Sports medicine
Sports medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness and the treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise. Although most sports teams have employed team physicians for many years, it is only since the late 20th century that sports medicine has emerged as a distinct field of health care. In some countries, Sports medicine (or Sport and Exercise medicine) is a recognized medical specialty (with similar training and standards to other medical specialties), whereas in other countries it is a special interest area but not an actual specialty.
 Orthopaedics is a large part of sports medicine, and knee injuries a common theme. Here a subject is having the anterior-posterior laxity of his knee tested. | |
| System | Musculoskeletal, Cardiovascular |
|---|---|
| Focus | |
| Significant diseases |
|
| Significant tests | Musculoskeletal tests |
| Specialist | Sports physician |
| Glossary | Glossary of medicine |
Scope
Sports medicine can refer to the specific medical specialty or subspecialty of Sports Medicine or Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM), which is now well established in many countries. It can broadly also refer to doctors and other paramedical practitioners who work in a more broad setting. The various sports medicine experts often work together as a team to ensure the best recovery plan for the individual. Team members can include orthopedic surgeons, certified athletic trainers, sports physical therapists, physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists, as well as specialty SEM physicians
Specializing in the treatment of athletes and other physically active individuals, sports and exercise medicine (SEM) physicians have extensive education in musculoskeletal medicine. SEM doctors treat injuries such as muscle, ligament, tendon and bone problems, but may also treat chronic illnesses that can affect physical performance, such as asthma and diabetes. SEM doctors also advise on managing and preventing injuries.
SEM consultants also deliver clinical physical activity interventions, negating the burden of disease directly attributable to physical inactivity and the compelling evidence for the effectiveness of exercise in the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of disease.
European templates for SEM specialisation generally recommend 4 years of specialist training in all of:
- internal medicine with special emphasis on cardiology, emergency medicine and clinical nutrition
- orthopaedics and traumatology
- physical and rehabilitation medicine
- fellowship at a recognised sports medicine centre.
Establishment of Sports (and Exercise) Medicine as a Medical Specialty
Sports (and Exercise) Medicine (SEM) is now a recognized medical specialty in over 30 countries worldwide, and a recognized subspecialty in many others.
The Italian version of this page Medicina dello sport states that Sports Medicine societies were first established in Switzerland (1922) followed by: Germany (1924), France (1929) and Italy (1929) (Italian Sports Medicine Federation). Sports medicine was established as a specialty in Italy, the first country to do so, in 1958. The European Union of Medical Specialists has defined necessary training requirements for the establishment of the specialty of Sports Medicine in a given European country.[1] It is a goal of the European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations to eventually establish Sports Medicine as a specialty in all European countries.[2]
In Australia and New Zealand, Sport and Exercise Medicine is a stand-alone medical specialty, with the Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians being one of Australia's 15 recognized medical specialty Colleges.[3]
An anomaly with respect to (medical) specialty recognition of SEM is that it has not yet occurred in some of the countries with very strong pedigrees in academic publication in the Sports Medicine field, including Sweden, Norway and South Africa. Sports medicine is only a subspecialty field rather than stand-alone specialty in the USA and Canada. All of these countries have very strong research publication records in the SEM field.
