Hugh Childers

Hugh Childers
The Right Honourable; Hugh Childers
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
	In office; 9 August 1872 – 30 September 1873
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	The Earl of Dufferin
Succeeded by	John Bright
Secretary of State for War
	In office; 28 April 1880 – 16 December 1882
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	Frederick Stanley
Succeeded by	Marquess of Hartington
Chancellor of the Exchequer
	In office; 16 December 1882 – 9 June 1885
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	William Ewart Gladstone
Succeeded by	Sir Michael Hicks Beach, Bt
Home Secretary
	In office; 6 February 1886 – 25 July 1886
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	R. A. Cross
Succeeded by	Henry Matthews
Personal details
Born	25 June 1827; London, UK
Died	29 January 1896 (aged 68); London, UK
Nationality	British
Political party	Liberal
Spouse(s)	Emily Walker (d. 1875)
Education	Cheam School
Alma mater	Wadham College, Oxford; Trinity College, Cambridge;

Hugh Culling Eardley Childers (25 June 1827 – 29 January 1896) was a British Liberal statesman of the nineteenth century. He is perhaps best known for his reform efforts at the Admiralty and the War Office. Later in his career, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his attempt to correct a budget shortfall led to the fall of the Liberal government led by William Ewart Gladstone.

Early life

Childers was born in London, the son of Reverend Eardley Childers and his wife Maria Charlotte (née Smith),[1] sister of Sir Culling Eardley, 3rd Baronet and granddaughter of Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley. He was educated at Cheam School under Pestalozzi and then both Wadham College, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. from the latter in 1850.[2] Influential on his intellectual development were Adam Smith's theories of free trade, and capital returns.

Childers then decided to seek a career in Australia and on 26 October 1850 arrived in Melbourne, Victoria along with his wife Emily Walker.[1]

Australia

Childers joined the government of Victoria and served as Inspector of Denominational schools (meaning Protestant and Catholic schools) and immigration agent. In 1852 he became a director of the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway Company. Childers became auditor-general on 26 October 1852 and was nominated to the Victorian Legislative Council.[1][3] In 1852 he placed a bill before the state legislature proposing the establishment of a university for Victoria, the second in Australia following the foundation of the University of Sydney in 1850. With the receipt of the Royal Assent in 1853, the University of Melbourne was founded, with Childers as its first vice-chancellor.[1] Childers was Collector of Customs from 5 December 1853 to 28 November 1855 and Commissioner of Trade & Customs 28 November 1855 to 25 February 1857.[4] Childers was elected to the inaugural Victorian Legislative Assembly for Portland in November 1856, a seat he held until resigning in February 1857.[4]

Return to Britain

Childers retained the vice-chancellorship until his return to Britain in March 1857 and received an M.A. from Cambridge in the same year.

Enters British politics

In 1860 he entered the House of Commons as a Liberal member for Pontefract, and within a few years joined the government of Lord Palmerston, becoming a Civil Lord of the Admiralty in 1864 and then Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1865.

First Lord of the Admiralty

Caricature by Ape published in Vanity Fair in 1869.

With the election of Gladstone's government in December 1868 he rose to greater prominence, serving as First Lord of the Admiralty. Childers "had a reputation for being hardworking, but inept, autocratic and notoriously overbearing in his dealing with colleagues."[5] He "initiated a determined programme of cost and manpower reductions, fully backed by the Prime Minister, Gladstone described him [Childers] as 'a man likely to scan with a rigid eye the civil expenses of the Naval Service'. He got the naval estimates just below the psychologically important figure of £10,000,000. Childers strengthened his own position as First Lord by reducing the role of the Board of Admiralty to a purely formal one, making meetings rare and short and confining the Sea Lords rigidly to the administrative functions... Initially Childers had the support of the influential Controller of the Navy, Vice-Admiral Sir [Robert] Spencer Robinson."[6] "His re-organisation of the Admiralty was unpopular and poorly done."[5]

Childers was responsible for the construction of HMS Captain in defiance of the advice of his professional advisers, the Controller (Robinson) and the Chief Constructor Edward James Reed. Captain was commissioned in April 1870, and sank on the night of 6/7 September 1870. She was, as predicted by Robison and Reed, insufficiently stable. "Shortly before the battleship sank, Childers had moved his son, Midshipman Leonard Childers from Reed's designed HMS Monarch onto the new ship-of-the-line; Leonard did not survive."[5] Childers "faced strong criticism following the Court Martial on the loss of HMS Captain, and attempted to clear his name with a 359 page memorandum, a move described as "dubious public ethics". Vice Admiral Sir Robert Spencer Robinson wrote 'His endeavors were directed to throw the blame which might be supposed to attach to himself on those who had throughout expressed their disapproval of such methods of construction'." Childers unfairly blamed Robinson for the loss of the Captain, and as a result of this Robinson was replaced as Third Lord and Controller of the navy in February 1871.[7] "Following the loss of his son and the recriminations that followed, Childers resigned through ill health as First Lord in March 1871."[5]

