Adolescent medicine

Adolescent medicine is a medical subspecialty that focuses on care of patients who are in the adolescent period of development. This period begins at puberty and lasts until growth has stopped,[1] at which time adulthood begins. Typically, patients in this age range will be in the last years of elementary school up until high school (some doctors in this subspecialty treat young adults attending college at area clinics, in the subfield of college health). In developed nations, the psychosocial period of adolescence is extended both by an earlier start, as the onset of puberty begins earlier, and a later end, as patients require more years of education or training before they reach economic independence from their parents.[2]

For the journal, see Journal of Adolescent Health.

Medicine is often categorized most simply as pediatric and adult, with the pediatric category covering from infancy through both childhood and adolescence. However, such categorization is further divided in some contexts, such that adolescent medicine can be a more specific focus within pediatrics and geriatrics can be a more specific focus within adult medicine.

Issues with a high prevalence during adolescence are frequently addressed by providers. These include:

  • Sexually transmitted disease (working with specialists in pediatric endocrinology, adolescent obstetrics and gynecology, immunology infectious diseases, and urology and reproductive medicine)
  • Unintended pregnancy (working with specialists in adolescent obstetrics and gynecology, especially in neonatology and maternal-fetal medicine; many – though not all – are medically risky or high-risk cases or to those with psychosocial, environmental, and socioeconomic challenges)
  • Birth control (access to prescription or non-prescription contraceptive methods)
  • Sexual activity (such as masturbation, sexual intercourse and sexual abuse)
  • Substance abuse
  • Menstrual disorders (such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and dysfunctional uterine bleeding)
  • Acne (working with specialists in dermatology who treat adolescents)
  • Eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (working with nutritionists and dieticians, and also specialists in pediatric mental health counseling, clinical psychology, and pediatric psychiatry, who work with adolescents)
  • Certain mental illnesses (especially personality disorders, anxiety disorders, major depression and suicide, bipolar disorder, and certain types of schizophrenia; in concert with mental health counselors, clinical psychologists, and pediatric psychiatrists specializing in adolescent health care)
  • Delayed or precocious puberty (often working with specialists in adolescent pediatric endocrinology, urology, and andrology)

Gay, lesbian and bisexual young people

Adolescents who are gay, lesbian or bisexual tend to demonstrate more risky health behaviors and have worse health outcomes compared to heterosexual youth, including:[3]

  • Substance abuse
  • Suicidality
  • Eating disorders and body image
  • Sexual behaviors, including unintended pregnancy involvement (Contrary to assumptions, gay, bisexual or lesbian youth are more likely to report involvement in pregnancy compared to their heterosexual peers)[4]
  • Homelessness, which affects health and access to care

Chronic conditions

The rising dominance of chronic conditions over acute conditions, along with dramatic improvement in life expectancy, has made the management of such chronic conditions in adolescence of greater importance: Chronic conditions and adolescent development are mutually impactful.

Chronic conditions often cause delay in onset of puberty and temporary or permanent impediments to growth; conversely the growth and hormonal changes can destabilize treatment for the chronic condition. An increase in independence can lead to gaps in self-management, for example, in the decreased management of diabetes.[5]

Young peoples' access to health care

In addition, issues of medical ethics, particularly related to confidentiality and the right to consent for medical care, are pertinent to the practice of adolescent medicine.

Marginalised young people’s access is affected by their ability to recognize and understand health issues; service knowledge and attitudes toward help seeking; structural barriers; professionals' knowledge, skills, attitudes; service environments and structures; ability to navigate the health system; youth participation; and technology opportunities.[6] Marginalised young people’s healthcare journeys can be supported by advocates that help them navigate the health system.[7]

Training

Adolescent medicine providers are generally drawn from the specialties of pediatrics, internal medicine, med/peds or family medicine. The certifying boards for these different specialties have varying requirements for certification, though all require successful completion of a fellowship and a passing score on a certifying exam. The American Board of Pediatrics and the American Board of Internal Medicine require evidence of scholarly achievement by candidates for subspecialty certification, usually in the form of an original research study.