| Country | Specialist sports physician association | Fully recognized specialty? (Year) | Training requirements | General sports medicine association |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians | Yes (2009) | 4 year training program | Sports Medicine Australia |
| Austria | Austrian Society of Sports Medicine (OSMV) | Yes[4] | 3 year Diploma | |
| Belarus | Belarus Sports Medicine Association | Yes[5] | ||
| Belgium | The Belgian Federation of Sport and Exercise Medicine | Subspecialty[5] | 1 year | |
| Bosnia Herzegovina | Sports Medicine Association Bosnia Herzegovina | Yes[5] | 5 years | |
| Brazil | Brazilian Society of Exercise and Sports Medicine | Yes[6][7] | 3 years | |
| Bulgaria | Bulgarian Scientific Society of Sports Medicine and Kinesitherapy | Yes[5] | 4 years | |
| Canada | Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine | Subspecialty | ||
| China | No[8] | Chinese Association of Sports Medicine | ||
| Croatia | Croatian Sports Medicine Society | Subspecialty of Occupational Medicine | ||
| Cuba | Yes[9] | |||
| Czech Republic | Czech Society of Sports Medicine | Yes[5] | 5 years | |
| Denmark | No | Danish Association of Sports Medicine | ||
| Finland | Finnish Society of Sports Medicine | Yes[5] | 5 years | |
| France | Sport and Exercise Medicine French Association (SFMES) | Yes[4] | ||
| Georgia | Georgian Association of Sports Medicine | Yes[5] | ||
| Germany | German Federation for Sports Medicine (DGSM) | Yes[4] | ||
| Hungary | National Institute for Sports Medicine[10] | Subspecialty[5] | ||
| India | No | Indian Association of Sports Medicine | ||
| Indonesia | Indonesia Sports Medicine Association (PDSKO)[11] | Yes[12] | 3,5 years[12] | Indonesian Sports Health Supervisory Association |
| Ireland | Faculty of Sports and Exercise Medicine | Yes[13] (2017) | ||
| Israel | Israel Society of Sports Medicine | Yes[14] | ||
| Italy | Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana (FMSI) | Yes[4] (1958) | 5 years | |
| Japan | Japan Medical Association Certified Sports Health Medical System | Yes (1994)[15] | The Japanese Federation of Physical Fitness & Sports Medicine | |
| Latvia | Latvian Sports Medicine Association | Yes[5] | 4 years | |
| Mexico | Yes[9] | |||
| Netherlands | Netherlands Association of Sports Medicine NASM - VSG | Yes[5] (2014) | 4 years | |
| New Zealand | Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians | Yes (1998) | 4 years | Sports Medicine New Zealand |
| Norway | No | Norwegian Sports Medicine Association | ||
| Poland | Yes[16] | |||
| Portugal | Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Desportiva | Yes[5] | ||
| Qatar | ASPETAR | Yes | ||
| Russia | Russian Association of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation of Patients and the Disabled | Yes[5] | 2 years | |
| Serbia | Sport Medicine Association of Serbia | Yes | 3 years | |
| Slovakia | Slovak Society of Sports Medicine | Subspecialty | (6 years) | |
| Slovenia | Slovenian Sports Medicine Association | Yes[5] | ||
| South Africa | No[17] | South Africa Sports Medicine Association (SASMA) | ||
| South Korea | Subspecialty[18] | Korean Society of Sports Medicine (KSSM) | ||
| Spain | SMD (Sociedad Española de Medicina del Deporte) | Yes | 3 years | |
| Sri Lanka | Sri Lanka Sports Medicine Association | Yes[19] | 3 years | |
| Sweden | No | Swedish Society for Physical Activity and Sports Medicine | ||
| Switzerland | Swiss Society for Sports Medicine (SGSM) | Subspecialty[5] | ||
| Turkey | Turkish Sports Medicine Association | Yes[5] | ||
| Ukraine | Ukranian Sport Medicine and Physical Exercises Specialists Association (USMPESA) | Yes[5] | ||
| United Kingdom | Faculty of Sport and Exercise Medicine UK | Yes (2006) | 4 years | British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine |
| United States of America |
|
Subspeciality (1994) of:
|
1-2 year Fellowships | American College of Sports Medicine |
| Uruguay | Yes[9] | |||
Public health
SEM physicians are frequently involved in promoting the therapeutic benefits of physical activity, exercise and sport for the individuals and communities. SEM Physicians in the UK spend a period of their training in public health, and advise public health physicians on matters relating to physical activity promotion.
Common sports injuries
Common sports injuries that can result in seeing a sports medicine specialist are knee and shoulder injuries, fractures, ankle sprains, concussions, cartilage injuries, and more. A sports medicine specialist can also be seen for advice in other areas of health, like nutrition, exercise, supplements, and how to prevent injuries before they occur. A sports medicine specialist works to help make the performance of the athlete more advanced, as well as ensuring their safety while performing the activity.[20]
Allied Health Team Members
Athletic trainers
Athletic trainers are typically part of a sports medicine team in the USA, providing primary care, injury and illness prevention, wellness promotion, emergency care, therapeutic intervention and rehabilitation to injuries.[21] When an athlete is injured, an athletic trainer is key to treatment and rehabilitation working closely with the athlete throughout rehabilitation.[22]
Physiotherapists
Physiotherapists (US Physical therapists) are often the primary Allied health sports medicine team members in countries other than the USA. Physiotherapists can specialize in many areas, with Sports physiotherapy being a major subspecialty.
