T-HCA

T-HCA
Clinical data
Other names	trans-4-hydroxycrotonic acid
ATC code	None;
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (2E)-4-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid;
CAS Number	24587-49-3 ;
PubChem CID	6155526;
ChemSpider	4825947 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL507046 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C4H6O3
Molar mass	102.089 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES O=C(O)\C=C\CO;
	InChI InChI=1S/C4H6O3/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h1-2,5H,3H2,(H,6,7)/b2-1+ ; Key:RMQJECWPWQIIPW-OWOJBTEDSA-N ;
	(what is this?) (verify)

trans-4-Hydroxycrotonic acid (T-HCA), also known as γ-hydroxycrotonic acid (GHC), is an agent used in scientific research to study the GHB receptor.[1] It is an analogue of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), as well as an active metabolite of GHB.[2][3][4] Similarly to GHB, T-HCA has been found to be endogenous to the rat central nervous system, and as a metabolite of GHB, is almost certain to be endogenous to humans as well.[3][5] T-HCA binds to the high-affinity GHB receptor with 4-fold greater affinity than GHB itself,[6] where it acts as an agonist,[1][7] but does not bind to the low-affinity GHB binding site, the GABA_B receptor.[3][8] Because of this, T-HCA does not produce sedation, and instead causes convulsions, which are thought to be caused by GHB receptor activation-evoked increases in extracellular glutamate concentrations, with one notable area where this occurs being the hippocampus.[8]

References

Godfrey Tunnicliff; Christopher D. Cash (2 September 2003). Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate: Pharmacological and Functional Aspects. CRC Press. pp. 24, 104. ISBN 978-0-203-30099-2.
Quang LS, Desai MC, Kraner JC, Shannon MW, Woolf AD, Maher TJ (2002). "Enzyme and receptor antagonists for preventing toxicity from the gamma-hydroxybutyric acid precursor 1,4-butanediol in CD-1 mice". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 965 (1): 461–72. Bibcode:2002NYASA.965..461Q. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04187.x. PMID 12105121.
Bourguignon JJ, Schoenfelder A, Schmitt M, Wermuth CG, Hechler V, Charlier B, Maitre M (1988). "Analogues of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Synthesis and binding studies". J. Med. Chem. 31 (5): 893–7. doi:10.1021/jm00400a001. PMID 3361576.
Thomas L. Lemke; David A. Williams (24 January 2012). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 414–. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0.
Vayer P, Dessort D, Bourguignon JJ, Wermuth CG, Mandel P, Maitre M (1985). "Natural occurrence of trans-gamma hydroxycrotonic acid in rat brain". Biochem. Pharmacol. 34 (13): 2401–4. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(85)90804-4. PMID 4015683.
Wellendorph P, Høg S, Greenwood JR, de Lichtenberg A, Nielsen B, Frølund B, Brehm L, Clausen RP, Bräuner-Osborne H (2005). "Novel cyclic gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) analogs with high affinity and stereoselectivity of binding to GHB sites in rat brain". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 315 (1): 346–51. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.090472. PMID 16014570.
Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research. Academic Press. 27 May 2009. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-0-12-373961-2.
Castelli MP, Ferraro L, Mocci I, Carta F, Carai MA, Antonelli T, Tanganelli S, Cignarella G, Gessa GL (2003). "Selective gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor ligands increase extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus, but fail to activate G protein and to produce the sedative/hypnotic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid". J. Neurochem. 87 (3): 722–32. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02037.x. PMID 14535954.

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[TunnicliffCash2003-1] Godfrey Tunnicliff; Christopher D. Cash (2 September 2003). Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate: Pharmacological and Functional Aspects. CRC Press. pp. 24, 104. ISBN 978-0-203-30099-2.

[pmid12105121-2] Quang LS, Desai MC, Kraner JC, Shannon MW, Woolf AD, Maher TJ (2002). "Enzyme and receptor antagonists for preventing toxicity from the gamma-hydroxybutyric acid precursor 1,4-butanediol in CD-1 mice". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 965 (1): 461–72. Bibcode:2002NYASA.965..461Q. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04187.x. PMID 12105121.

[pmid3361576-3] Bourguignon JJ, Schoenfelder A, Schmitt M, Wermuth CG, Hechler V, Charlier B, Maitre M (1988). "Analogues of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Synthesis and binding studies". J. Med. Chem. 31 (5): 893–7. doi:10.1021/jm00400a001. PMID 3361576.

[LemkeWilliams2012-4] Thomas L. Lemke; David A. Williams (24 January 2012). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 414–. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0.

[pmid4015683-5] Vayer P, Dessort D, Bourguignon JJ, Wermuth CG, Mandel P, Maitre M (1985). "Natural occurrence of trans-gamma hydroxycrotonic acid in rat brain". Biochem. Pharmacol. 34 (13): 2401–4. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(85)90804-4. PMID 4015683.

[pmid16014570-6] Wellendorph P, Høg S, Greenwood JR, de Lichtenberg A, Nielsen B, Frølund B, Brehm L, Clausen RP, Bräuner-Osborne H (2005). "Novel cyclic gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) analogs with high affinity and stereoselectivity of binding to GHB sites in rat brain". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 315 (1): 346–51. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.090472. PMID 16014570.

[AcademicPress2009-7] Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research. Academic Press. 27 May 2009. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-0-12-373961-2.

[pmid14535954-8] Castelli MP, Ferraro L, Mocci I, Carta F, Carai MA, Antonelli T, Tanganelli S, Cignarella G, Gessa GL (2003). "Selective gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor ligands increase extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus, but fail to activate G protein and to produce the sedative/hypnotic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid". J. Neurochem. 87 (3): 722–32. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02037.x. PMID 14535954.

T-HCA

See also

References