Platanus

Platanus /ˈplætənəs/[1] is a genus consisting of a small number of tree species native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are the sole living members of the family Platanaceae.

For the town of ancient Cilicia, see Platanus (Cilicia). For the main-belt asteroid, see 9309 Platanus.

Platanus
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous–Present
Leaves and fruit of a London plane
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Platanaceae
Genus: Platanus
L.
Species

See text

All members of Platanus are tall, reaching 30–50 m (98–164 ft) in height. All except for P. kerrii are deciduous, and most are found in riparian or other wetland habitats in the wild, though proving drought-tolerant in cultivation. The hybrid London plane (Platanus × acerifolia) has proved particularly tolerant of urban conditions, and has been widely planted in London and elsewhere in the United Kingdom.

They are often known in English as planes or plane trees. Some North American species are called sycamores (especially Platanus occidentalis[2]), although the term sycamore also refers to the fig Ficus sycomorus, the plant originally so named, and to the sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus.[2] The genus name Platanus comes from Ancient Greek πλάτανος, which referred to Platanus orientalis.[3]

Botany
Bole of an aged Platanus, in Trsteno, near Dubrovnik, Croatia
Ripe plane tree fruit

The flowers are reduced and are borne in balls (globose heads); 3–7 hairy sepals may be fused at the base, and the petals are 3–7 and are spatulate. Male and female flowers are separate, but borne on the same plant (monoecious). The number of heads in one cluster (inflorescence) is indicative of the species (see table below). The male flower has 3–8 stamens; the female has a superior ovary with 3–7 carpels. Plane trees are wind-pollinated. Male flower-heads fall off after shedding their pollen.

After being pollinated, the female flowers become achenes that form an aggregate ball. The fruit is a multiple of achenes (plant systematics, Simpson M. G., 2006). Typically, the core of the ball is 1 cm in diameter and is covered with a net of mesh 1 mm, which can be peeled off. The ball is 2.5–4 cm in diameter and contains several hundred achenes, each of which has a single seed and is conical, with the point attached downward to the net at the surface of the ball. There is also a tuft of many thin stiff yellow-green bristle fibers attached to the base of each achene. These bristles help in wind dispersion of the fruits as in the dandelion.

The leaves are simple and alternate. In the subgenus Platanus they have a palmate outline. The base of the leaf stalk (petiole) is enlarged and completely wraps around the young stem bud in its axil. The axillary bud is exposed only after the leaf falls off.

The mature bark peels off or exfoliates easily in irregularly shaped patches, producing a mottled, scaly appearance. On old trunks, bark may not flake off, but thickens and cracks instead.

Phylogeny

There are two subgenera, subgenus Castaneophyllum containing the anomalous P. kerrii, and subgenus Platanus, with all the others; recent studies in Mexico[4] have increased the number of accepted species in this subgenus. Within subgenus Platanus, genetic evidence suggests that P. racemosa is more closely related to P. orientalis than it is to the other North American species.[5] There are fossil records of plane trees as early as 115 million years (the Lower Cretaceous). Despite the geographic separation between North America and Old World, species from these continents will cross readily resulting in fertile hybrids such as the London plane.

Species

The following are recognized species of plane trees:

Botanic nameCommon namesDistributionFlowerheadsNotes
Platanus × acerifolia
(P. occidentalis × P. orientalis;
syn. P. × hispanica, P. × hybrida)		London plane, hybrid planeCultivated origin1–6Subgenus Platanus
Platanus chiapensisChiapas planesoutheast Mexico?Subgenus Platanus
Platanus gentryiGentry's planewestern Mexico?Subgenus Platanus
Platanus kerriiKerr's planeLaos, Vietnam10–12Subgenus Castaneophyllum
Platanus mexicanaMexican sycamore, Mexican planenortheast and central Mexico1–4Subgenus Platanus
Platanus oaxacanaOaxaca planesouthern Mexico?Subgenus Platanus
Platanus occidentalisAmerican sycamore, American plane, buttonwood, occidental plane, water beecheastern North America1–2Subgenus Platanus
Platanus occidentalis subsp. rzedowskiiRzedowski's plane, Rzedowskii sycamoreeastern Mexico1-2Subgenus Platanus
Platanus orientalisOriental planesoutheast Europe, southwest Asia3–6Subgenus Platanus
Platanus racemosaCalifornia sycamore, western sycamore, alisoCalifornia, Baja California3–7Subgenus Platanus
Platanus wrightiiArizona sycamoreArizona, New Mexico, northwest Mexico2–4Subgenus Platanus

