of the literary magazine Slovo. Also, he co-edited the magazine Ukrayina.

In 1909, these publications were closed by Russian imperial police, and Petliura moved back to Moscow to publish. There, he was co-editor of the Russian language journal Ukrayinskaya Zhizn to familiarize the local population with news and culture of what was known as Malorossia. He was chief editor with this publication from 1912 to 1914. In Moscow he married his wife Olha Bilska in 1915 (later she was also known as her husband under the surname of Marchenko). There, in Moscow was born the daughter of Petliura, Lesia (Olesia).

Publications after emigration

In Paris, Petliura continued the struggle for Ukrainian independence as a publicist. In 1924, Petliura became the editor and publisher of the weekly journal Tryzub ("Trident"). He contributed to this journal using various pen names, including V. Marchenko, and V. Salevsky.

Revolution in Ukraine

Rise to power

In May 1917 Petliura attended the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soldier Deputies held in Kiev as a delegate. On May 18 he was elected head of the Ukrainian General Military Committee, the ultimate progenitor of the modern Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. With the proclamation of the Central Council of Ukraine on June 28, 1917, Petliura became the first Secretary (Minister) for Military Affairs.

Disagreeing with the politics of the then chairman of the General Secretariat Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Petliura left the government and became the head of the Haidamaka Kish, a military formation of Sloboda Ukraine (in Kharkiv). In January–February 1918 the Haidamaka Kish was forced back to protect Kiev during the Uprising at the Kiev Arsenal Plant and to prevent the capture of the capital by the Bolshevik Red Guard.

After the Hetmanate Putsch (April 28, 1918), the Skoropadsky administration arrested Petliura and incarcerated him for four months in Bila Tserkva.

After his release, Petliura participated in the anti-Hetmanate putsch of November 1918 and became a member of the Directorate of Ukraine as the Chief of Military Forces. Following the fall of Kiev (February 1919) and the emigration of Vynnychenko from Ukraine, Petliura became the leader of the Directorate on 11 February 1919. In his capacity as head of the Army and State, he continued to fight both Bolshevik and White forces in Ukraine for the next ten months.

1919
See also: Ukrainian–Soviet War

With the outbreak of hostilities between Ukraine and Soviet Russia in January 1919, and with Vynnychenko's emigration, Petliura ultimately became the leading figure in the Directorate. During the winter of 1919 the Petliura army lost most of Ukraine (including Kiev) to Bolsheviks and by March 6 relocated to Podolia. In the spring of 1919 he managed to extinguish a coup-d'etat led by Volodymyr Oskilko who saw Petliura cooperating with socialists such as Borys Martos. During the course of the year, Petliura continued to defend the fledgling republic against incursions by the Bolsheviks, Anton Denikin's White Russians, and the Romanian-Polish troops. By autumn of 1919, most of Denikin's White Russian forces were defeated — in the meantime, however, the Bolsheviks had grown to become the dominant force in Ukraine.

Polish General Antoni Listowski and Symon Petliura in Berdychiv during the Kiev Offensive
Józef Piłsudski and Symon Petliura Kiev, May 1920

1920

Petliura withdrew to Poland December 5, 1919, which had previously recognized him as the head of the legal government of Ukraine. In April 1920, as head of the Ukrainian People's Republic, he signed an alliance in Warsaw with the Polish government, agreeing to a border on the River Zbruch and recognizing Poland's right to Galicia in exchange for military aid in overthrowing the Bolshevik regime. Polish forces, reinforced by Petliura's remaining troops (some two divisions), attacked Kiev on May 7, 1920 in what became a turning point of the 1919–21 Polish-Bolshevik war. Following initial successes, Piłsudski's and Petliura's forces were pushed back to the Vistula River and the Polish capital, Warsaw. The Polish Army defeated the Bolshevik Russians in the end, but the Red Army was never cleared from all of the Ukraine and therefore Ukrainians were unable to secure independence. Petliura directed the affairs of the Ukrainian government-in-exile from Tarnów and when the Soviet Union requested Petliura's extradition from Poland, the Poles engineered his "disappearance", secretly moving him from Tarnów to Warsaw.

After the revolution

Bolshevik Russia persistently demanded that Petliura be handed over. Protected by several Polish friends and colleagues, such as Henryk Józewski, with the establishment of the Soviet Union on December 30, 1922, Petliura, in late 1923 left Poland for Budapest, then Vienna, Geneva and finally settled in Paris in early 1924. Here he established and edited the Ukrainian language newspaper Tryzub.

Promoting a Ukrainian cultural identity

During his time as leader of the Directorate, Petliura was active in supporting Ukrainian culture both in Ukraine and abroad.

