2005 Polish parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 25 September 2005.[1] Thirty million voters were eligible to vote for all 460 members of the lower house, the Sejm and all 100 members of the upper house, the Senate.

2005 Polish parliamentary election

25 September 2005
All 460 seats in the Sejm 231 seats were needed for a majority in the Sejm All 100 seats in the Senate
Turnout	40.57%
First party Second party Third party   Leader Jarosław Kaczyński Donald Tusk Andrzej Lepper Party PiS PO SRP Leader since 18 January 2003 1 June 2003 10 January 1992 Leader's seat 19 – Warsaw I 25 – Gdansk 40 – Koszalin Last election 44 seats, 9.5% 65 seats, 12.7% 53 seats, 10.2% Seats won 155 133 56 Seat change 111 68 3 Popular vote 3,185,714 2,849,269 1,347,355 Percentage 27.0% 24.1% 11.4% Swing 17.5% 11.4% 1.2%   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Wojciech Olejniczak Marek Kotlinowski Waldemar Pawlak Party SLD LPR PSL Leader since 29 May 2005 5 May 2001 29 January 2005 Leader's seat 11 – Sieradz 19 – Warsaw I 16 – Płock Last election 216 seats, 41% 38 seats, 7.9% 42 seats, 9% Seats won 55 34 25 Seat change 161 4 17 Popular vote 1,335,257 940,762 821,656 Percentage 11.3% 8.0% 7.0% Swing 29.7% 0.1% 2%
Seats won by Sejm District
Prime Minister before election Marek Belka SLD New Prime Minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz PiS

The election resulted in a sweeping victory for two parties of the centre-right, the national-conservative Law and Justice (PiS) and the liberal-conservative Civic Platform (PO). The incumbent center-left government of the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) was soundly defeated in a landslide. The two victorious parties won 288 out of the 460 seats, while the SLD was reduced to fourth place with 55 seats. The PiS won 155 seats, while PO obtained 133.

Normally, this would have made PiS leader Jarosław Kaczyński Prime Minister. However, he declined the post so as not to prejudice his twin brother Lech's chances for the presidential election held later in October. In his place, Law and Justice instead nominated Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz for the post. Outgoing Prime Minister Marek Belka failed to win a seat in Łódź.

In the Senate, PiS won 49 seats and PO 34 of the 100 seats, leaving eight other parties with the remaining 17 seats. The SLD won no seats in the Senate.

Background

The 2005 Sejm was elected by proportional representation from multi-member constituencies, with seats divided among parties which gain more than five percent of the votes using the d'Hondt method. On the other hand, the Senate is elected under first-past-the-post bloc voting. This tends to cause the party or coalition which wins the elections to have a larger majority in the Senate than in the Sejm.

In the 2001 elections the SLD and UP won 216 of the 460 seats, and were able to form a government with the support of the Polish People's Party (PSL). The former ruling party, Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) based on the Solidarity trade union, lost all its seats. In its place several new right-wing parties emerged, such as the PO and the PiS.

After 2003 a variety of factors combined to bring about a collapse of support for the government. Discontent with high unemployment, government spending cuts (especially on health, education and welfare), affairs related to privatizations was compounded by a series of corruption scandals, the most serious of them being Rywin-gate. Prime Minister Leszek Miller resigned in May 2004 and was succeeded by Marek Belka. All opinion polls suggested that the governing SLD-UP coalition would be heavily defeated at these elections and that the right-wing parties would win a large majority. With the expected downfall of the post-communists, the right-wing parties competed mainly against each other.

Contestants

The parties running in this election were mainly the same as in 2001, with the addition of Social Democracy of Poland (a splinter group from the Democratic Left Alliance), and the Democratic Party formed from the Freedom Union (UW) and some SLD dissidents. Both these new parties failed to win seats.

