Sadri language

Sadri, also known as Nagpuri, is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. It is sometimes considered a Hindi dialect.[6] It is native language of the Sadan. In addition to native speakers, it is also used as lingua franca by many tribal groups such as Kharia, Munda and Kurukh, and a number of speakers of these tribal groups have adopted it as their first language. It is also used as a lingua franca among Tea-garden community of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh.[6][1] According to the 2011 Census, there were approximately 5,130,000 native speakers of the Nagpuri language, including 19,100 identifying as Gawari, 4,350,000 as "Sadan/Sadri" and 763,000 as "Nagpuria".[2]

"Gawari" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Gavari, Gawri, or Gauri.

Sadri
Nagpuri
Native to	India
Region	Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha
Ethnicity	Nagpuri
Native speakers	5.1 million (2011 census)[1][2][3] (Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi) L2 speakers: 7.0 million (2007)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Eastern Bihari Sadri
Writing system	Devanagari, Kaithi, Odia, Bengali-Assamese, Latin
Official status
Official language in	India (Jharkhand)[4]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sck
Glottolog	sada1242[5]
Sadri-speaking region in India

Etymology

The origin of Sadani/Sadri and other related terms is somewhat obscure. Probably the term "Sadan" derive from nisaada, referring to an ethnic group of North India. [6] The name Nagpur is probably taken from Nagvanshi, who ruled in this part of the country.[7]

Classification

Nagpuri belongs to Bihari group of Indo-Aryan languages.[6][8] There are different opinion among linguist about origin of Nagpuri language. Sir George Abraham Grierson had classified Nagpuri as dialect of Bhojpuri language in his Survey "Linguistic Survey of India". According to professor Keshri Kumar Singh, Nagpuri is descendant of Magadhi Prakrit in his book "Nagpuri bhasa ebam Sahitya". According to Dr. Sravan Kumar Goswami, Nagpuri had evolved from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.[9]

It is sometimes considered a Hindi dialect.[6] Some linguists also treat Chhattisgarhi and Sadri as dialects of Odia.[10]

Geographical Distribution

Nagpuri language is mainly spoken in western Chota Nagpur Plateau region of west-central Jharkhand in districts such as Chatra, Palamu, Latehar, Hazaribagh, Lohardaga, Gumla, Ranchi, Simdega, Khunti, West Singhbhum, North-east Chhattisgarh in district of Jashpur, Surguja, Balrampur, south-west Bihar in Aurangabad, Gaya district , Northern Odisha in Sundergarh district and West Bengal in Alipurduar, Jalpaiguri and Darjeering districts.[2][3]

Status

Historically Nagpuri was lingua-franca in the region. It was court language during reign of Nagvanshi dynasty.[11] Nagpuri is accorded as second official language in Indian state of Jharkhand.[12] There is demand to include Nagpuri in Eighth schedule.[13][14][15] Some academics oppose inclusion of hindi dialects in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution as full-fledged Indian languages. According to them recogniton of hindi dialects as separate languages would deprive Hindi of millions of its speakers and eventually no hindi will be left.[16]

Literature

Literature in Nagpuri language started around 17th century. Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and King of Ramgarh, Dalel Singh were poet.[11][17] Some Nagpuri peot were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram, Ghasiram Mahli, Das Mahli, Mahant Ghasi and Kanchan.[18] "Nagvanshavali" written by Beniram Mehta is a historical work in Nagpuri language. Great poet Ghasiram Mahli had written several works including "Nagvanashavali", "Durgasaptasati", "Barahamasa", "Vivha Parichhan" etc. There were also great writer like Pradumn Das and Rudra Singh.[19] Some Nagpuri language writers and poet in morden period are Praful Kumar Rai, Sahani Upendra Pal Nahan, Shiv Avtar Choudhary, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bindheswari Prasad Keshri, Ram Dayal Munda and Girdhari Ram Ganjhu.[9]

Nagpuri, taught at Ranchi University and other universities of Jharkhand.[20] Monthly Nagpuri magazines Gotiya and Johar Sahiya have been published in Ranchi.[21][22] Several magazines have been also published in Assam, West Bengal’s Tarai and Dooars district.[23][3]