Supporting culture in Ukraine

Petliura introduced the awarding of the title "People's Artist of Ukraine" to artists who had made significant contributions to Ukrainian culture. A similar title award was continued after a significant break under the Soviet regime. Among those who had received this award was blind kobza player Ivan Kuchuhura-Kucherenko.

Promoting Ukrainian culture abroad

He also saw the value in gaining international support and recognition of Ukrainian arts through cultural exchanges. Most notably, Petliura actively supported the work of cultural leaders such as the choreographer Vasyl Avramenko, conductor Oleksander Koshetz and bandurist Vasyl Yemetz, to allow them to travel internationally and promote an awareness of Ukrainian culture. Koshetz created the Ukrainian Republic Capella and took it on tour internationally, giving concerts in Europe and the Americas. One of the concerts by the Capella inspired George Gershwin to write "Summertime", based on the lullaby "Oi Khodyt Son Kolo Vikon"[8] All three musicians later emigrated to the United States.

Life in exile (Paris)

In Paris, Petliura directed the activities of the government of the Ukrainian National Republic in exile. He launched the weekly Tryzub, and continued to edit and write numerous articles under various pen names with an emphasis on questions dealing with national oppression in Ukraine. These articles were written with a literary flair. The question of national awareness was often of significance in his literary work.

Petliura's articles had a significant impact on the shaping of Ukrainian national awareness in the early 20th century. He published articles and brochures under a variety of noms de plume, including V. Marchenko, V. Salevsky, I. Rokytsky, and O. Riastr.[9]

Role in pogroms

Petliura is considered a controversial[10][11][12] figure connected with the pogroms of Jews during his rule of the Ukrainian National Republic. According to Peter Kenez, "before the advent of Hitler, the greatest mass murder of Jews occurs in the Ukraine in the course of the Civil War. All participants in the conflict were guilty of murdering Jews, even the Bolsheviks; however the Volunteer Army had the largest number of victims."[13] The number of Jews killed during the period is estimated to be between 35,000 and 50,000. A total of 1,236 violent attacks on Jews had been recorded between 1918 and 1921 in Ukraine. Among them, 493 were carried out by Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers under the command of Symon Petliura, 307 by independent Ukrainian warlords, 213 by Denikin's army, 106 by the Red Army, and 32 by the Polish Army,[14][15].

FROM THE “ORDER ISSUED BY THE MAIN COMMAND OF THE ARMIES OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL REPUBLIC” – August 26, 1919

It is time to realize that the world Jewish population—their children, their women—was enslaved and deprived of its national freedom, just like we were.
It should not go anywhere away from us; it has been living with us since time immemorial, sharing our fate and misfortune with us.

I decisively order that all those who will be inciting you to carry out pogroms be expelled from our army and tried as traitors of the Motherland. Let the courts try them for their actions, without sparing the criminals the severest punishments according to the law. The government of the UNR, understanding all the harm that pogroms inflict on the state, has issued a proclamation to the entire population of the land, with the appeal to oppose all measures by enemies that instigate pogroms against the Jewish population...

Chief Otaman Petliura[11]

The newly formed Ukrainian state (Ukrainian People's Republic) promised Jews full equality and autonomy. Arnold Margolin, a Jewish assistant minister in Petliura's UPR government, declared in May 1919 that the Ukrainian government had given Jews more rights than they enjoyed in any other European government.[16] However, after 1918, Petliura gradually lost control over most of his military units, with some of the breakaway units getting involved in pogroms against Jews. During Petliura's term as Head of State (1919–20), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory.[17][18]

Petliura's role in the pogroms has been a topic of dispute since his assassination in 1926 and the succeeding Schwartzbard's trial. In 1969, the journal of Jewish Social Studies published two opposing views regarding Petliura's responsibility in pogroms against Jews during his reign over Ukraine, by scholars Taras Hunczak[19] and Zosa Szajkowski,[20] which are still frequently cited. Later the Journal published letters from the two authors.[21]

It has been documented that Petliura actively sought to halt anti-Jewish violence on numerous occasions, introducing capital punishment for the crime of pogroming.[22][23][24][25][26][27] Conversely, he is also accused of not having done enough to stop the pogroms[16] and being afraid to punish officers and soldiers engaged in crimes against Jews for fear of losing their support.[28][29]

Assassination
Main article: Schwartzbard trial
Ukrainian President Victor Yushchenko and his wife laying flowers at Symon Petliura's grave in Paris, 2005

