Salé

Salé (French pronunciation: ​[sale]; Arabic: سلا‎, romanized: Salā, Berber ⵙⵍⴰ Sla) is a city in north-western Morocco, on the right bank of the Bou Regreg river, opposite the national capital Rabat, for which it serves as a commuter town. Founded in about 1030 by Arabic-speaking Berbers, the Banu Ifran,[3] it later became a haven for pirates in the 17th century as an independent republic before being incorporated into Alaouite Morocco.

For the Canadian figure skater, see Jamie Salé.

Salé سلا
City
Flag
Salé Location within Morocco
Coordinates: 34°02′N 6°48′W
Country	Morocco
Region	Rabat-Salé-Kénitra
Government
• Mayor	Jamae Mouatassime[1]
Elevation	0 to 115 m (0 to 377 ft)
Population  (2014)[2]
• Total	890,403
• Rank	5th in Morocco[2]
	[lower-alpha 1]
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
The High Commission for Planning defines the city of Salé as comprising the five arrondissements of Bab Lamrissa, Bettana, Hssaine, Layayda and Tabriquet.[2]

The city's name is sometimes transliterated as Salli or Sallee. The National Route 6 connects it to Fez and Meknes in the east and the N1 to Kénitra in the north-east. It recorded a population of 890,403 in the 2014 Moroccan census.[2]

History

Great Mosque of Salé

Map of downtown Salé

Battlements of Salé

Main article: Chellah

The Phoenicians established a settlement called Sala,[4][5] later the site of a Roman colony, Sala Colonia, on the south side of the Bou Regreg estuary.[6]

It is sometimes confused with Salé, on the opposite north bank. Salé was founded in about 1030 by Arabic-speaking Berbers[7] who apparently cultivated the legend that the name was derived from that of Salah, son of Ham, son of Noah.[8]

The Banu Ifran Berber dynasty began construction of a mosque about the time the city was founded.[9] The present-day Great Mosque of Salé was built during the 12th-century reign of the Almohad sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf,[10] although not completed until 1196.[11] During the 17th century, Rabat was known as New Salé, or Salé la neuve (in French), as it expanded beyond the ancient city walls to include the Chellah, which had become a fortified royal necropolis under the rule of Abu Yaqub Yusuf's son, Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur.[12]

In September 1260, Salé was raided and occupied by warriors sent in a fleet of ships by King Alfonso X of Castile.[13][14] After the victory of the Marinid dynasty, the historic Bab el-Mrissa was constructed by the Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq which remains as a landmark of the city.[15]

Republic of Salé

Main article: Republic of Salé

In the 17th century, Salé became a haven for Barbary pirates, among them Moriscos turned corsair, who formed an independent Republic of Salé.[16] Salé pirates (the well-known "Salé Rovers")[17] roamed the seas, and cruised the shipping routes between Atlantic colonial ports and Europe, seizing ships from the Americas and Europe for goods and captives.[18] They sold their crews and sometimes passengers into slavery in the Arabic world.[19] Despite the legendary reputation of the Salé corsairs, their ships were based across the river in Rabat, called "New Salé" by the English.[20][21]

The European powers took action to try to subdue the threat from the Barbary Coast. On 20 July 1629, the city of Salé was bombarded by French Admiral Isaac de Razilly with a fleet composed of the ships Licorne, Saint-Louis, Griffon, Catherine, Hambourg, Sainte-Anne, Saint-Jean; his forces destroyed three corsair ships.[22][23]

20th-century socio-political development

During the decades preceding the independence of Morocco, Salé was the stronghold of some "national movement" activists. The reading of the "Latif" (a politically charged prayer to God, read in mosques in loud unison) was launched in Salé and became popular in some cities of Morocco.

A petition against the so-called "Berber Dahir" (a decree that allowed some Berber-speaking areas of Morocco to continue using Berber Law, as opposed to Sharia Law) was given to Sultan Mohamed V and the Resident General of France. The petition and the "Latif" prayer led to the withdrawal and adjustment of the so-called "Berber Decree" of May 1930. The activists who opposed the "Berber Decree" apparently feared that the explicit recognition of the Berber Customary Law (a very secular-minded Berber tradition) would threaten the position of Islam and its Sharia law system. Others believed that opposing the French-engineered "Berber Decree" was a means to turn the table against the French occupation of Morocco.