1871–1880

Following his resignation he spent some months on the Continent,[5] and recovered sufficiently to take office in 1872 as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The consequent ministerial by-election on 15 August 1872 was the first Parliamentary election to be held after the Ballot Act 1872 required the use of a secret ballot.[8]

Secretary for War

Caricature from Punch, 1882

When the Liberals regained power in 1880, Childers was appointed Secretary for War, a position he accepted reluctantly. He therefore had to bear responsibility for cuts in arms expenditure, a policy that provoked controversy when Britain began fighting; first the Boers in South Africa in 1880 and then the invasion of Egypt in 1882. Childers was also very unpopular with Horse Guards for the reinforcement and expansion of the Cardwell reforms. On 1 May 1881 he passed General Order 41, which outlined a series of improvements known as the Childers reforms.

Chancellor of the Exchequer

Childers became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1882, a post he had coveted. As such, he attempted to implement a conversion of Consols in 1884. Although the scheme proved a failure, it paved the way for the subsequent conversion in 1888. He attempted to resolve a budget shortfall in June 1885 by increasing alcohol duty and income tax. His budget was rejected by Parliament, and the government - already unpopular due to events in Egypt - was forced out of office. Childers's colleague the Earl of Rosebery commented resignedly: "So far as I know the budget is as good a question to go out upon as any other, and Tuesday as good a day."

Home Secretary

At the subsequent election in December 1885 Childers lost his Pontefract seat, but returned as an independent Home Ruler for Edinburgh South (one of the few Liberals who adopted this policy before Gladstone's conversion in 1886). Childers then served as Home Secretary in the short-lived ministry of 1886. He was critical of the financial clauses of the First Home Rule Bill, and their withdrawal was largely due to his threat of resignation. Nevertheless, the bill still failed to pass, and its rejection brought down the Liberal government.

Retirement and the Childers Commission

Painting of Hugh Childers by Milly Childers

The grave of Hugh Childers, Brompton Cemetery

He retired from parliament in 1892, and his last piece of work was the drafting of a report for the 1894 "Financial Relations Commission" on Irish financial matters, of which he was chairman (generally known as the Childers Commission). This found that, compared to the rest of the United Kingdom, Ireland had been overtaxed on a per capita basis by some £2 or £3 million annually in previous decades. The matter was finally debated in March 1897.[9] In the following decades Irish nationalists frequently quoted the report as proof that some form of fiscal freedom was needed to end imperial over-taxation, which was prolonging Irish poverty. Their opponents noted that the extra tax received had come from an unduly high consumption of tea, stout, whiskey and tobacco, and not from income tax. His younger cousin Erskine Childers wrote a book on the matter in 1911.[10]

Childers' 1894 report was still considered influential in 1925 in considering the mutual financial positions between the new Irish Free State and the United Kingdom.[11] In 1926 an Irish Senate debate included claims by some Senators that, with compound interest, Ireland was owed as much as £1.2 billion by Britain.[12] This, however, ignored the changed economic conditions since 1894, and at the eve of secession Southern Ireland was being heavily subsidised by the British taxpayer. This economic reality forced the initial Irish Free State government to cut the old age pension from five to four shillings. In 1932 on the start of the Anglo-Irish Trade War, the Irish government made a claim for £400 million in respect of past overtaxation, amongst others, but this was not mentioned when the dispute was settled in 1938.[13]

Family, later life and death

Childers married Emily Walker in 1850. They had six sons and two daughters. One of their daughters, Emily "Milly" Childers, was a portrait and landscape painter. His first wife died in 1875 and Childers married Katherine Anne Gilbert in 1879. A cousin, Erskine Childers, was the author of the spy novel The Riddle of the Sands, an important figure in the Irish War of Independence and Irish Civil War (during which he was executed), and father of the fourth President of Ireland, Erskine Hamilton Childers.

Towards the end of his ministerial career "HCE" Childers was known for his girth, and so acquired the nickname "Here Comes Everybody", which was later used as a motif in Finnegans Wake by James Joyce.

Childers died in January 1896, aged 68. He is buried on the south side of the central enclosed roundel in Brompton Cemetery, London.

gollark: Or brute-force all possible permutations and see if the other string is one of them (case/space-insensitive).

gollark: Oh, or work out the minimal sequence of transpositions to give you the other string and see if it, well, exists or not?

gollark: Maybe throw in some linear algebra somehow to accurse it.

gollark: To be vaguely beeish, you could make it count all the characters in string 1, subtract 1 every time the corresponding one is encountered in string 2, and check if it's 0 at the end.

gollark: I prefer mine, because it doesn't repeat itself.