The BBC commented on election day: "The two centre-right parties are both rooted in the anti-communist Solidarity movement but differ on issues such as the budget and taxation. Law and Justice, whose agenda includes tax breaks and state aid for the poor, has pledged to uphold traditional family and Christian values. It is suspicious of economic liberalism. The Citizens Platform strongly promotes free market forces and wants to introduce a flat 15% rate for income tax, corporation tax and VAT. It also promises to move faster on deregulation and privatisation, in order to adopt the euro as soon as possible."

Opinion polls

Results

Powiats won by
■ – Civic Platform
■ – Law and Justice
■ – Polish People's Party
■ – Democratic Left Alliance
■ – Self-Defense
■ – German Minority

Had the two leading parties been able to form a coalition as expected, it would have had 63 percent of seats in the Assembly, just short of the two-thirds supermajority required to carry out constitutional reform. The populist and isolationist Self-Defense of the Polish Republic (Samoobrona) slightly improved its representation and became the third largest party ahead of the SLD, which despite losing most of its seats performed slightly better than expected based on opinion polls. However, the party lost all its Senate seats. The League of Polish Families and the Polish People's Party retained their representation. The German minority in Poland is exempt from the requirement of achieving at least 5% of the total vote and retained their two seats.

Party
	Sejm				Senate
	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Votes	%	Seats	+/–
Law and Justice	3,185,714	27.0	155	+111	5,020,704	20.8	49	–
Civic Platform	2,849,259	24.1	133	+68	4,090,497	16.9	34	–
Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland	1,347,355	11.4	56	+3	2,016,858	8.3	3	+1
Democratic Left Alliance	1,335,257	11.3	55	–161	3,114,118	12.9	0	–75
League of Polish Families	940,762	8.0	34	–4	2,990,092	12.4	7	+5
Polish People's Party	821,656	7.0	25	–17	1,413,872	5.9	2	–2
Social Democracy of Poland	459,380	3.9	0	New	573,556	2.4	0	New
Democratic Party	289,276	2.5	0	New	683,799	2.8	0	New
Janusz Korwin-Mikke Platform	185,885	1.6	0	New	375,037	1.6	0	New
Patriotic Movement	124,038	1.1	0	New	234,093	1.0	0	New
Polish Labour Party	91,266	0.8	0	New	11,765	0.1	0	–
German Minority	34,469	0.3	2	0	88,875	0.4	0	–
Polish National Party	34,127	0.3	0	New	168,413	0.7	0	New
Ancestral Home	32,863	0.3	0	New	181,337	0.8	0	New
Centre	21,893	0.2	0	New	246,143	1.0	0	New
All-Poland Civic Coalition	16,251	0.1	0	New	65,561	0.3	0	New
Party Initiative of the Republic of Poland	11,914	0.1	0	New	45,712	0.2	0	New
Polish Confederation - Dignity and Work	8,353	0.1	0	New	10,528	0.0	0	New
National Revival of Poland	7,376	0.1	0	New	–	–	–	–
German Minority of Silesia	5,581	0.1	0	0	–	–	–	–
Labour Party	1,019	0.0	0	New	–	–	–	–
Social Rescuers	982	0.0	0	New	18,439	0.1	0	New
Local lists and independents	–	–	–	–	2,792,572	11.7	5	+3
Valid votes	11,804,676	–	–	–	11,836,257	–	–	–
Invalid/blank votes	440,227	–	–	–	426,054	–	–	–
Total	12,244,903	100	460	0	12,262,311	100	100	0
Registered voters/turnout	30,229,031	40.6	–	–	30,229,031	40.6	–	–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

Popular vote (Sejm) PiS   26.99% PO   24.14% SRP   11.41% SLD   11.31% LPR   7.97% PSL   6.96% Others   11.22%

Parliament seats (Sejm) PiS   33.70% PO   28.91% SRP   12.17% SLD   11.96% LPR   7.39% PSL   5.43% MN   0.43%

