Braj Bhasha

The Braj language, Braj Bhāshā, also known as Braji or BrijBhasha, is a Western Hindi language. Along with Awadhi (a variety of Eastern Hindi), it was one of the two predominant literary languages of North-Central India before the switch to literary Hindustani in the 19th century.

Not to be confused with with the other Indian literary languages of Brajabuli and Brajavali, or with the Brijbasi ethnic group.

Braj Bhasha
Brij Bhasha
ब्रजभाषा Braj Bhāshā
Native toIndia
RegionBraj region of Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi
Native speakers
1,600,000 (2011 census)[1]
Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.[2]
Indo-European
Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-2bra
ISO 639-3bra
Glottologbraj1242[3]

Braj is spoken by people in the vaguely defined region of Braj (Braj Bhoomi) in northern India, which was a political state in the era of the Mahabharata wars. According to ancient Hindu texts such as the Bhagavata Purana, the Kingdom of Surasena is described as spreading through Braj (also known as Brij, Vrija or Vraja), where the incarnation of Vishnu, Krishna was born and spent his childhood days, according to tradition. This region lies in the Agra-Mathura-Hathras-Firozabad-Aligarh area & Etawah-Mainpuri-Auraiya area, and stretches as far as the environs of Delhi. In modern India, this area lies mostly in central western Uttar Pradesh, the eastern extremities of Rajasthan i.e. Bharatpur & Dholpur and the southern extremities of Haryana. Northern regions of Madhya Pradesh like Morena are also included.[4] Today Braj Bhoomi can be seen as a cultural-geographical entity rather than a proper state. Braj Bhasha is the vernacular of the region, and is very close to Awadhi, spoken in the neighbouring Awadh region.

Much of the Hindi literature was developed in Braj in the medieval period, and a substantial amount of Bhakti or devotional poetry is in this language. Some devotional poems for Krishna are also composed in Braj. Braj is also the main language of Hindustani classical music compositions.

The Hindavi poet Amir Khusrau (1253 – 1325) wrote some of his poetry in Braj Bhasha, as did the Sikh scribe Bhai Gurdas (1551-1636). Braj folk songs and poems include Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni by Amir Khusrau, and the devotional song Main Naahin Maakhan Khaayo by Surdas.

Geographical distribution

Braj Bhasha is mainly a rural tongue currently, predominant in the nebulous Braj region centred on Mathura & Agra in Uttar Pradesh and Bharatpur & Dholpur in Rajasthan. It is the predominant language in the central stretch of the Ganges-Yamuna Doab in the following districts:

It stretches across the Ganges into the non-Doabi districts of Badaun and Bareilly and goes up to the foothills of Nainital at Udham Singh Nagar in Uttarakhand.

Besides Uttar Pradesh, Braj is spoken in the bordering areas of Rajasthan, mainly in the following districts:

as well as parts of Karauli, from where onwards it merges into Rajasthani languages.

It is also spoken in the western areas of Uttar Pradesh, mainly in Mathura district and eastern areas of Palwal and Noida districts.

In Madhya Pradesh it is spoken in the districts of Bhind, Morena, Gwalior, and Shivpuri.[4] It is spoken in several villages of Mathura, specially in Vrindavan, Madhuvan, Kaman, Kosi Kalan, Chhata, Baldeo, and all other villages belongs to Braj Area with Bajna, Surir, Bhidauni,

Literature
Main article: Braj literature

Most Braj literature is of a mystical nature, related to the spiritual union of people with God, because almost all of the Braj Bhasha poets were considered God-realised saints and their words are thus considered as directly emanating from a divine source. Much of the traditional Northern Indian literature shares this trait. All traditional Punjabi literature is similarly written by saints and is of a metaphysical and philosophical nature.

Another peculiar feature of Northern Indian literature is that the literature is mostly written from a female point of view, even by male poets. This is because the saints were in a state of transcendental, spiritual love, where they were metaphorically women reuniting with their beloved. (In its inversion of the conventional genders of worshipper and worshippee, Maulana Da’ud's Chandayan departs from this tradition.)

Important works in Braj Bhasha are:

Basic Phrases of the Brij Bhasha (Sample sentences)
Brij Bhasha Meaning
Kahan jaye rayo he re lallu (to a male, Kahan jaye rai hai re lalli/mauďi(to female) ? Where are you going kid?
kaa kar rao he ( to male), kaha kar rai hai (to female)? What are you doing?
tero naam kaah hai (to male )? What is your name?
kaah khayo? What did you eat?
kaah ho rayo hai? What's going on?
moye na pato. I don't know.
toye kaah dikkat hai ? What is your problem?
kaha koye re tu? What's the name of your place?
Ghar kon- kon hai re? Who's at home?
tero ghar kahan hain? Where is your home?
Roti khaay layi kaah? Had your meal?
kaah haal-chal hai? How are you?
batayo toh I told you.
je lali meri hai . She's my daughter.
je humaro lalla hai He's my son.
tu kab awego ? When you will be coming?
Tero hi baat dekharo. I was waiting for you.
Tero byah hai go kaah? Are you married?
Kahan koon/ kit koon jaro hai? Which place you are going to?
yahah / nyah aa . Come here.
humbe hanji Yes/no both with expression
chalo chalo lets move
chup hai ja silent
Non diyo nek so Give me little salt
mere jore nai I don't have
je bus kitau ja rai hai? Where will this bus go?
jyada mat bol don't speak too much
itaku aa come here
pallanku haija go that side
khano khay le have food
nek moye diyo give me a little bit
jame namak zyada hai there is too much salt in this
gollark: I see.
gollark: What's a "complex root"? This sounds apiohazardous too.
gollark: * 0..5
gollark: oh, that makes sense but is poorly named.
gollark: [Ζ]

See also

References
  1. "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. "Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Braj". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. "International Encyclopedia of Linguistics". google.co.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  5. "Google Notebook". google.com. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  6. Sujit Mukherjee (1998). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. Orient Blackswan. pp. 425–. ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9.

Further reading
  • Snell, Rupert. 1991. The Hindi Classical Tradition: A Braj Bhāṣā Reader ISBN 0728601753
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