H. A. L. Fisher

Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher OM PC FRS FBA[1][2] (21 March 1865 – 18 April 1940) was an English historian, educator, and Liberal politician. He served as President of the Board of Education in David Lloyd George's 1916 to 1922 coalition government.

The Right Honourable Herbert Fisher OM FRS FBA
Member of Parliament for Sheffield Hallam
In office 23 December 1916 – 14 December 1918
Preceded by	Charles Stuart-Wortley
Succeeded by	Douglas Vickers
President of the Board of Education
In office 10 December 1916 – 19 October 1922
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	David Lloyd George
Preceded by	The Marquess of Crewe
Succeeded by	E. F. L. Wood
Personal details
Born	(1865-03-21)21 March 1865 London
Died	18 April 1940(1940-04-18) (aged 75)
Nationality	British
Political party	Liberal
Spouse(s)	Lettice Fisher (1875–1956)
Relatives	Herbert William Fisher (father) Florence Henrietta Fisher (sister) Arthur Alexander Fisher (brother) Emmeline Mary Fisher (sister) Adeline Maria Fisher (sister) Edmund Fisher (brother) Hervey George Stanhope Fisher (brother) William Wordsworth Fisher (brother) Charles Dennis Fisher (brother) Cordelia Fisher (sister) Edwin Fisher (brother) Mary Bennett (daughter)
Alma mater	New College, Oxford

Background and education

Fisher was born in London,[3] the eldest son of Herbert William Fisher (1826–1903), author of Considerations on the Origin of the American War and his wife Mary Louisa Jackson (1841–1916). His sister Adeline Maria Fisher was the first wife of the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams, another sister Florence Henrietta Fisher married both Frederic William Maitland and Francis Darwin. Fisher was a first cousin of Virginia Woolf and her sister Vanessa Bell (the children of his mother's sister Julia). He was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, where he graduated with a first class degree in 1888 and was awarded a fellowship.[3]

Career

Fisher was a tutor in modern history at the University of Oxford. His publications include Bonapartism (1908), The Republican Tradition in Europe (1911) and Napoleon (1913).[3] In September 1912, he was appointed (with Lord Islington, Lord Ronaldshay, Justice Abdur Rahim, and others) as a member of the Royal Commission on the Public Services in India of 1912–1915.[4] Between 1913 and 1917 he was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield.[5]

In December 1916 Fisher was elected Member of Parliament for Sheffield Hallam[3][6] and joined the government of David Lloyd George as President of the Board of Education.[7] He was sworn of the Privy Council the same month.[8] In this post he was instrumental in the formulation of the Education Act 1918, which made school attendance compulsory for children up to the age of 14.[3] Fisher was also responsible for the School Teachers (Superannuation) Act 1918, which provided pension provision for all teachers.[9]

In 1918 he became MP for the Combined English Universities.[10]

Fisher resigned his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds on 15 February 1926, retiring from politics to take up the post of warden of New College, Oxford, which he held until his death.[11] There he published a three-volume History of Europe (ISBN 0-00-636506-X) in 1935.[3] He served on the British Academy, the British Museum, the Rhodes Trustees, the National Trust, the Governing Body of Winchester, the London Library and the BBC.[11] He was awarded the 1927 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his biography James Bryce, Viscount Bryce of Dechmont, O.M.[12] and received the Order of Merit in 1937.[13]

In 1939 he was appointed first Chairman of the Appellate Tribunal for Conscientious Objectors in England and Wales.[14]

Fisher died in St Thomas's Hospital, London, on 18 April 1940 after having been knocked down by a lorry and seriously injured the previous week,[11] while on his way to sit on a Conscientious Objectors' Tribunal during the blackout.[15] Some of his possessions, including his library and some of his clothing, remained at New College.

In 1943, Operation Mincemeat, a British Intelligence operation to deceive enemy forces, undertook the invention of a false Royal Marines officer, whose body was to be dropped at sea in the hope the false intelligence it carried would be believed. As the fictitious Major Martin was to be a man of some means, he required quality underwear, but with rationing this was difficult to obtain, and the intelligence officers were unwilling to donate their own. Fisher's was obtained, and the corpse used in the deception, dressed in Fisher's quality woollen underpants, succeeded in misleading German Intelligence.[16][17]

Family

Fisher married the economist and historian Lettice Ilbert (1875–1956) in 1899. Their only child was the British academic Mary Bennett.

