Skalat

Skálat (Ukrainian: Ска́лат; Polish: Skałat) is a town in Ternopil Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is located in the Pidvolochysk Raion (district), at around 49°26′N 25°59′E.

Skalat Ска́лат
City
Flag Coat of arms
Country	Ukraine
Province	Ternopil Oblast
District	Pidvolochysk Raion
Magdeburg rights	1600
Population  (2011)
• Total	3,989
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)

History

Historical affiliations

Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1512–1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1672
Ottoman Empire 1672–1699
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1699–1772
Habsburg Monarchy 1772–1804
 Austrian Empire 1804–1809
 Russian Empire 1809–1815
 Austrian Empire 1815–1918
 Second Polish Republic ca. 1919–1945
  Soviet Union 1939–1941 (occupation)
  Nazi Germany 1941–1944 (occupation)
  Soviet Union 1944–1945 (occupation)
 Soviet Union 1945–1991
 Ukraine 1991–present

Skalat Castle

Skalat was first mentioned in the early 16th century. At that time, the village belonged to Halych Land, Ruthenian Voivodeship, Kingdom of Poland. In c. 1600, when Skalat belonged to the noble Sienienski family, which began construction of a castle. Zbigniew Sienienski, the castellan of Lublin, founded a new town, which he called Dębno, after family’s coat of arms. The name did not catch, however, and in 1602, Skalat was purchased by the Chodkiewicz family. Twelve years later, the village was in the hands of the Korecki family, and in 1627, it was purchased by Krzysztof Wichrowski, the miecznik of Halicz.

Wichrowski expanded the castle, and in 1632 founded a Roman Catholic parish. His daughter Weronika married into the Firlej family, and Skalat was her dowry. The castle was destroyed during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, and on July 26, 1657, during the Battle of Skalat, Crimean Tatars, allied with Poland, annihilated Transilvanian army of George II Rákóczi, which had invaded Poland a few months before. The Tatars killed 500 Transilvanians, capturing 11,000.

Skalat was again destroyed in 1675, during the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76). The town, which was in ruins, recovered very slowly. The town was taken over by Ottoman Empire,[1] whose rule lasted 27 years. It was part of the short-lived Turkish Podolia Eyalet, which lasted from 1672 to 1699. During this period, it was nahiya centre in Kamaniçe sanjak as İskala.[2]In 1699, Jan Firlej renovated the castle, making it his residence with a palace, built inside its walls. In the early 18th century, Skalat belonged to the Kalinowski family, and in 1766 King Stanisław August Poniatowski confirmed its town charter, which had been issued either in 1600, or 1634.

After the first partition of Poland (see Partitions of Poland) Skalat was in 1772 annexed by the Habsburg Empire, and remained in Austrian Galicia until late 1918. At that time, the town was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side the compromise of 1867), head of the district with the same name, one of the 78 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Austrian Galicia province (Crown land) in 1900.[3] In late May 1809, during the Polish–Austrian War, most of eastern Galicia was captured by a Polish army under Piotr Strzyzewski. Polish forces withdrew westwards, when the Russians entered this area. Following the Treaty of Schönbrunn, Austria ceded the area of Tarnopol, together with Skalat, to the Russians, who controlled it until the 1815 Congress of Vienna. At that time, the town belonged to the Poniatowski family, which in 1821 opened here a school, and in 1827 funded a brick church. In 1857, the population of Skalat was app. 4,000. The ancient castle belonged to a Jewish family of the Rozenstock, which later changed name into von Rozstocki.

In the late 19th century, Skalat slowly grew, becoming seat of a county. In 1870, its population was 4,500, with 2,600 Jews. In 1897, it received train connection with Tarnopol/Ternopil, but next year, almost whole town burned in a great fire. In 1914, the population grew to 6,300.

In the immediate post-World War I period, Skalat was seized by local Ukrainian activists, who declared that the town was part of West Ukrainian People's Republic. Polish – Ukrainian tension escalated, and climaxed in the Polish–Ukrainian War. On April 23, 1919, Ukrainian activists murdered a popular Roman Catholic parish priest from Skalat, Rev. Walerian Raba, and on July 16, 1919, the town was captured by the Polish Army.

In 1923 Skalat became the seat of a county in the Tarnopol Voivodeship. It also was a garrison of Battalion Skalat of the Border Protection Corps. In 1939, together with the suburbs of Mantiawa, Ksiezy Kat and Targowica, Skalat had a mixed Polish – Jewish – Ukrainian population of over 7,000. During the initial phase of the Soviet Invasion of Poland, the Red Army units bypassed the town, heading towards Tarnopol. The Soviets did not enter Skalat until September 21, 1939, four days after the invasion. During the Volhynian massacre, Skalat was a shelter for Polish population of the countryside, which was attacked by Ukrainian nationalists. On March 22, 1944, the town was recaptured by the Red Army.

After The Holocaust and expulsion of its Polish residents, the population of Skalat was reduced to 2,000, and the town lost its status of the capital of a county (raion). In 1963, the local Catholic church was blown up by the Soviet authorities.

Sights

• Skalat Castle, built c. 1600 by the Sieniawski family
• 17th-century synagogue
• Orthodox church (1872)
• Roman Catholic cemetery chapel (1939)
• tenement houses and public utility houses from the interbellum period
• the Polish Sokol building (1909), barracks of the Border Protection Corps, House of Soldier – abandoned and devastated

People

• Aaron Bernstein – Author[4] (1809)
• Edward Klich – scholar, professor of Poznań University
• Leszek Winowski – law expert, professor of Lublin and Wrocław universities
• Maria Winowska – writer and publicist
• Khrystyna Stebelska – chief editor of the National Television Company of Ukraine. Grown up in Skalat, Mrs. Stebelska is now among the honorable holders of the Skalat Castle. She has got a huge collection of photos, which reflect a long, more than half a century, history of her hometown.

Gallery

References

1. "Chortkiv". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
2. http://i.piccy.info/i9/50c7ec080439bb1790d77fec4b180a08/1437042927/139143/831035/The_Eyalet_of_Kamanice.jpg Map of Podolia Eyalet
3. Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967
4. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37734

External links

• Skalat under Nazi occupation – Transcripts of eyewitness testimonies