In the United States, subspecialty medical board certification in adolescent medicine is available through the specialty boards of American Board of Internal Medicine, the American Osteopathic Board of Neurology and Psychiatry, the American Board of Family Medicine, the American Osteopathic Board of Family Physicians, the American Board of Pediatrics, and the American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics.[8]

List of adolescent health centers in the United States

Many subspecialists practice as part of general specialty clinics or practices, or in high school or college clinics. In addition, many major metropolitan areas have clinics that offer adolescent-specific care. A partial list includes:

San Antonio

Dallas

  • Adolescent and Young Adult Clinic at Children's Medical Center (Dallas)
  • Windhaven Adolescent Medicine Clinic at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital (Plano)
  • Girls to Women Health and Wellness (North Dallas)
  • Young Men's Health and Wellness (North Dallas)

Kansas City, Missouri

Indianapolis, Indiana

New York City

  • The Adolescent Health Center at Mount Sinai Medical Center (Manhattan)
  • Adolescent clinic at Children's Hospital at Montefiore Medical Center (the Bronx)

Dayton, Ohio

  • Division of Adolescent Young Adult Medicine at

Dayton Children’s Hospital


Rochester, New York

Los Angeles

San Francisco area

Boston

  • Division of Adolescent Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston

Philadelphia

  • Adolescent Medicine Clinic at Hospital of Philadelphia
  • Adolescent Medicine at St. Christopher's Hospital for Children
  • Teen Health Center at Temple University Children's Medical Center
  • Teen Health Center at Albert Einstein Medical Center

Columbus

Seattle

  • Department of Adolescent Medicine at Seattle Children's Hospital

Cincinnati, Ohio

Richmond, Virginia

  • Adolescent Medicine at Children's Hospital of Richmond

Fayetteville, North Carolina

List of adolescent health centers in Australia

These hospitals offer adolescent-specific care:

Sydney

Melbourne

  • The Centre For Adolescent Health Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne

Professional organizations

In addition to membership in the organizations for their various specialties, adolescent medicine providers often belong to The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and/or The North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology.

Founded in 1987, the International Association for Adolescent Health (IAAH) is a multidisciplinary, non-government organization with a broad focus on youth health.

Publications
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See also

References
  1. Behavioral medicine : a guide for clinical practice. Feldman, Mitchell D.,, Christensen, John F. (Fourth ed.). New York. 2014-08-07. ISBN 9780071767705. OCLC 897078390.CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. "Child and Adolescent Health, Credo Encyclopedia". Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  3. Coker, TR; Austin, SB; Schuster, MA (2010). "The Health and Health Care of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents". Annual Review of Public Health. 31: 457–477. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103636. PMID 20070195.
  4. Saewyc, EM; Poon, CS; Homma, Y; et al. (2008). "Stigma management? The links between enacted stigma and teen pregnancy trends among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students in British Columbia". Can J Hum Sex. 17.
  5. Michaud, PA; Suris, JC; Viner, R (2007). "The Adolescent with a Chronic Condition: Epidemiology, developmental issues and health care provision" (PDF). World Health Organization.
  6. Robards, Fiona; Kang, Melissa; Usherwood, Tim; Sanci, Lena (2018). "How Marginalized Young People Access, Engage With, and Navigate Health-Care Systems in the Digital Age: Systematic Review". Journal of Adolescent Health. 62 (4): 365–381. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.018. PMID 29429819.
  7. Robards, Fiona; Kang, Melissa; Tolley, Kate; Hawke, Catherine; Sanci, Lena; Usherwood, Tim (2018). "Marginalised young people's healthcare journeys: Professionals' perspectives". Health Education Journal. 77 (6): 692–704. doi:10.1177/0017896917752965.
  8. "Specialties & Subspecialties". American Osteopathic Association. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  9. "Adolescent Medicine - Pediatrics - IU School of Medicine". iu.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2018.

8. https://web.archive.org/web/20170813230803/https://ukgynecomastia.co.uk/

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