On May 25, 1926, at 14:12, by the Gibert bookstore, Petliura was walking on Rue Racine near Boulevard Saint-Michel of the Latin Quarter in Paris and was approached by Sholom Schwartzbard. Schwartzbard asked him in Ukrainian, "Are you Mr. Petliura?" Petliura did not answer but raised his walking cane. Then, as Schwartzbard claimed in court, he pulled out a gun and shot him five times.[30][31]

Schwartzbard was an anarchist of Jewish descent, born in Ukraine. He participated in the Jewish self-defense of Balta in 1905. The Russian Tsarist government sentenced him to 3 months in prison for "provoking" the Balta pogrom.[32] He was twice convicted of taking part in anarchist "expropriation" (burglary) and bank robbery in Austria-Hungary. He later joined the French Foreign Legion (1914–1917) and was wounded in the Battle of the Somme. It is reported that Schwartzbard told famous fellow anarchist leader Nestor Makhno in Paris that he was terminally ill and expected to die and that he would take Petliura with him; Makhno forbade Schwartzbard to do so.[33]

According to a defected KGB operative Peter Deriabin, Schwartzbard was a Soviet (NKVD) agent and acted on the order from a former chairman of the Soviet Ukrainian government and current Soviet Ambassador to France, Christian Rakovsky. The special operation of the GPU was consolidated by GPU agent Mikhail Volodin, who arrived in France August 8, 1925 and who had been in close contact with Schwartzbard.[34][15][35][36]

Schwartzbard's parents were among fifteen members of his family murdered in the pogroms in Odessa. The core defense at the Schwartzbard trial was — as presented by the noted jurist Henri Torres — that he was avenging the deaths of more than 50,000 Jewish victims of the pogroms, whereas the prosecution (both criminal and civil) tried to show that Petliura was not responsible for the pogroms and that Schwartzbard was a Soviet agent. After a trial lasting eight days the jury acquitted Schwartzbard.[37][38]

Petliura was buried alongside his wife and daughter in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris, France.

Petliura's two sisters, Orthodox nuns who had remained in Poltava, were arrested and shot in 1928 by the NKVD (the Soviet secret police). It is claimed that in March 1926, Vlas Chubar (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukraine), in a speech given in Kharkiv and repeated in Moscow, warned of the danger Petliura represented to Soviet power. It was after this speech that the command had allegedly been given to assassinate Petliura.[39]

Petliura's latter legacy

Ukraine
A bust of Petliura in Rivne

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, previously restricted Soviet archives have allowed numerous politicians and historians to review Petliura's role in Ukrainian history. Some consider him a national hero who strove for the independence of Ukraine. Several cities, including Kiev, the Ukrainian capital and Poltava, the city of his birth, have erected monuments to Petliura, with a museum complex also being planned in Poltava. Petliura's statue, unveiled in Vinnytsia in October 2017, was denounced as disgraceful and deplorable by the World Jewish Congress.[40] To mark the 80th anniversary of his assassination, a twelve-volume edition of his writings, including articles, letters and historic documents, has been published in Kiev by the Taras Shevchenko University and the State Archive of Ukraine. In 1992 in Poltava a series of readings known as "Petlurivski chytannia" have become an annual event, and since 1993 these take place annually at Kiev University.[41]

In June 2009 the Kiev city council renamed Komintern's Street (located in the Shevchenkivskyi District) into Symon Petliura Street to commemorate the occasion of his 130th birthday anniversary.[42]

In current Ukraine Petliura has not been as lionized as Mykhailo Hrushevsky (who played a much smaller role in the Ukrainian People's Republic) since Petliura was too closely associated with violence to make a good symbolic figure.[43] In a 2008 poll of "Famous Ukrainians of all times" (in which respondents did not receive any lists or tips) Petliura was not mentioned (Hrushevsky came in sixth place in this poll).[44] In the 2008 TV project Velyki Ukraïntsi ("Greatest Ukrainians") he placed 26th.[45]

A nephew of Symon Petliura, Stepan Skrypnyk became the Patriarch Mstyslav of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church on 6 June 1990.

Ukrainian diaspora

For part of the Western Ukrainian diaspora, Petliura is remembered as a national hero, a fighter for Ukrainian independence, a martyr, who inspired hundreds of thousands to fight for an independent Ukrainian state. He has inspired original music,[46] and youth organizations.[47]

Petliura in Ukrainian folk songs

During the revolution Petliura became the subject of numerous folk songs, primarily as a hero calling for his people to unite against foreign oppression. His name became synonymous with the call for freedom.[48] 15 songs were recorded by the ethnographer rev. prof. K. Danylevsky. In the songs Petliura is depicted as a soldier, in a manner similar to Robin Hood, mocking Skoropadsky and the Bolshevik Red Guard.

