Law and Justice

Law and Justice (Polish: Prawo i Sprawiedliwość [ˈpravɔ i spravjɛdˈlivɔɕtɕ] (listen); PiS) is a national-conservative,[2][22][36] Christian democratic[12][13][36] and right-wing populist[37][38][39][40][41] political party in Poland, a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party.[42] With 198 seats in the Polish Sejm and 48 in the Senate, PiS is currently the largest political party in the Polish parliament. The current twenty-five PiS MEPs sit in the European Conservatives and Reformists Group in the European Parliament.

For the journal, see Law & Justice (journal).

Law and Justice

Prawo i Sprawiedliwość
AbbreviationPiS
ChairmanJarosław Kaczyński
Parliamentary LeaderRyszard Terlecki
FounderLech Kaczyński
Jarosław Kaczyński
Founded13 June 2001 (2001-06-13)
Merger ofCentre Agreement
Right Alliance (Split from Solidarity Electoral Action and Christian National Union)
Youth wingLaw and Justice Youth Forum
Membership (2020)more than 40,000[1]
IdeologyMajority:
 • National conservatism[2][3]
 • Soft Euroscepticism[4][5]
 • Economic interventionism[6][7]
 • Economic nationalism[8][9][10]
 • Social conservatism[3][11]
 • Christian democracy[12][13]
 • Right-wing populism[14][15][16][17]
 Factions:[18]
 • Agrarianism[19][20][21][22][23]
 • Christian right[24]
 • Polish nationalism[25][26][27][28]
Political positionRight-wing[29][30][31]
National affiliationUnited Right
European affiliationEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Party
European Parliament groupEuropean Conservatives and Reformists
Colours     Navy blue      White      Red[32]
Sejm
197 / 460
[33]
Senate
44 / 100
[34]
European Parliament
24 / 52
[35]
Regional assemblies
254 / 552
City Presidents
5 / 107
Website
www.pis.org.pl

The party was founded in 2001 by the Kaczyński twins, Lech and Jarosław, as a centrist and Christian democratic party. It was formed from part of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS), with the Christian democratic Centre Agreement forming the new party's core.[43] The party won the 2005 election, while Lech Kaczyński won the presidency. Law and Justice formed coalition with the Eurosceptic League of Polish Families (LPR) and Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland (SRP). Jarosław served as Prime Minister, before calling elections in 2007, in which the party came in second to Civic Platform (PO). In these elections PiS lost most of its moderate electorate but attracted voters from its former coalition members and then turned to nationalism and populism. As a result LPR and SRP lost all their seats and descended into political irrelevancy. Several leading members, including sitting president Lech Kaczyński, died in a plane crash in 2010.

During its founding the party was dominated by the Kaczyńskis' conservative and law and order agenda.[43] It has embraced economic interventionism, while maintaining a socially conservative stance that in 2005 moved towards the Catholic Church;[43] the party's Catholic nationalist wing split off in 2011 to form Solidary Poland but then formed a joint ballot with PiS before the 2015 elections.

History

Formation

The party was created on a wave of popularity gained by late president of Poland Lech Kaczyński while heading the Polish Ministry of Justice (June 2000 to July 2001) in the AWS-led government, although local committees began appearing from 22 March 2001. The AWS itself was created from a diverse array of many small political parties.

In the 2001 general election, PiS gained 44 (of 460) seats in the lower chamber of the Polish Parliament (Sejm) with 9.5% of votes. In 2002, Lech Kaczyński was elected mayor of Warsaw. He handed the party leadership to his twin brother in 2003.

In coalition government: 2005–2007
Former regional office of PiS in Zwycięstwa Street in Antoniuk District of Białystok, May 2019

In the 2005 general election, PiS took first place with 27.0% of votes, which gave it 155 out of 460 seats in the Sejm and 49 out of 100 seats in the Senate. It was almost universally expected that the two largest parties, PiS and Civic Platform (PO), would form a coalition government.[43] The putative coalition parties had a falling out, however, related to a fierce contest for the Polish presidency. In the end, Lech Kaczyński won the second round of the presidential election on 23 October 2005 with 54.0% of the vote, ahead of Donald Tusk, the PO candidate.