By constituency

Although PiS and PO were the clear winners, their vote was very unevenly distributed, creating a basis for future conflicts. Their support is overwhelmingly concentrated in the cities, particularly Warsaw and the southern industrial areas around Kraków and Katowice, but also including Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poznań, Wrocław and Szczecin. The only urban centre not to endorse the right was Łódź. The two main parties failed to win a majority in any rural district except Rzeszów in the south. In seven rural districts they polled less the 40 percent of the vote, while in one (Chełm) they polled less than 35 percent. Self-Defence managed to win in four districts. The vote shows the continuing sharp divide in Polish politics between urban voters, who are generally more socially liberal and in favour of free-market economics, and rural voters, who are more socially conservative and economically left-wing.

Constituency	Turnout	PiS	PO	SRP	SLD	LPR	PSL	SDPL	PD	MN	Others	Lead
1 – Legnica	36.75	24.77	24.41	12.65	15.26	6.90	3.85	3.29	4.23	-	4.64	0.36
2 – Wałbrzych	35.74	22.21	25.93	13.25	13.86	7.25	6.51	5.29	1.71	-	3.99	3.72
3 – Wrocław	46.73	25.70	32.36	8.42	10.00	6.73	3.03	3.98	4.28	-	5.50	6.66
4 – Bydgoszcz	37.98	24.71	20.80	11.70	18.66	6.70	6.16	3.11	1.70	-	6.46	3.91
5 – Toruń	35.69	22.67	18.64	18.59	11.77	7.98	7.05	5.55	3.88	-	3.87	4.03
6 – Lublin	42.89	25.82	17.04	14.59	8.09	12.37	11.36	4.21	1.55	-	4.97	8.78
7 – Chełm	38.64	20.82	11.40	20.83	8.32	12.35	18.32	3.31	1.01	-	3.64	0.01
8 – Zielona Góra	35.44	22.84	24.21	11.41	16.18	7.63	7.85	3.51	1.99	-	4.38	1.37
9 – Łódź	43.62	24.63	24.30	8.63	14.12	7.64	2.13	5.72	6.04	-	6.79	0.33
10 – Piotrków Trybunalski	39.31	23.26	15.33	21.56	11.20	9.06	10.80	2.82	1.76	-	4.21	1.70
11 – Sieradz	38.10	21.38	15.04	21.87	14.86	6.64	12.21	2.62	1.63	-	3.75	0.49
12 – Chrzanów	42.11	34.88	21.86	8.51	8.58	11.48	6.05	3.43	1.77	-	3.44	13.02
13 – Kraków	47.34	37.29	30.56	5.05	7.96	5.70	3.13	3.56	2.86	-	3.89	6.73
14 – Nowy Sącz	45.07	37.17	21.92	8.48	6.00	12.69	8.02	1.22	1.53	-	2.97	15.25