The widespread storm that was created by the "Berber Dahir" controversy created a somewhat popular Moroccan nationalist elite based in Salé and Fez; it had strong anti-Berber, anti-West, anti-secular, and pro Arab-Islamic inclinations. This period helped develop the political awareness and activism that would lead fourteen years later to the signing of the Manifest of Independence of Morocco on 11 January 1944 by many "Slawi" activists and leaders. Salé has been deemed to have been the stronghold of the Moroccan left for many decades, where many leaders have resided.

Culture

Salé has played a rich and important part in Moroccan history. The first demonstrations for independence against the French, for example, began in Salé. Numerous government officials, decision makers, and royal advisers of Morocco have been from Salé. Salé people, the Slawis, have always had a "tribal" sense of belonging, a sense of pride that developed into a feeling of superiority towards the "berranis", i.e. Outsiders.

Subdivisions

The prefecture is divided administratively into the following:[24]

Name	Geographic code	Type	Households	Population (2014)	Foreign population	Moroccan population	Notes
Bab Lamrissa	441.01.03.	Arrondissement	44636	174936	668	174266
Bettana	441.01.05.	Arrondissement	22360	95291	386	94905
Hssaine	441.01.06.	Arrondissement	51858	214540	470	214070
Layayda	441.01.07.	Arrondissement	33522	153361	163	153198
Sidi Bouknadel	441.01.08.	Municipality	4955	25255	9	25246
Tabriquet	441.01.09.	Arrondissement	61101	252277	629	251648
Shoul	441.03.01.	Rural commune	3925	19915	6	19909	in the Salé Suburbs Circle
Ameur	441.03.05.	Rural commune	8983	46590	16	46574	in the Salé Suburbs Circle

Climate

Salé features a Mediterranean climate (Csa) with warm to hot dry summers and mild damp winters. Located along the Atlantic Ocean, Salé has a mild, temperate climate, shifting from cool in winter to warm days in the summer months. The nights are always cool (or cold in winter, it can reach Sub 0 °C (32 °F) sometimes), with daytime temperatures generally rising about +7/8 C° (+15/18 F°). The winter highs typically reach only 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) in December–February. Summer daytime highs usually hover around 25 °C (77.0 °F), but may occasionally exceed 30 °C (86.0 °F), especially during heat waves. Summer nights are usually pleasant and cool, ranging between 11 °C (51.8 °F) and 19 °C (66.2 °F) and rarely exceeding 20 °C (68.0 °F). Rabat belongs to the sub-humid bioclimatic zone with an average annual precipitation of 560 mm.

Salé's climate resembles the southwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the coast of SoCal.

Climate data for Salé (Rabat–Salé Airport) 1961–1990, extremes 1943–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	30.0 (86.0)	31.0 (87.8)	35.8 (96.4)	37.6 (99.7)	43.0 (109.4)	43.7 (110.7)	47.2 (117.0)	45.8 (114.4)	42.3 (108.1)	38.0 (100.4)	35.1 (95.2)	30.0 (86.0)	47.2 (117.0)
Average high °C (°F)	17.2 (63.0)	17.7 (63.9)	19.2 (66.6)	20.0 (68.0)	22.1 (71.8)	24.1 (75.4)	26.8 (80.2)	27.1 (80.8)	26.4 (79.5)	24.0 (75.2)	20.6 (69.1)	17.7 (63.9)	21.9 (71.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	12.6 (54.7)	13.1 (55.6)	14.2 (57.6)	15.2 (59.4)	17.4 (63.3)	19.8 (67.6)	22.2 (72.0)	22.4 (72.3)	21.5 (70.7)	19.0 (66.2)	15.9 (60.6)	13.2 (55.8)	17.2 (63.0)
Average low °C (°F)	8.0 (46.4)	8.6 (47.5)	9.2 (48.6)	10.4 (50.7)	12.7 (54.9)	15.4 (59.7)	17.6 (63.7)	17.7 (63.9)	16.7 (62.1)	14.1 (57.4)	11.1 (52.0)	8.7 (47.7)	12.5 (54.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−3.2 (26.2)	−2.6 (27.3)	−0.4 (31.3)	3.8 (38.8)	5.3 (41.5)	9.0 (48.2)	10.0 (50.0)	11.0 (51.8)	10.0 (50.0)	7.0 (44.6)	0.0 (32.0)	0.3 (32.5)	−3.2 (26.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	77.2 (3.04)	74.1 (2.92)	60.9 (2.40)	62.0 (2.44)	25.3 (1.00)	6.7 (0.26)	0.5 (0.02)	1.3 (0.05)	5.7 (0.22)	43.6 (1.72)	96.7 (3.81)	100.9 (3.97)	554.9 (21.85)
Average precipitation days	9.9	9.8	9.0	8.7	5.7	2.4	0.3	0.4	2.4	6.4	10.2	10.4	75.6
Average relative humidity (%)	82	82	80	78	77	78	78	79	80	79	80	83	80
Mean monthly sunshine hours	179.9	182.3	232.0	254.5	290.5	287.6	314.7	307.0	261.1	235.1	190.5	180.9	2,916.1
Source 1: NOAA[25]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1973–1993),[26] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[27]