After the 2005 elections, Jarosław should have become Prime Minister. However, in order to improve his brother's chances of winning the presidential election (the first round of which was scheduled two weeks after the parliamentary election), PiS formed a minority government headed by Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz as prime minister, an arrangement that eventually turned out to be unworkable. In July 2006, PiS formed a right-wing coalition government with the agrarian populist Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland and the nationalist League of Polish Families, headed by Jarosław Kaczyński. Association with these parties, on the margins of Polish politics, severely affected the reputation of PiS. When accusations of corruption and sexual harassment against Andrzej Lepper, the leader of Self-Defence, surfaced, PiS chose to end the coalition and called for new elections.

In opposition: 2007–2015
Jarosław Kaczyński and Andrzej Duda, 18 April 2013

In the 2007 general election, PiS managed to secure 32.1% of votes. Although an improvement over its showing from 2005, the results were nevertheless a defeat for the party, as Civic Platform (PO) gathered 41.5%. The party won 166 out of 460 seats in the Sejm and 39 seats in Poland's Senate.

On 10 April 2010, its former leader Lech Kaczyński died in the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash. Jarosław Kaczyński becomes the sole leader of the party. He was the presidential candidate in the 2010 elections.

In majority government: 2015–present
See also: 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis
A KOD demonstration in Warsaw against the ruling Law and Justice party, on 7 May 2016

The party won the 2015 parliamentary election, this time with an outright majority—something no Polish party had done since the fall of communism. In the normal course of events, this should have made Jarosław Kaczyński prime minister for a second time. However, Beata Szydło, perceived as being somewhat more moderate than Kaczyński, had been tapped as PiS' candidate for prime minister.[44][45]

The Law and Justice government has been accused of posing a threat to the Polish liberal democratic system by many opposition groups.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52] PiS' 2015 victory prompted creation of a cross-party opposition movement, the Committee for the Defence of Democracy (KOD). Law and Justice has supported controversial reforms carried out by the Hungarian Fidesz party, with Jarosław Kaczyński declaring in 2011 that "a day will come when we have a Budapest in Warsaw".[53] Proposed 2017 judicial reforms, which according to the party were meant to improve efficiency of the justice system, sparked protest as they were seen as undermining judicial independence.[54][55][56][57][58] While these reforms were initially unexpectedly vetoed by President Duda, he later signed them into law.[59] This was met with ire from the European Union, and European Council president Donald Tusk warned that the bill might push Poland out of the EU.[60]

Law and Justice has been accused by The Economist for undermining democracy and the rule of law and promoting right-wing extremism.[61] However, it still enjoys support from many within the country, as some see it as a force that restored rule of law after the perceived corruption of Civic Platform, exemplified for instance by the inability of the Civic Platform's government to properly gather VAT taxes as well as its politicians being involved in the reprivatization scandal in Warsaw.[62][63]

The party won reelection in the 2019 parliamentary election. With 44% of the popular vote, Law and Justice received the highest vote share by any party since Poland returned to democracy in 1989, but lost its majority in the Senate.

Breakaways

In January 2010, a breakaway faction led by Jerzy Polaczek split from the party to form Poland Plus. Its seven members of the Sejm came from the centrist, economically liberal wing of the party. On 24 September 2010, the group was disbanded, with most of its Sejm members, including Polaczek, returning to Law and Justice.