Diseases
Main article: List of Platanus diseases

Planes are susceptible to plane anthracnose (Apiognomonia veneta), a fungal disease that can defoliate the trees in some years. The most severe infections are associated with cold, wet spring weather. P. occidentalis and the other American species are the most susceptible, with P. orientalis the most resistant. The hybrid London plane is intermediate in resistance.

Ceratocystis platani, a wilt disease, has become a significant problem in recent years in much of Europe.[6] The North American species are mostly resistant to the disease, with which they probably coevolved, while the old world species are highly sensitive.

Other diseases such as powdery mildew occur frequently, but are of lesser importance.

Platanus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Phyllonorycter platani and Setaceous Hebrew Character.

In the 21st century a disease, commonly known as Massaria disease, has attacked plane trees across Europe. It is caused by the fungus Splanchnonema platani, and causes large lesions on the upper sides of branches.[7][8]

Uses

The principal use of these trees is as ornamental trees, especially in urban areas and by roadsides. The London plane is particularly popular for this purpose. The American plane is cultivated sometimes for timber and investigations have been made into its use as a biomass crop. The oriental plane is widely used as an ornamental and also has a number of minor medicinal uses.

Cultural history
Patterned bark of London plane

Most significant aspects of cultural history apply to Platanus orientalis in the Old World. The tree is an important part of the literary scenery of Plato's dialogue Phaedrus. Because of Plato, the tree also played an important role in the scenery of Cicero's De Oratore. The trees also provided the shade under which Aristotle and Plato’s famed philosophical schools were held.[9]

The plane tree has been a frequent motif featured in Classical Chinese poetry as an embodiment of sorrowful sentiments due to its autumnal shedding of leaves.

The legendary Dry tree first recorded by Marco Polo was possibly a platanus. According to the legend, it marked the site of the battle between Alexander the Great and Darius III.

The German camouflage pattern Platanenmuster ("plane tree pattern"), designed in 1937–1942 by Johann Georg Otto Schick, was the first dotted camouflage pattern.[10]

Footnotes
  1. Sunset Western Garden Book 1995.
  2. Merriam Webster.
  3. πλάτανος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  4. Nixon & Poole 2003.
  5. Feng, Oh & Manos 2005.
  6. Pathology note 7 2008.
  7. "Massaria disease". Forestry Commission. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  8. "Massaria disease of plane trees". Treetree. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  9. Annalisa, Marzano (May 24, 2020). "Walking, talking and showing off – a history of Roman gardens".
  10. Beaver, Michael D.; Borsarello, J. F. (1995). Camouflage Uniforms of the Waffen-SS. Schiffer. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-84176-854-0.
gollark: ... what *was* the problem?
gollark: Naïvely, it looks like it should work.
gollark: I think you might also run into under/overflow errors.
gollark: So you're trying to detect... when someone *stops* pressing the buttons, I assume?
gollark: No, it's undefined behavior as far as I know. At least it is in regular C.

References
Books
  • Naumann, Helmut (2007). "Die Platane von Gortyna". In Kämmerer., Thomas Richard (ed.). Studien zu Ritual und Sozialgeschichte im Alten [Orient / Studies on Ritual and Society in the Ancient Near East. Tartuer Symposien 1998–2004]. Berlin, de Gruyter. pp. 207–226.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.
Journals
Web
  • "Sycamore", Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved 2009-08-04
  • "Pathology note 7" (PDF). The Research Agency of the Forestry Commission. 2008.
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