Modern city

Bouregreg Marina

Recent developments, including the new bridge connecting to Rabat, the new Rabat-Salé tramway, marina and coastal development demonstrate government investment. Private development companies such as Emaar Properties are also investing in the area. High unemployment used to be a serious issue to the Salé area, with the numerous textile factories located in this area being the only real source of work, this is recently diversing into other areas such as international call centres, electronics and recently a new "techno park" was opened, which was modeled on the Casablanca techno centre success.

Water supply and wastewater collection in Salé was irregular, with poorer and illegal housing units suffering the highest costs and most acute scarcities.[28] Much of the city used to rely upon communal standpipes, which were often shut down, depriving some neighbourhoods of safe drinking water[28] for indefinite periods of time. Nevertheless, Salé fared better than inland Moroccan locations, where water scarcity was even more acute.[28] Improvements from the government, local businesses and the water distribution companies of Regie de distribution d'Eau & d'Electricite de Rabat-Salé (REDAL) as of 2010 have meant that this situation has improved drastically.[29]

Sports

In December 2017, AS Salé became Africa's basketball club Champion. It was the first continental crown in the club's history.[30]

The A.S.S. is the football club of the city, and the president is Abderrahmane Chokri.

Transport

Air

Rabat-Salé Airport

Salé's main airport is Rabat–Salé Airport, it's located in Salé also serving Rabat the capital city of Morocco

Trains

Salé is served by two principal railway stations run by the national rail service, the ONCF. These stations are Salé-Tabriquet and Salé-City.

Salé-Ville is the main inter-city station, from which trains run south to Rabat, Casablanca, Marrakech and El Jadida, north to Tanger, or east to Meknes, Fes, Taza and Oujda.

Tram

Rabat-Salé tramway

The Rabat-Salé tramway is a tram system which was put into service on May 23, 2011 in the Moroccan cities of Rabat and Salé. The network has two lines for a total length of 19 km (12 miles) and 31 stops. It is operated by Veolia Transdev with Alstom Citadis trams.

In popular culture

The film Black Hawk Down was partially filmed in Salé, in particular the wide angle aerial shots with helicopters flying down the coastline.

The character Robinson Crusoe, in Daniel Defoe's novel by the same name, spends time in captivity of the local pirates, the Salé Rovers, and at last sails off to liberty from the mouth of the Salé river.