Footnotes

Hall, H. L. (1969). "Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley (1827 - 1896)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 8 September 2010 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
"Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley (CHLS847HC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
Sweetman, Edward (1920). Constitutional Development of Victoria, 1851-6. Whitcombe & Tombs Limited. p. 182. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
"Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley". re-member: a database of all Victorian MPs since 1851. Parliament of Victoria. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012.
HMS Captain website biography of Hugh Childers. Archived 10 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Page 14, Smith, Paul (editor), Government and the Armed Forces in Britain, 1856-1990, (Hambledon Press, 1996), ISBN 1-85285-144-9
Note that the original anachronistically says 'Sea Lord'; at the time the title was Naval Lord.
Online biography Robert Spencer Robinson
Pontefract's secret ballot box, 1872.
Hansard 31 March 1897
Online link to RE Childers' book on Home Rule
Financial analysis November 1925
Senate debates, 15 December 1926, p.49 Archived 1 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
The Annual Register, 1932, pp.125-126.

Biography

The Life and Correspondence of the Rt. Hon. Hugh C.E. Childers, Spencer Childers, 1901
The Educational Activities in Victoria of the Right Hon. H. C. E. Childers, E. Sweetman, 1940
Mennell, Philip (1892). "Childers, Right Hon. Hugh Culling Eardley" . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource.
"Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Carr, William (1901). "Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley" . Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Carr, William; Matthew, H. C. G. "Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley (1827–1896)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5296. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

External links

Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Hugh Childers
A Portrait from the New York Public Library Archives
"Archival material relating to Hugh Childers". UK National Archives.
Childers and Cardwell Reforms

Government offices
Preceded by Charles Ebden	Auditor-General of Victoria 1852 – 1853	Succeeded by Edward Grimes
Preceded by James Cassell	Collector of Customs, Victoria 1853 – 1855	Merged into Commissioner of Trade and Customs
Victorian Legislative Council
Preceded by Charles Ebden	Nominated member 1852 – 1856	Original Council abolished
Victorian Legislative Assembly
New district	Member for Portland 1856 – 1857 With: Daniel Hughes	Succeeded by John Findlay
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Richard Monckton Milnes William Overend	Member for Pontefract 1860 – 1885 With: Richard Monckton Milnes 1860–1863 Samuel Waterhouse, 1863–1880 Sidney Woolf 1880–1885	Succeeded by Rowland Winn
Preceded by Sir George Harrison	Member for Edinburgh South 1886 – 1892	Succeeded by Herbert Woodfield Paul
Political offices
Preceded by James Stansfeld	Civil Lord of the Admiralty 1864 – 1866	Succeeded by Henry Fenwick
Preceded by Frederick Peel	Financial Secretary to the Treasury 1865 – 1866	Succeeded by George Ward Hunt
Preceded by Henry Lowry-Corry	First Lord of the Admiralty 1868 – 1871	Succeeded by George Goschen
Preceded by The Earl of Dufferin	Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1872 – 1873	Succeeded by John Bright
Preceded by The Earl of Dufferin	Paymaster-General 1872 – 1873	Succeeded by William Patrick Adam
Preceded by Hon. Sir Frederick Stanley	Secretary of State for War 1880 – 1882	Succeeded by Marquess of Hartington
Preceded by William Ewart Gladstone	Chancellor of the Exchequer 1882 – 1885	Succeeded by Sir Michael Hicks-Beach
Preceded by Sir R. A. Cross	Home Secretary 1886	Succeeded by Henry Matthews
Academic offices
New title	Vice-Chancellor of the University of Melbourne 1853 – 1858	Succeeded by Anthony Brownless

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[adb-1] Hall, H. L. (1969). "Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley (1827 - 1896)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 8 September 2010 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.

[2] "Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley (CHLS847HC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.

[Sweetman-3] Sweetman, Edward (1920). Constitutional Development of Victoria, 1851-6. Whitcombe & Tombs Limited. p. 182. Retrieved 31 July 2014.

[VicParl-4] "Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley". re-member: a database of all Victorian MPs since 1851. Parliament of Victoria. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012.

[CaptainChilders-5] HMS Captain website biography of Hugh Childers. Archived 10 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine

[6] Page 14, Smith, Paul (editor), Government and the Armed Forces in Britain, 1856-1990, (Hambledon Press, 1996), ISBN 1-85285-144-9
Note that the original anachronistically says 'Sea Lord'; at the time the title was Naval Lord.

[Robinsonbiography-7] Online biography Robert Spencer Robinson

[8] Pontefract's secret ballot box, 1872.