On 16 November 2010, MPs Joanna Kluzik-Rostkowska, Elżbieta Jakubiak and Paweł Poncyljusz, and MEPs Adam Bielan and Michał Kamiński formed a new political group, Poland Comes First (Polska jest Najważniejsza).[64] Kamiński said that the Law and Justice party had been taken over by far-right extremists. The breakaway party formed following dissatisfaction with the direction and leadership of Kaczyński.[65]

On 4 November 2011, MEPs Zbigniew Ziobro, Jacek Kurski, and Tadeusz Cymański were ejected from the party, after Ziobro urged the party to split further into two separate parties – centrist and nationalist – with the three representing the nationalist faction.[66] Ziobro's supporters, most of whom on the right-wing of the party, formed a new group in Parliament called Solidary Poland,[67] leading to their expulsion, too.[68] United Poland was formed as a formally separate party in March 2012, but has not threatened Law and Justice in opinion polls.[69]

Base of support
See also: Poland A and B
Law and Justice's main support (dark blue) is concentrated in the south-east of the country (former Russian Partition and Austrian Partition), results of the 2015 Polish parliamentary election
Law and Justice's main support (dark blue). increased support in the 2019 Polish parliamentary election

Like Civic Platform, but unlike the fringe parties to the right, Law and Justice originated from the anti-communist Solidarity trade union (which is a major cleavage in Polish politics), which was not a theocratic organisation.[70] Solidarity's leadership wanted to back Law and Justice in 2005, but was held back by the union's last experience of party politics, in backing Solidarity Electoral Action.[43]

Today, the party enjoys great support among working class constituencies and union members. Groups that vote for the party include miners, farmers, shopkeepers, unskilled workers, the unemployed, and pensioners. With its left-wing approach toward economics, the party attracts voters who feel that economic liberalisation and European integration have left them behind.[71] The party's core support derives from older, religious people who value conservatism and patriotism. PiS voters are usually located in rural areas and small towns. The strongest region of support is the southeastern part of the country. Voters without a university degree tend to prefer the party more than college-educated voters do. Recently, younger voters have begun to support PiS more than in previous years.

Regionally, it has more support in regions of Poland that were historically part of western Galicia-Lodomeria and Congress Poland.[72] Since 2015, the borders of support are not as clear as before and party enjoys support in western parts of country, especially these deprived ones. Large cities in all regions are more likely to vote for more liberal party like PO or .N. Still PiS receives good support from poor and working class areas in large cities.

Based on this voter profile, Law and Justice forms the core of the conservative post-Solidarity bloc, along with the League of Polish Families and Solidarity Electoral Action, as opposed to liberal conservative post-Solidarity bloc of Civic Platform.[73] The most prominent feature of PiS voters was their emphasis on decommunisation.[74]

Ideology

Initially the party was broadly pro-market, although less so than the Civic Platform.[71] It has adopted the social market economy rhetoric similar to that of western European Christian democratic parties.[43] In the 2005 election, the party shifted to the protectionist left on economics.[71] As Prime Minister, Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz was more economically liberal than the Kaczyńskis, advocating a position closer to Civic Platform.[75] However, unlike Civic Platform, whose emphasis is the economy, Law and Justice's focus during their first term in power was fighting corruption.[71]

On foreign policy, PiS is Atlanticist and less supportive of European integration than Civic Platform.[71] The party is soft eurosceptic[76][77] and opposes a federal Europe. In its campaigns, it emphasises that the European Union should "benefit Poland and not the other way around".[78] It is a member of the anti-federalist European Conservatives and Reformists Party, having previously been a part of the Alliance for Europe of the Nations and, before that, the European People's Party.[43][79]

Platform
Beata Szydło - Narodowe Święto Niepodległości

Economy

The party supports a state-guaranteed minimum social safety net and state intervention in the economy within market economy bounds. During the 2015 election campaign it proposed tax decrease to two personal tax rates (18% and 32%) and tax rebates related to the number of children in a family, as well as a reduction of the VAT rate (while keeping a variation between individual types of VAT rates). 18% and 32% tax rates were eventually implemented. Also: a continuation of privatization with the exclusion of several dozen state companies deemed to be of strategic importance for the country. PiS opposes cutting social welfare spending, and also proposed the introduction of a system of state-guaranteed housing loans. PiS supports state provided universal health care.[80]

National political structures
PiS meeting on National Independence Day

PiS has presented a project for constitutional reform including, among others: allowing the president the right to pass laws by decree (when prompted to do so by the Cabinet), a reduction of the number of members of the Sejm and Senat, and removal of constitutional bodies overseeing the media and monetary policy. PiS advocates increased criminal penalties. It postulates aggressive anti-corruption measures (including creation of an Anti-Corruption Bureau (CBA), open disclosure of the assets of politicians and important public servants), as well as broad and various measures to smooth the working of public institutions.