Portraits

A portrait drawing of Fisher by Catharine Dodgson and an oil portrait portrait by William Nicholson (artist) hang at New College, Oxford. The College also possess a conversation piece by Berthe Noufflard of Fisher, Lettice Ilbert, and Mary Bennett.

See also

• Frederic William Maitland
• Henry James Sumner Maine
• Paul Vinogradoff
• Liberalism in the United Kingdom

Works

• The Medieval Empire, Vol. 2, Macmillan & Co., 1898.
• Studies in Napoleonic Statesmanship: Germany, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903.
• The History of England, from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of Henry VIII, 1485–1547, Longmans, Green & Co., 1906.
• Bonapartism; Six Lectures Delivered in the University of London, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1908.
• The Republican Tradition in Europe, Methuen & Co., 1911.
• Napoleon, H. Holt and Company, 1913 [1st Pub. 1912].
• Studies in History and Politics, Oxford : The Clarendon Press, 1920.
• The Common Weal, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1924.
• Our New Religion, Ernest Benn, 1929. An examination of Christian Science.[18]

Articles

• "Fustel de Coulanges," The English Historical Review, Vol. V, 1890.
• "The Political Writings of Rousseau," The Edinburgh Review, Vol. CCXXIV, N°. 457, July 1916.

Pamphlets

• The Value of Small States, Oxford Pamphlets, N°. 17, Oxford University Press, 1914.
• The British Share in the War, T. Nelson & Sons, 1915.
• Political Prophecies. An Address to the Edinburg Philosophical Society Delivered Nov. 5, 1918, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1919.
• The Place of the University in National Life, Oxford University Press, 1919.
• Paul Valéry, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1927.
• What to Read on Citizenship, Leeds, Jowett & Sowry Ltd., 1928.

References

1. Murray, G. (1941). "Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher. 1865-1940". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3 (10): 518–526. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0019.
2. H.A.L. Fisher: A History of Europe, Volume II: From the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century to 1935, Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, 1984, p. i.
3. Herbert Fisher
4. "No. 28642". The London Gazette. 6 September 1912. p. 6631.
5. Helen Mathers: Steel City Scholars: The Centenary History of the University of Sheffield, London: James & James, 2005
6. "THE HOUSE OF COMMONS CONSTITUENCIES BEGINNING WITH "H"". Leighrayment.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
7. "No. 29865". The London Gazette. 15 December 1916. p. 12227.
8. "No. 29875". The London Gazette. 22 December 1916. p. 12471.
9. Joyce, Rosaleen. Outdoor Learning: Past And Present: Past and Present. Books.google.co.uk. p. 81. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
10. "THE HOUSE OF COMMONS CONSTITUENCIES BEGINNING WITH "C"". Leighrayment.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
11. "Obituaries." Times [London, England] 19 April 1940: 9. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 29 May 2012
12. "Biography winners Winners of the James Tait Black Prize for Biography". The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
13. "Order of Merit". Leighrayment.com. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
14. Rachel Barker: Conscience, Government and War, Routledge, 1982
15. Randolph Spencer Churchill; Martin Gilbert (1983). Winston S. Churchill: 1922–1939, the prophet of youth. Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
16. Macintyre, Ben (14 January 2010). "Operation Mincemeat: full story of how corpse tricked the Nazis". The Times.
17. Operation Mincemeat, BBC Four, 22 February 2011
18. This particular copy from the Wellcome Library belonged to Charles Kellaway, complete with a Sydney bookseller's stamp.

Further reading

• Judge, Harry. "H. A. L. Fisher: Scholar and Minister," Oxford Review of Education, Vol. 32(1), The University and Public Education: The Contribution of Oxford, Feb. 2006.

External links

• Works by H. A. L. Fisher at Project Gutenberg
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Herbert Fisher

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Charles Stuart-Wortley	Member of Parliament for Sheffield Hallam 1916–1918	Succeeded by Douglas Vickers
New constituency	Member of Parliament for Combined English Universities 1918–1926 With: Sir Martin Conway	Succeeded by Sir Martin Conway Sir Alfred Hopkinson
Political offices
Preceded by The Marquess of Crewe	President of the Board of Education 1916–1922	Succeeded by Hon. E. F. L. Wood
Academic offices
Preceded by Charles Eliot	Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sheffield 1913–1917	Succeeded by William Ripper