15 – Tarnów	42.76	33.93	20.28	9.88	5.92	12.64	9.34	2.20	1.20	-	4.61	13.65
16 – Płock	36.01	24.20	14.41	17.84	11.94	6.94	15.83	2.93	1.75	-	4.16	6.36
17 – Radom	40.67	25.60	15.62	19.42	9.90	8.07	13.28	2.63	1.09	-	4.39	6.18
18 – Siedlce	41.69	25.46	12.62	18.80	7.27	11.75	16.35	1.87	1.05	-	4.83	6.66
19 – Warsaw I	56.05	29.93	33.07	2.34	11.53	5.85	0.94	6.50	4.91	-	4.93	3.14
20 – Warsaw II	44.71	32.95	28.09	7.34	7.17	7.34	5.46	2.98	2.38	-	6.29	4.86
21 – Opole	33.47	20.53	24.24	10.59	10.39	6.82	4.79	2.80	2.89	12.92	3.03	3.71
22 – Krosno	41.10	33.78	15.44	11.83	9.16	13.63	9.56	2.28	1.07	-	3.25	18.34
23 – Rzeszów	44.24	38.20	16.25	7.89	7.34	13.09	10.24	2.16	0.85	-	3.98	21.95
24 – Białystok	38.41	28.46	15.25	12.16	12.31	11.38	8.39	3.82	1.41	-	6.82	13.21
25 – Gdansk	44.01	25.75	39.90	6.73	9.04	5.61	2.73	3.85	2.20	-	4.19	14.15
26 – Gdynia	42.86	26.83	32.73	9.39	11.22	7.64	2.97	2.92	1.67	-	4.63	5.90
27 – Bielsko-Biała	44.40	35.71	26.55	6.60	9.26	7.90	3.41	3.99	2.91	-	3.67	9.16
28 – Częstochowa	38.62	27.68	24.78	13.73	10.67	6.09	5.70	4.74	2.11	-	4.50	2.90
29 – Gliwice	35.81	28.43	33.12	6.97	11.69	5.34	1.95	3.56	2.44	-	6.50	4.69
30 – Rybnik	39.81	31.33	31.67	7.64	11.65	7.01	2.50	2.56	1.65	-	3.99	0.34
31 – Katowice	41.04	31.33	34.38	5.18	10.51	4.97	1.29	4.62	3.38	-	4.34	3.05
32 – Sosnowiec	36.49	24.27	27.21	-	21.15	7.25	3.59	6.81	2.64	-	7.08	2.94
33 – Kielce	36.53	23.76	15.39	17.23	12.33	6.16	14.15	4.06	1.31	-	5.61	6.53
34 – Elbląg	34.40	21.85	23.48	17.68	12.03	5.58	9.01	3.56	3.09	-	3.72	1.63
35 – Olsztyn	34.54	22.59	24.08	11.80	14.28	7.79	9.44	3.09	2.97	-	3.96	1.49
36 – Kalisz	38.53	20.13	21.72	16.55	13.02	7.47	10.98	4.59	1.39	-	4.15	1.59
37 – Konin	38.27	19.69	18.78	20.70	13.07	6.28	10.19	4.36	1.62	-	5.31	1.10
38 – Piła	39.53	16.93	24.71	14.75	15.82	7.44	9.65	5.84	1.51	-	3.35	7.78
39 – Poznań	47.23	25.55	37.97	5.71	10.48	5.40	2.05	5.41	3.73	-	3.70	12.42
40 – Koszalin	35.57	20.33	21.76	22.78	13.87	4.61	5.25	4.72	3.74	-	2.94	1.02
41 – Szczecin	38.26	23.24	28.21	11.47	14.84	6.11	3.84	5.51	3.02	-	3.76	4.97
Poland	40.57	26.99	24.14	11.41	11.31	7.97	6.96	3.89	2.45	0.29	4.59	2.85