Notable residents

• Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi, governor of Salé for the Marinids
• Saad Hassar, politician
• Amina Benkhadra, politician
• Mohamed Amine Sbihi, politician
• Abdelwahed Radi, politician
• Chaim ibn Attar, world renowned biblical commentator, talmudist, and posek known for his work "Or HaChayim" on the Pentateuch
• Raphael Ankawa, Chief Rabbi of Morocco and a noted commentator, talmudist, posek, and author.
• Houcine Slaoui, musician
• Hajj Ali Zniber, writer
• Abdellah Taϊa, writer
• Mohammed Zniber, writer and historian
• Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri, historian
• Ahmed al-Salawi, writer
• Reda Rhalimi, basketball player
• Amine Laâlou, athlete
• Merouane Zemmama, footballer
• El Mehdi Malki, judoka
• Hayat Lambarki, athlete

Partner cities

• Tlaxcala, Mexico
• Sochi, Russia

See also

• Bouknadel
• Le Bouregreg

References

1. Le Président de la commune urbaine de Salé Archived 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine(in French)
2. "Note de présentation des premiers résultats du Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat 2014" (in French). High Commission for Planning. 20 March 2015. p. 8. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
3. J. D. Fage (1 February 1979). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 663. ISBN 978-0-521-21592-3.
4. Glenn Markoe (2000). Phoenicians. University of California Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-520-22614-2.
5. Anna Gallina Zevi; Rita Turchetti (2004). Méditerranée occidentale antique: les échanges. Atti del seminario (Marsiglia, 14-15 maggio 2004). Ediz. francese, italiana e spagnola. Rubbettino Editore. p. 224. ISBN 978-88-498-1116-2.
6. Kenneth L. Brown (1 January 1976). People of Salé: Tradition and Change in a Moroccan City, 1830-1930. Manchester University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7190-0623-4.
7. M. Elfasi; Ivan Hrbek; Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1988). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. UNESCO. p. 339. ISBN 978-92-3-101709-4.
8. Jāmiʻat Muḥammad al-Khāmis. Kullīyat al-Ādāb wa-al-ʻUlūm al-Insānīyah; Kullīyat al-Ādāb wa-al-ʻUlūm al-Insānīyah (1969). Hespéris tamuda. 10–13. Editions techniques nord-africaines. p. 92.
9. وزارة الأوقاف و الشؤون الإسلامية. Islam-maroc.gov.ma (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 24 February 2011.
10. Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 March 2014). Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 617. ISBN 978-1-134-25986-1.
11. Janet L. Abu-Lughod (14 July 2014). Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco. Princeton University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-4008-5303-8.
12. Jonathan Bloom; Sheila Blair (14 May 2009). Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. OUP USA. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.
13. Dufourcq, Charles-Emmanuel (1966). Un projet castillan du XIIIe siècle : la croisade d'Afrique (in French). Faculty of Arts. p. 28.
14. Joseph F. O'Callaghan (31 August 1983). A History of Medieval Spain. Cornell University Press. p. 364. ISBN 0-8014-9264-5.
15. أنا باب المريسة وهذه حكايتي. El Mghriby. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
16. Alan G. Jamieson (15 February 2013). Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs. Reaktion Books. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-86189-946-0.
17. Adrian Tinniswood (11 November 2010). Pirates of Barbary: Corsairs, Conquests and Captivity in the Seventeenth-Century Mediterranean. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-101-44531-0.
18. Alex Ritsema (March 2008). Pirates and Privateers from the Low Countries, C.1500-C.1810. Lulu.com. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4092-0171-7.
19. D'Maris Coffman; Adrian Leonard; William O'Reilly (5 December 2014). The Atlantic World. Routledge. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-317-57605-1.
20. Roger Coindreau (2006). Les corsaires de Salé. Eddif. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-9981-896-76-5.
21. Alan G. Jamieson (15 February 2013). Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs. Reaktion Books. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-86189-946-0.
22. Coindreau 2006. p. 192
23. Jamieson 2013, p. 109
24. 2014 Morocco Population Census(in Arabic)
25. "Rabat Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
26. "Klimatafel von Rabat-Salé (Int. Flugh.) / Marokko" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
27. "Station Rabat" (PDF) (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
28. Guillaume Benoit and Aline Comeau, A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean (2005) 640 pages
29. Richard N. Palmer (2010). World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010: Challenges of Change. ASCE Publications. p. 826. ISBN 978-0-7844-7352-8.
30. Basketball : L’AS Salé champion d’Afrique, La Vie éco, 21 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017 (in French)

External links

• Salé entry in LexicOrient
• Le portail de la ville de Salé
• "Sallee" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.