PiS is a strong supporter of lustration (lustracja), a verification system created ostensibly to combat the influence of the Communist era security apparatus in Polish society. While current lustration laws require the verification of those who serve in public offices, PiS wants to expand the process to include university professors, lawyers, journalists, managers of large companies, and others performing "public functions". Those found to have collaborated with the security service, according to the party, should be forbidden to practice in their professions.

Diplomacy and defense

The party is in favour of strengthening the Polish Army through diminishing bureaucracy and raising military expenditures, especially for modernization of army equipment. PiS planned to introduce a fully professional army and end conscription by 2012 (in August 2008, compulsory military service was abolished in Poland). It is also in favor of participation of Poland in foreign military missions led by the United Nations, NATO and United States, in countries like Afghanistan and Iraq.

Visegrád Group leaders' meeting in Prague, 2015

The party supports integration with the European Union on terms beneficial for Poland. It supports economic integration and tightening the cooperation in areas of energetic security and military, but is skeptical about closer political integration. It is against formation of European superstate or federation. PiS is in favor of strong political and military alliance of Poland with the United States.

In the European Parliament it is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists, a group founded in 2009 to challenge the prevailing pro-federalist ethos of the European Parliament and address the perceived democratic deficit existing at a European level.

Social policies

The party's views on social issues are much more traditionalist than those of social conservative parties in other European countries.

Family policies

The party strongly promotes itself as a pro-family party and encourages married couples to have more children. Prior to 2005 elections, it promised to build 3 million inexpensive housing units as a way to help young couples start a family. Once in government, it passed legislation lengthening parental leaves.

In 2017, the PiS government commenced the so-called "500+" programme under which all parents residing in Poland receive an unconditional monthly payment of 500 PLN for each second and subsequent child (the 500 PLN support for the first child being linked to income). It also revived the idea of a housing programme based on state-supported construction of inexpensive housing units.

Also in 2017, the party's MPs passed a law that bans most retail trade on Sundays so that workers can spend more time with their families.

Abortion stance

Even as Poland's abortion laws are among the most restrictive in the European Union, PiS additionally opposes abortion resulting from foetal defects[81] which is currently allowed until specific foetal age. Despite that PiS has not changed the abortion law in this regard.

The party is also against euthanasia and comprehensive sex education. It has also proposed a ban of in-vitro fertilisation.

Disability rights

In April 2018, the PiS government announced a PLN 23 billion (EUR 5.5 billion) programme (named "Accessibility+") aimed at reducing barriers for disabled people, to be implemented 2018–2025.[82][83]

Also in April 2018, parents of disabled adults who required long-term care protested in Sejm over what they considered inadequate state support, in particular, the reduction of support once the child turns 18.[84][85] As a result, the monthly disability benefit for adults was raised by approx. 15 percent to PLN 1,000 (approx. EUR 240) and certain non-cash benefits were instituted, although protesters' demands of an additional monthly cash benefit were rejected.

Gay rights
See also: LGBT rights in Poland
LGBT ideology free zones in Poland (red) as of January 2020.

The party opposes LGBT rights, in particular same-sex marriages and any other form of legal recognition of same-sex couples.