News of Petliura’s assassination in the summer of 1926 was marked by numerous revolts in eastern Ukraine particularly in Boromlia, Zhehailivtsi, (Sumy province), Velyka Rublivka, Myloradov (Poltava province), Hnylsk, Bilsk, Kuzemyn and all along the Vorskla River from Okhtyrka to Poltava, Burynia, Nizhyn (Chernihiv province) and other cities.[49] These revolts were brutally pacified by the Soviet administration. The blind kobzars Pavlo Hashchenko and Ivan Kuchuhura Kucherenko composed a duma (epic poem) in memory of Symon Petliura. To date Petliura is the only modern Ukrainian politician to have a duma created and sung in his memory. This duma became popular among the kobzars of left-bank Ukraine and was sung also by Stepan Pasiuha, Petro Drevchenko, Bohushchenko, and Chumak.[50]

The Soviets also tried their hand at portraying Petliura through the arts in order to discredit the Ukrainian national leader. A number of humorous songs appeared in which Petliura is portrayed as a traveling beggar whose only territory is that which is under his train carriage. A number of plays such as The Republic on Wheels by Yakov Mamontov and the opera Shchors by Boris Liatoshinsky and Arsenal by Georgy Maiboroda portray Petliura in a negative light, as a lackey who sold out Western Ukraine to Poland, often using the very same melodies which had become popular during the fight for Ukrainian Independence in 1918.

Petliura continues to be portrayed by the Ukrainian people in its folk songs in a manner similar to Taras Shevchenko and Bohdan Khmelnytsky. He is likened to the sun which suddenly stopped shining.

Preceded by
position created		 Secretary of Military Affairs
June 1917 – January 1918		 Succeeded by
Mykola Porsh
Preceded by
position created		 Chief of General Bulawa
Chief Otaman
Nov. 1918 – May 1926		 Succeeded by
Andriy Livytskyi
gollark: No, the issue is smart TVs at all. They're overintegrated and not standardized enough.
gollark: They are really quite bad.
gollark: I was being SARCASTIC, blackdragon.
gollark: I feel like that's quite obvious? It has a microphone? It can hear things?
gollark: This is why we can't have nice things. And the other reasons.