[9] Hansard 31 March 1897

[10] Online link to RE Childers' book on Home Rule

[11] Financial analysis November 1925

[12] Senate debates, 15 December 1926, p.49 Archived 1 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine

[13] The Annual Register, 1932, pp.125-126.

Chancellors of the Exchequer
of England	Eustace of Fauconberg Maunsell Leicester Westminster Chishull W. Giffard G. Giffard Chishull de la Leye Willoughby Benstead Sandale Hotham Stanton Harvington Wodehouse Stratford Ashby Ashton Barnham Somer Somerset Browne Witham Thwaites Witham Fowler Catesby Lovell Berners Cromwell Baker Sackville Mildmay Fortescue Dunbar Caesar Greville Portland Barrett Cottington Colepeper Hyde Ashley Duncombe Ernle Delamer Hampden Montagu Smith Boyle
of Great Britain	Boyle Smith Harley Benson Wyndham Onslow Walpole Stanhope Aislabie Pratt Walpole Sandys Pelham Lee Bilson-Legge Lyttelton Bilson-Legge Mansfield Bilson-Legge Barrington Dashwood Grenville Dowdeswell Townshend North Cavendish Pitt Cavendish Pitt Addington Pitt Ellenborough Petty Perceval Vansittart
of the United Kingdom	Vansittart Robinson Canning Tenterden Herries Goulburn Althorp Denman Peel Spring Rice Baring Goulburn Wood Disraeli Gladstone Lewis Disraeli Gladstone Disraeli Hunt Lowe Gladstone Northcote Gladstone Childers Hicks Beach Harcourt R. Churchill Goschen Harcourt Hicks Beach Ritchie A. Chamberlain Asquith Lloyd George McKenna Law A. Chamberlain Horne Baldwin N. Chamberlain Snowden W. Churchill Snowden N. Chamberlain Simon Wood Anderson Dalton Cripps Gaitskell Butler Macmillan Thorneycroft Heathcoat-Amory Lloyd Maudling Callaghan Jenkins Macleod Barber Healey Howe Lawson Major Lamont Clarke Brown Darling Osborne Hammond Javid Sunak
Italic: Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as Lord Chief Justice

First Lords of the Admiralty
of England	The Earl of Portland The Earl of Lindsey William Juxon, Bishop of Lincoln The Earl of Northumberland The Lord Cottington Sir Henry Capell The Earl of Nottingham The Earl of Torrington The Earl of Pembroke The Lord Cornwallis The Viscount Falkland The Earl of Orford The Earl of Bridgewater The Earl of Pembroke
of Great Britain	The Earl of Orford Sir John Leake The Earl of Strafford The Earl of Orford The Earl of Berkeley The Viscount Torrington Sir Charles Wager The Earl of Winchilsea The Duke of Bedford The Earl of Sandwich The Lord Anson The Earl Temple The Earl of Winchilsea The Lord Anson The Earl of Halifax George Grenville The Earl of Sandwich The Earl of Egmont Sir Charles Saunders Sir Edward Hawke The Earl of Sandwich The Viscount Keppel The Viscount Howe The Viscount Keppel The Viscount Howe The Earl of Chatham The Earl Spencer
of the United Kingdom	The Earl of St Vincent The Viscount Melville The Lord Barham Viscount Howick Thomas Grenville The Lord Mulgrave Charles Philip Yorke The Viscount Melville The Duke of Clarence The Viscount Melville Sir James Graham, Bt The Lord Auckland The Earl de Grey The Lord Auckland The Earl of Minto The Earl of Haddington The Earl of Ellenborough The Earl of Auckland Sir Francis Baring, Bt The Duke of Northumberland Sir James Graham, Bt Sir Charles Wood, Bt Sir John Pakington, Bt The Duke of Somerset Sir John Pakington, Bt Henry Lowry-Corry Hugh Childers George Goschen George Ward Hunt William Henry Smith Smith The Earl of Northbrook Lord George Hamilton The Marquess of Ripon Lord George Hamilton The Earl Spencer George Goschen The Earl of Selborne The Earl Cawdor The Lord Tweedmouth Reginald McKenna Winston Churchill Arthur Balfour Sir Edward Carson Sir Eric Geddes Walter Long The Viscount Lee of Fareham Wood Anderson Leo Amery The Viscount Chelmsford The Viscount Bridgeman A. V. Alexander Sir Austen Chamberlain The Viscount Monsell Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt Duff Cooper The Earl Stanhope Winston Churchill A. V. Alexander Brendan Bracken A. V. Alexander The Viscount Hall Lord Pakenham Viscount Cilcennin The Viscount Hailsham The Earl of Selkirk The Lord Carrington The Earl Jellicoe