Sallaans dialect

Sallaans (Dutch: Sallands) is a collective term for the Dutch Low Saxon dialects of the region Salland, in the eastern Netherlands. A common term used by native speakers for their dialect, which is also used by Low Saxon speakers from other regions for their respective dialects, is plat or simply dialect. Yet another common usage is to refer to the language by the name of the local variety, where for instance Dal(f)sens would be the name for the Sallaans variety spoken in the village of Dalfsen. Sallands is more influenced by the Hollandic dialects than Twents or Achterhoeks. This influence is known as the Hollandse expansie. For example, the word 'house' is hoes in Twente but huus in Salland. The Hollandic dialects of the 17th century still had uu sounds in their vocabulary, and these uu sounds came into Sallands.

Sallaans
Native toNetherlands
Language codes
ISO 639-3sdz
Glottologsall1238[1]

Phonology

Consonants
Consonants in the dialect of Raalte[2]
Labial Alveolar Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop voiceless p t k
voiced b d (ɡ)
Fricative voiceless f s χ h
voiced v z ɣ
Trill r
Approximant ʋ l j
  • [ɡ] appears only as an allophone of /k/ before voiced consonants.[3]
  • After long close and close-mid vowels, /r/ surfaces as a diphthongization of the vowel, as in zoer [ˈzuːə̯]. This also happens in compounds: veurkämer [vøːə̯kæːmr̩]. It is also often dropped preconsonantally after /ə/.[4]

Vowels
Raalte monophthongs[5]
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
short long short long short long
Close i iː y yː u uː
Close-mid ɪ eː ʏ øː ə ʊ oː
Open-mid ɛ ɛː œ œː ɔ ɔː
Open æ æː ɑ ɑː
  • Unlike in Standard Dutch, the long close-mid monophthongs /eː, øː, oː/ are actual monophthongs and not narrow closing diphthongs [ei, øy, ou]. They do not appear before /r/ whenever that consonant occurs before a vowel or at the end of a word, where the open-mid series /ɛː, œː, ɔː/ occurs instead.[6]
  • The schwa /ə/ is often dropped before /n/, resulting in a syllabic nasal homorganic with the preceding consonant. This occurs after most consonants, including nasals themselves: piepen [ˈpiːpm̩], slóffen [ˈslʊfɱ̍], gieten [ˈχiːtn̩], kieken [ˈkikŋ̍], esprungen [əˈspruŋŋ̍], lachen [ˈlɑχɴ̩]. The sequences /əl/ and /ər/ are treated the same, except for the fact that they do not assimilate to the place of articulation of the preceding consonant.[7]
Raalte diphthongs[8]
Front Back
Close ij, iu yi, yu uw
Open ɛi ɪu œy ɔi ʊi ɑu
  • /œy/ is realized as [œi] before vowels and in the word-final position.[9]

Some examples

Present tense
SallaansDutchEnglish
Ik loop(e)Ik loopI walk
Ie looptJij looptYou walk
Hee/hi'j / Zie/zi'j lup(t)Hij / Zij looptHe / she walks
Wie loopt / loop'nWij lopenWe walk
Jullie / Juulu loopt / loop'nJullie lopenYou walk (plural)
Zie loopt / loop'nZij lopenThey walk

Past tense
SallaansDutchEnglish
Ik liepeIk liepI walked
Ie liep'nJij liepYou walked
Hee / Zee liepHij / Zij liepHe / She walked
Wuu-lu liep'nWij liepenWe walked
Jullie / Juu-lu liep'nJullie liepenYou walked (plural)
Zie liep'nZij liepenThey walked

Plurals and diminutives
SallaansDutchEnglish
eene kommeeen komOne bowl
twee komm'ntwee kommenTwo bowls
SallaansDutchEnglish
een kömmegieeen kommetjeone little bowl
twee kömmegiestwee kommetjestwo little bowls
gollark: ???
gollark: Where are the closures? There are no (explicit) closures.
gollark: Okay, I don't know what you mean now.
gollark: What?
gollark: Haskell uses lazy evaluation so you can implement `if` as a normal function.

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Sallands". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Spa (2011), pp. 40, 47.
  3. Spa (2011), p. 47.
  4. Spa (2011), pp. 42–43.
  5. Spa (2011), pp. 11–35.
  6. Spa (2011), pp. 19, 21, 23, 42.
  7. Spa (2011).
  8. Spa (2011), pp. 35–39.
  9. Spa (2011), p. 44.

Bibliography
  • Spa, J.J. (2011). De dialecten van centraal-Salland: Raalte, Heino en Lemelerveld.

Further reading
  • Nijen Twilhaar, Jan (1999), "Deventer", in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.), Honderd Jaar Stadstaal (PDF), Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 59–73
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