Sample phrases

English	Nagpuri	Nagpuri (Devanagari)
My name is Mahesh.	Mor naaw Mahesh heke	मोर नाव महेश हेके।
How are you ?	Toen kaisan aahis?	तोयं कसैन आहीस्?
I am fine.	Moen thik aahon	मोएं ठीक आहों।
What?	Ka?	का?
Who?	Ke?	के?
Why?	Kale?	काले?
How?	Kaisan?	कसैन?
Which?	Kon?	कोन?
Come here.	Hian aao	हीयां आओ
I am going to home.	Moen ghor jat hon	मोएं घर जात हों।
I have eaten.	Moen kha hon	मोएं खा हों।
I will go.	Moen Jamu	मोएं जामु।
We go.	Hame jaeil	हामे जाइल।
You go.	Toen jais	तोयं जाइस्।
You are writing.	Toen likhothis	तोयं लिखतहिस्।
You will come.	Toen aabe	तोयं आबे।
We are writing.	Hame likhothi	हामे लीखतही।
We have written.	Hame likh hi	हामे लीख ही।
He/She come.	Oo aawela	उ आवेला।
He/She is going.	Oo jat he	उ जात हे।
He/She was coming.	Oo aawot rahe	उ आवत रहे।
He/She will play.	Oo kheli	उ खेली।
They have eaten bread.	Oomon roti kha hoen	उमन रोटी खा हयं।
They went.	Oomon geloen	उमन गेलयं।
They will go home.	Oomon ghor jaboen	उमन घर जाबयं।

Relations

Father	Abba, Baba	आबा, बाबा
Mother	Maa, Aayo	मा, आयो
Brother	Bhai	भाइ
Sister	Bahin	बहीन
Paternal uncle	Kaka	काका
Paternal aunt	Kaki	काकी
Maternal uncle	Mama	मामा
Maternal aunt	Mami	मामी
friend	Sang(male), Sangi(female)	संग(पुरूष), संगी(स्त्री)
brother of sister-in-law and brother-in-law	Sangat(for female), Yaar(for male)	संगात, यार
sister of sister-in-law and brother-in-law	Sangatin	संगातीन

Alternate names

Alternate names of dialects include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Nagpuri, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi.[24][25][26]

See also

• Nagpuri cinema

References

1. "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
2. "Sadri". Ethnologue.
3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-11-27. Retrieved 2016-11-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
4. "Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili". avenuemail. 21 March 2018.
5. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Sadani". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
6. "Sadani / Sadri". www.southasiabibliography.de.
7. Sir John Houlton, Bihar, the Heart of India, pp. 127–128, Orient Longmans, 1949.
8. "Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot". books.google.com.
9. "Jharkhand Samanya Gyan". books.google.com.
10. Nava Kishor Das (2012). Odisha. Seagull. p. 111. ISBN 978-81-7046-293-4. An Odia dialect.
11. "Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012.
12. "Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili". avenuemail. 11 March 2018.
13. "Requests to include 38 languages in Constitution pending: Govt". thehindu. 1 December 2009.
14. "38 languages stake claim to be in Eighth schedule". dailyexcelsior. 16 August 2013.
15. "'नागपुरी पझरा' संवाद कार्यक्रम में उठी नागपुरी भाषा को 8वीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मांग". prabhatkhabar.
16. "Don't add Hindi dialects in Eighth Schedule, say academics". thehindu. 20 January 2017.
17. "Bid to save language treasure by Dr Keshri". dailypioneer. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
18. "नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक". prabhatkhabar. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
19. "Jharkhand Samanya Gyan". books.google.com.
20. "RU gold medallist to promote Nagpuri lang". timesofindia. 21 January 2016.
21. "Nagpuri call for culture". telegraphindia. 25 July 2008.
22. "JOHAR SAHIYA". newspapers.
23. "New insight into tea community of Assam". thethumbprintmag. 25 May 2015.
24. "Sadri (Language code 'sck')". Global Recordings Network. Archived from the original on 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
25. "Oraon Sadri (Language code 'sdr')". Global Recordings Network. Archived from the original on 2012-05-15. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
26. "Ethnologue report for language code: sck". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2012-08-25.