On 21 September 2005, PiS leader Jarosław Kaczyński said that "homosexuals should not be isolated, however they should not be school teachers for example. Active homosexuals surely not, in any case", but that homosexuals "should not be discriminated otherwise".[86] He has also stated, "The affirmation of homosexuality will lead to the downfall of civilization. We can't agree to it".[87] Lech Kaczynski, while mayor of Warsaw, refused authorization for a gay pride march; declaring that it would be obscene and offensive to other people's religious beliefs. A Warsaw court later ruled that Kaczynski's actions were illegal.[88] Kaczyński was quoted as saying, "I am not willing to meet perverts."[89]

In 2016 Beata Szydło's government disbanded the Council for the Prevention of Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Intolerance, an advisory body set up in 2011 by then-Prime Minister Donald Tusk. The council monitored, advised and coordinated government action against racism, discrimination and hate crime.[90][91]

The local towns, cities,[92][93] and Voivodeship sejmiks[94] have declared their respective regions as LGBT ideology-free zone with the encouragement of the ruling PiS.[92]

Polish President Andrzej Duda, who was the Law and Justice party's candidate for presidency in 2015 and 2020, described the LGBT movement as "a foreign ideology".[95] During his 2020 successful election campaign, he pledged he would ban teaching about LGBT issues in schools[96] and he proposed changing the constitution to ban LGBT couples from adopting children.[97]

Nationalism

Despite being labeled by many former Western Bloc States as a "nationalist" party, PiS' leadership constantly criticizes being offered such label. During the 2008 Polish Independence Day celebrations, Lech Kaczyński said in his speech during the visit to the city of Elbląg that "the state is a great value, and attachment to the state, to one's fatherland, we call patriotism - beware of the word nationalism, as nationalism is evil!"[98] On the same day during the celebrations in Warsaw, L. Kaczyński again stated: "patriotism doesn't equal nationalism."[99] In 2011, Jarosław Kaczyński criticized pre-war Polish nationalism for "its intellectual, political and moral failure" by emphasising that the movement "did not know how to deal with and solve the problems of Polish minorities."[100] Both Kaczyńskis twins look up for inspirations to the pre-war Sanacja movement with its leader Józef Piłsudski, in contrast to the nationalist Endecja that was led by Piłsudski's political archrival, Roman Dmowski. In February 2016, politician Paweł Kowal called Jarosław Kaczyński a "centre-right politician" who "just like Piłsudski before the war, he stopped the raise of nationalism in Poland at the time when such ideology clearly gains politically in Western Europe."[101] Polish far-right organizations and parties such as National Revival of Poland, National Movement and Autonomous Nationalists regularly criticize PiS' relative ideological moderation and its politicians for "monopolizing" official political scene by playing on the popular patriotic and religious feelings.[102][103][104] However, the party does include several overtly nationalist politicians in senior positions, such as Digital Affairs Minister Adam Andruszkiewicz, the former leader of the All-Polish Youth;[105] and deputy PiS leader and former Defence Minister Antoni Macierewicz, the founder of the National-Catholic Movement.[106]

Refugee and economic migrant policies

PiS opposed the quota system for mass relocation of immigrants proposed by the European Commission to address the 2015 European migrant crisis. This contrasted with the stance of their main political opponents, the Civic Platform, which have signed up to the Commission's proposal.[107] Consequently, in the campaign leading to the 2015 Polish parliamentary election, PiS adopted the discourse typical of the populist-right, linking national security with immigration.[108] Following the election, PiS sometimes utilised Islamophobic rhetoric to rally its supporters.[109]

Examples of anti-migration and anti-Islam comments by PiS politicians when discussing the European migrant crisis:[110] in 2015, Jarosław Kaczyński stated that Poland "can't" accept any refugees because "they could spread infectious diseases."[111] In 2017, the first Deputy Minister of Justice Patryk Jaki stated that "stopping Islamization is his Westerplatte".[112] In 2017, Interior minister of Poland Mariusz Błaszczak stated that he would like to be called "Charles the Hammer who stopped the Muslim invasion of Europe in the 8th century". In 2017, Deputy Speaker of the Sejm Joachim Brudziński stated during the pro-party rally in Siedlce; "if not for us (PiS), they (Muslims) would have built mosques in here (Poland)."[113]

Internal factions

Law and Justice is divided into many internal factions, but they can be grouped into three main blocks. [114][115][116][117][118]

Order of the Centre Agreement is unofficial name of the most influential, although not the most numerous fraction of PiS. It's leader is Jarosław Kaczyński, main members are Joachim Brudziński, Adam Lipiński and Mariusz Błaszczak.