Seat distribution by constituency

Constituency	PiS	PO	SRP	SLD	LPR	PSL	MN	Sum
1 – Legnica	4	3	2	2	1	-	-	12
2 – Wałbrzych	3	3	1	1	-	-	-	8
3 – Wrocław	5	6	1	1	1	-	-	14
4 – Bydgoszcz	4	3	1	3	1	-	-	12
5 – Toruń	3	3	3	2	1	1	-	13
6 – Lublin	5	3	2	1	2	2	-	15
7 – Chełm	3	1	3	1	2	2	-	12
8 – Zielona Góra	3	4	1	2	1	1	-	12
9 – Łódź	3	3	1	2	1	-	-	10
10 – Piotrków Trybunalski	3	1	2	1	1	1	-	9
11 – Sieradz	3	2	3	2	1	1	-	12
12 – Chrzanów	4	2	-	1	1	-	-	8
13 – Kraków	6	5	-	1	1	-	-	13
14 – Nowy Sącz	4	2	1	-	1	1	-	9
15 – Tarnów	4	2	1	-	1	1	-	9
16 – Płock	3	2	2	1	-	2	-	10
17 – Radom	3	1	2	1	1	1	-	9
18 – Siedlce	4	2	2	1	1	2	-	12
19 – Warsaw I	7	8	-	3	1	-	-	19
20 – Warsaw II	4	4	1	1	1	-	-	11
21 – Opole	3	4	2	1	1	-	2	13
22 – Krosno	4	2	1	1	2	1	-	11
23 – Rzeszów	7	3	1	1	2	1	-	15
24 – Białystok	5	3	2	2	2	1	-	15
25 – Gdańsk	4	6	1	1	-	-	-	12
26 – Gdynia	4	6	1	2	1	-	-	14
27 – Bielsko-Biała	4	3	-	1	1	-	-	9
28 – Częstochowa	3	2	1	1	-	-	-	7
29 – Gliwice	4	4	1	1	-	-	-	10
30 – Rybnik	4	4	-	1	-	-	-	9
31 – Katowice	5	6	-	1	-	-	-	12
32 – Sosnowiec	3	3	-	2	1	-	-	9
33 – Kielce	5	3	3	2	1	2	-	16
34 – Elbląg	2	2	2	1	-	1	-	8
35 – Olsztyn	3	3	1	1	1	1	-	10
36 – Kalisz	3	3	2	2	1	1	-	12
37 – Konin	2	2	3	1	-	1	-	9
38 – Piła	2	3	1	2	-	1	-	9
39 – Poznań	4	5	-	1	-	-	-	10
40 – Koszalin	2	2	3	1	-	-	-	8
41 – Szczecin	4	4	2	2	1	-	-	13
Total	155	133	56	55	34	25	2	460

Aftermath

Negotiations between PiS and PO about forming the new government collapsed in late October, precipitated by disagreement regarding who would be speaker of the Sejm. On 1 November the PiS announced a minority government headed by Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz as the new Prime Minister. The negotiations were affected by the 9 October presidential election, where the PiS victor Lech Kaczyński is the twin brother of the PiS leader Jarosław Kaczyński; Jarosław Kaczyński had declared that he would not become the Prime Minister if his brother wins the election. The constitutional requirement to form a government within a set time period also heated up the coalition negotiations.

A major stumbling block against forming a coalition was the PO's insistence on receiving the Interior portfolio if it were to enter a coalition government with the PiS, to prevent one party from controlling all three of the "power" ministries (Security, Justice and Interior) that control the police and security services. The PO also opposed a "tactical alliance" between the PiS and Samoobrona, who share eurosceptic and populists sentiments, although differing on economic policy. The election campaign, in which both centre-right parties competed mainly against each other rather than parties on the left, accentuated differences and created an antagonistic relationship between the two parties.

The minority government depended on the support of the radical Samoobrona and the deeply conservative League of Polish Families (LPR) to govern, a situation that made many of those hoping for a PiS/PO coalition uneasy. On 5 May 2006 PiS formed a coalition government with Samoobrona and LPR.

In July 2006, Marcinkiewicz tendered his resignation, following reports of a rift with PiS party leader Kaczyński. Kaczyński formed a new government and was sworn-in on July 14, finally becoming prime minister.

The SLD's severe defeat sent the party into a sharp decline from which it has never recovered; it ultimately lost all of its remaining seats in 2015 though it regained some ground in 2019.

Further reading

• Markowski, Radosław (September 2006). "The Polish elections of 2005: Pure chaos or a restructuring of the party system?". West European Politics. 29 (4): 814–832. doi:10.1080/01402380600842452.

References

1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1491 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7

External links

• Poland's elections 2005: Full Coverage Axis Globe
• Brief Information About the Participants Axis Globe
• Elections 2005 Polish National Electoral Commission
• The Polish lifeboat Analysis from Adam Szostkiewicz
• Return of the right The Economist, 28 September 2005
• Minority government for Poles after coalition talks collapse Financial Times, 1 November 2005