See also
- Athletic trainer
- Exercise
- Exercise physiology
- Nutrition
- Overtraining
- Physical fitness
- Physical therapy
- Physiatry
- Sports chiropractic
- Sports injuries
- Sports nutrition
- Sports science
- Sports training
References
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sports medicine. |
- "Training Requirements for the Specialty of Sports Medicine" (PDF). European Standards of Postgraduate Medical Specialist Training. UEMS.
- "Main Goal". www.efsma.eu. EFSMA.
- "Council of Presidents of Medical Colleges".
- Jenoure, P (2016). "Sports Medicine in our four neighbour countries" (PDF). Swiss Sports and Exercise Medicine. 64 (4): 8–12.
- Pigozzi, F (December 2009). "Specialisation in sports medicine: the state of the Sport Medicine Specialty Training Core Curriculum in the European Union" (PDF). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 43 (14): 1085–7. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.055350. PMID 19282304. S2CID 63316.
- Hardt, Felipe (1 July 2018). "State of primary care sports and exercise medicine in Brazil". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52 (14): 887. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095826. ISSN 0306-3674. PMID 27190139. S2CID 36671460. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- "Number of sports medicine doctors in Brazil 2018". Statista.
- Qureshi, M N A (2014). "China Goes Global: Sports Medicine & Sports Management in China" (PDF). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 4 (5).
- Frontera, Walter R. (2007). Clinical Sports Medicine: Medical Management and Rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4160-2443-9.
- Laki, J; Soós, Á; Jákó, P; Tállay, A; Perjés, Á; Szabó, AM (2017). "Introducing the National Institute for Sports Medicine in Hungary: a complex sports medical healthcare and screening system". BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. 3 (1): e000267. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000267. PMC 5640111. PMID 29071113.
- "Daftar Perhimpunan". www.idionline.org/. Ikatan Dokter Indonesia.
- "Universitas Indonesia". www.ui.ac.id. Universitas Indonesia.
- "Training". fsem.ie. FSEM (Ireland).
- Constantini, N; Mann, G (June 2016). "Sport Medicine". Harefuah. 155 (6): 333–4, 388. PMID 27544982.
- Okuwaki, Toru; Dohi, Michiko; Ono, Takashi (2015). "Sport and exercise medicine in JapanA look at the strengths and weaknessesof the sport and exercise medicine system in Japan" (PDF). Sport Health. 33 (3): 32.
- "OECD Health Statistics 2019 Definitions, Sources and Methods: Physicians by categories". oecd.org. OECD. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- Zondi, Phathokuhle; van Rensburg, Christa Janse; Patricios, Jon (2015–16). "Sport and exercise medicine in South Africa A look at the strengths and weaknesses of the sport and exercise medicine system in South Africa" (PDF). Sport Health. 33 (4): 28–31.CS1 maint: date format (link)
- Yun Jun Yang, John (2016). "Sport and exercise medicine in South Korea. The strengths and weaknesses of the sport and exercise medicine system in South Korea". Sport Health. 35 (1): 28–29.
- "MD AND BOARD CERTIFICATION IN SPORT AND EXERCISE MEDICINE" (PDF).
- "default - Stanford Children's Health". www.stanfordchildrens.org. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- "Athletic Training". National Athletic Trainers' Association. 19 March 2015.
- Lee Witbeck (3 November 2010). "Trainers and athletes build relationships for rehabilitation". Daily Bruin, UCLA.
Further reading
- Lois Reynolds; Tilli Tansey, eds. (2009), The Development of Sports Medicine in Twentieth-century Britain, Wellcome Witnesses to Contemporary Medicine, History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, ISBN 978-0-85484-121-9, Wikidata Q29581766
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