Second of PiS' groups is radical, religious and hard eurosceptic right-wing faction focused around Antoni Macierewicz, Beata Szydło and United Poland party of Zbigniew Ziobro. The faction stays in opposition to Mateusz Morawiecki, opts for radical reforms and is supported by Jacek Kurski and Tadeusz Rydzyk.

Third faction is christian democratic, republican and conservative liberal group focused around Mateusz Morawiecki, Łukasz Szumowski, Jacek Czaputowicz and Agreement of Jarosław Gowin. It's supported by Jarosław Kaczyński, but not by all Centre Agreement faction.

There is also small presidential faction of Andrzej Duda.

Leadership
No. Image Name Tenure
1. Lech Kaczyński 13 June 2001–
18 January 2003
2. Jarosław Kaczyński 18 January 2003
Incumbent

Election results

Sejm
Election year Leader # of
votes		 % of
vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/– Government
2001 Lech Kaczyński 1,236,787 9.5 (#4)
44 / 460
 SLD– UP–PSL
SLD– UP Minority
2005 Jarosław Kaczyński 3,185,714 27.0 (#1)
155 / 460
 111 PiS–SRP–LPR
2007 Jarosław Kaczyński 5,183,477 32.1 (#2)
166 / 460
 11 PO–PSL
2011 Jarosław Kaczyński 4,295,016 29.9 (#2)
157 / 460
 9 PO–PSL
2015 Jarosław Kaczyński 5,711,687 37.6 (#1)
217 / 460
 60 PiS
As a part of the United Right coalition, which won 235 seats in total.[119]
2019 Jarosław Kaczyński 8,051,935 43.6 (#1)
199 / 460
 18 PiS
As a part of the United Right coalition, which won 235 seats in total.

Senate
Election year # of
overall seats won		 +/–
2001
0 / 100
As part of the Senate 2001 coalition, which won 15 seats.
2005
49 / 100
 49
2007
39 / 100
 10
2011
31 / 100
 8
2015
61 / 100
 30
2019
48 / 100
 13

European Parliament
Election year # of
votes		 % of
vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/–
2004 771,858 12.7 (#3)
7 / 54
2009 2,017,607 27.4 (#2)
15 / 50
 8
2014 2,246,870 31.8 (#2)
19 / 51
*		 4
2019 6,192,780 45.38 (#1)
27 / 51
*		 8

*Currently 16: Zdzisław Krasnodębski is elected from the PiS register, but not a member of the party, Mirosław Piotrowski left PiS (08.10.2014), Marek Jurek is a member of Right Wing of the Republic.

Presidential
Election year Candidate 1st round 2nd round
# of overall votes % of overall vote # of overall votes % of overall vote
2005 Lech Kaczyński 4,947,927 33.1 (#2) 8,257,468 54.0 (#1)
2010 Jarosław Kaczyński 6,128,255 36.5 (#2) 7,919,134 47.0 (#2)
2015 Andrzej Duda 5,179,092 34.8 (#1) 8,719,281 51.5 (#1)
2020 Supported Andrzej Duda 8,450,513 43.50 (#1) 10,440,648 51.03% (#1)

Regional assemblies
Election year % of
vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/–
2002 12.1 (#4)
79 / 561
In coalition with Civic Platform.
2006 25.1 (#2)
170 / 561
2010 23.1 (#2)
141 / 561
 29
2014 26.9 (#1)
171 / 555
 30
2018 34.3 (#1)
254 / 552
 83

County Councils
Election year % of
vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/–
2006 19.8 (#1)
1,242 / 6,284
 1242
2010 17.3 (#2)
1,085 / 6,290
 157
2014 23.5 (#1)
1,514 / 6,276
 429
2018 30.5 (#1)
2,114 / 6,244
 600

Mayors
Election No. Change
2006 77
2010 37 40
2014 124 87
2018 234 110

Presidents of the Republic of Poland from PiS
Name Image From To
Lech Kaczyński 23 December 2005 10 April 2010 (died in plane crash)
Andrzej Duda 6 August 2015 incumbent