See also

Notes
  1. Symon Petliura is also known as Simon Petlura,[2] Symon Petlura,[3] or Symon Petlyura.[4]
  1. Biography of Petlura. dead link
  2. Magocsi, Paul Robert. 2010. A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 538.
  3. Zamoyski, Adam. 2007. Warsaw 1920: Lenin's Failed Conquest of Europe. London: HarperPress, p. viii.
  4. Marples, David R. 2008. Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. Budapest: Central European University Press, p. 57.
  5. Hunczak, T. Petliura, Symon. Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
  6. The Petliura family was very pious. His two sisters became nuns and his nephew Stepan Ivanovych Skrypnyk became the Patriarch Mstyslav of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (in office 1991-1993).
  7. All pseudonyms and cryptonyms of Symon Petliura Archived December 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. (in reference to the Library of S.Petliura and A.Zhuk)
  8. Klymkiw, Walter. "Olexander Koshetz Ukraine's Great Choral Conductor." Forum 67, 1986: 15.
  9. Encyclopedia of Ukraine – Paris–New York 1970, vol 6, (p 2029–30)
  10. Kas'yanov, Georgiy; Philipp Terr (2009)A Laboratory of Transnational History Ukraine and recent Ukrainian historiography. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-963-9776-26-5
  11. The Jewish card in Russian operations against Ukraine, Kyiv Post (June 30, 2009)
  12. Whither pogromshchina – historiographical synthesis or deconstruction? Archived March 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine by Lars Fischer, East European Jewish Affairs Vol. 38, No. 3, December 2008, 303–320
  13. P. Kenez (1977), Civil War in South Russia, 1919-1920: The Defeat of the Whites. Berkeley: University of California Press. 378 pp: p: 166
  14. Richard Pipes. A Concise History of the Russian Revolution. Vintage Books. 1996. p. 262.
  15. Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia, Michael Newton, two volumes, ABC-CLIO, 2014, pages 418-420
  16. Hostages of modernization: studies on modern antisemitism,1870-1933/39 volume 2, edited by Herbert Strauss. (1993). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter and Company pp: 1307–1309
  17. "50,000 Jews Killed in Petlura Pogroms, Paris Court Hears". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 22 July 1926. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  18. Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History (4th ed.), pp. 363–364, University of Toronto Press, 2009, ISBN 9781442697287
  19. Hunczak, T. (1969). A Reappraisal of Symon Petliura and Ukrainian-Jewish Relations, 1917-1921. Jewish Social Studies, 31(3), 163-183.
  20. Szajkowski, Z. (1969). "A Reappraisal of Symon Petliura and Ukrainian-Jewish Relations, 1917-1921": A Rebuttal. Jewish Social Studies, 31(3), 184-213
  21. Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Jul., 1970), pp. 246–263
  22. Symon Petliura. Against pogroms. The Appeal to Ukrainian Army. Archived October 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  23. Symon Petliura. Articles, letters and documents. (in Ukrainian) 2006. – vol IV, p 704. ISBN 966-2911-00-6
  24. Taras Hunczak (1985). Symon Petliura and the Jews: A Reappraisal. Toronto : Ukrainian Historical Association. 61 pp.: p. 33 (Ukrainian Jewish studies, no. 1.
  25. Taras Hunczak. Symon Petliura and the Jews: A Reappraisal. Updated and Revised Edition. Editor Lubomyr Wynar. Ukrainian Historical Association, Lviv – New York – Toronto, 2008, 128 pp.
  26. http://surma.org.ua/index.php?view=article&catid=10:neib&id=98:2009-06-26-10-09-17&format=pdf%5B%5D
  27. Taras Hunczak. Symon Petliura Encyclopedia of Ukraine, (1993)
  28. Hostages of modernization: studies on modern antisemitism,1870-1933/39 volume 2, edited by Herbert Strauss. (1993). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter and Company pg: 1321
  29. See Friedman, Saul S. Pogromchik: The Assassination of Simon Petliura. New York : Hart Pub, 1976.
  30. Petlura Trial. TIME magazine of November 7, 1927 (in English)
  31. "FRANCE: Petlura Trial". TIME.com. November 7, 1927. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  32. Saul Friedman: Pogromchik – NY, 1976, p.58
  33. http://www.gpu.ua/index.php?&id=113694&eid=131 (in Ukrainian)</Nestor Makhno forbade Schwartzbard to Shoot Petlura
  34. "Парковая страница Imena.UA". Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  35. UNP requests Chernomyrdin to hand over archive documents about the assassination of Petliura, Newsru.ua, May 22, 2009
  36. "Convenient" assassination, "Tyzhden.ua", June 15, 2011
  37. Saul S. Friedman, Pogromchik: The Assassination of Simon Petlura. New York : Hart Pub, 1976.
  38. "FRANCE: Petlura Trial". Time. November 7, 1927. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  39. Ukrainian:Shelest, V. Symon Petliura – Liudyna i derzhavnyk Toronto, 1997, p.47
  40. Ukraine Unveils Statue Honoring Nationalist Leader Behind Regime That Killed Up to 50,000 Jews, Haaretz (17 October 2017)
    "WJC denounces 'disgraceful and deplorable' Ukrainian monument honoring anti-Semitic nationalist leader". World Jewish Congress. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  41. "Симон Петлюра". Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  42. Kyiv Council Renames Kominterna Street Into Petliura Street, Ukrainian News Agency (June 18, 2009)
  43. Serhy Yekelchyk, Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation, Oxford University Press (2007), ISBN 978-0-19-530546-3
  44. Famous Ukrainians of all times Archived July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Sociological group "RATING" (2012/05/28)
  45. Top 11–100, Velyki Ukraïntsi.
  46. Melnyk, Lubomyr
  47. Ukrainian Youth Association (CYM) – US Archived October 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  48. Danylevsky, Rev. Prof. K. Petliura v sertsiakh i pisniakh svoho narodu – Regensberg 1947 p. 3
  49. Danylevsky, Rev. Prof. K. Petliura v sertsiakh i pisniakh svoho narodu – Regensberg 1947 p. 6
  50. Danylevsky, Rev. Prof. K. Petliura v sertsiakh i pisniakh svoho narodu – Regensberg 1947 p. 8

References
  • Encyclopedia of Ukraine – Paris-New York 1970, Volume 6, (p 2029–30)
  • Danylevskyi, K. Petliura v sertsiakh i pisniakh svoho narodu // Nakladom filii Tovarystva ukrayinskykh politychnykh v’iazniv v Regensburzi, 1947 – P. 11.
  • Danylevskyi, K. О. Professor Petliura v sertsiakh i pisniakh svoho narodu // Vidbytka z Narodnoho Slova, Pittsburgh, USA, 1951 – P. 24.
  • Sholom Schwartzbard: Over The Years (Inem Loif Fun Yoren). Excerpt from a book by Petliura's assassin explaining his actions.

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