Prime Ministers of the Republic of Poland from PiS
Name Image From To
Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz 31 October 2005 14 July 2006
Jarosław Kaczyński 14 July 2006 16 November 2007
Beata Szydło 16 November 2015 11 December 2017
Mateusz Morawiecki 11 December 2017 incumbent

Voivodeship Marshals
Name Image Voivodeship Date vocation
Grzegorz Schreiber Łódź Voivodeship 22 November 2018
Jarosław Stawiarski Lublin Voivodeship 21 November 2018
Władysław Ortyl Podkarpackie Voivodeship 27 May 2013
Jakub Chełstowski Silesian Voivodeship 21 November 2018
Andrzej Bętkowski Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship 22 November 2018
Witold Kozłowski Lesser Poland Voivodeship 19 November 2018
Artur Kosicki Podlaskie Voivodeship 11 December 2018
    gollark: They have to write code which works *very fast* (speed is such an issue that there are special expensive high-clocked xeon CPUs available, or at least were), and can throw tons of money at 1337 programmers.
    gollark: HFT is probably the sort of place you're likely to find stuff you'd consider "quality", considering.
    gollark: More machines improves *throughput*, not *latency*.
    gollark: https://github.com/dcramer/mangodb
    gollark: MongoDB might be webscale, but MangoDB is CLOUDSCALE.

    See also

    Footnotes
    1. "onet.pl" (in Polish). Retrieved 1 February 2020.
    2. Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010), Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared, Ashgate, p. 196
    3. Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Poland". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
    4. "PiS - Mamy program dla Polski u dla Unii Europejskiej". pis.pl.
    5. "Pawłowicz:Unia Europejska to dla mnie szmata". Wirtualna Polska.
    6. https://www.economist.com/europe/2018/08/09/polands-government-wants-to-take-control-of-banking
    7. https://www.politico.eu/article/poland-needs-more-liberalism-not-less/
    8. "Program działań Prawa i Sprawiedliwości. Tworzenie szans dla wszystkich". Instytut Sobieskiego. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
    9. "Dossier: What PiS would change in the economy". Polityka Insight. PI Research. October 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
    10. Elliott, Dominic (26 October 2015). "Poland's tilt to nationalism is bad for investment".
    11. Why is Poland's government worrying the EU? The Economist. Published 12 January 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
    12. Dominik Hierlemann, ed. (2005). Lobbying der katholischen Kirche: Das Einflussnetz des Klerus in Polen. Springer-Verlag. p. 131. ISBN 978-3531146607.
    13. "Unentschlossene als Zünglein an der Waage". News ORF. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
    14. "EU takes Poland to court over judicial crackdown". Axios. 24 September 2018.
    15. "European Court of Justice orders Poland to stop purging its supreme court judges". The Independent. 19 October 2018.
    16. "After Loss in Austria, a Look at Europe's Right-wing Parties". Haaretz. 24 May 2016.
    17. Henceroth, Nathan (2019). "Open Society Foundations". In Ainsworth, Scott H.; Harward, Brian M. (eds.). Political Groups, Parties, and Organizations that Shaped America. ABC-CLIO. p. 739.
    18. https://www.rp.pl/Rzecz-o-polityce/303299876-Jaroslaw-Kaczynski-z-Romana-Dmowskiego.html?preview=1&remainingPreview=4&grantedBy=preview&#ap-1. Missing or empty |title= (help)
    19. "Antoni Macierewicz: Wieś jest w centrum programy PiS" [Antoni Macierewicz: Polish countryside is at the center of the PiS program]. Polskie Radio 24 (in Polish). 6 April 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
    20. Joanna Solska (6 April 2019). "Konwencja rolnicza w Kadzidle. PiS znów stawia na wieś" [Agricultural Convention in Kadzidło. PiS again puts on the countryside]. Polityka (in Polish). Retrieved 8 May 2019.
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    References
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