List of unclassified languages of South America

The following lists of unclassified languages of South America are drawn from Campbell (2012), Loukotka (1968), Ethnologue, and Glottolog.

Campbell (2012)
See also: Classification schemes for indigenous languages of the Americas § Campbell (2012)

Campbell (2012:116-130) lists the following 395 languages of South America as unclassified. Most are extinct.[1] Many were drawn from Loukotka (1968)[2] and Adelaar & Muysken (2004).[3] The majority are not listed in Ethnologue. The list is arranged in alphabetical order.

Some of the greater families of South America: dark spots are language isolates or quasi-isolate, grey spots unclassified languages or languages with doubtful classification.
  • Aarufi – Colombia
  • Aburuñe – Bolivia
  • Acarapi – Brazil
  • Aconipa (Tabancal, Tabancara) – Ecuador; only 5 words known
  • Aguano (Awano, Ahuano, Uguano, Aguanu, Santa Crucino) – Peru
  • Alarua – Brazil
  • Alon – Peru
  • Amasifuin – Peru
  • Amikoana (Amikuân) – Brazil
  • Amoeca – Brazil
  • Amuimo – Brazil
  • Anetine – Bolivia
  • Angara – Peru
  • Anicun – Brazil
  • Anserma (including Caramanta, Cartama) – Colombia
  • Aparea – Argentina
  • Apitupá – Brazil
  • Apiyipán – Bolivia
  • Aracadaini – Brazil
  • Arae – Brazil
  • Aramayu – Brazil
  • Aramurú – Brazil
  • Arapoá – Brazil
  • Arara do Beiradão (Arara do Rio Branco, Arara do Aripuanã) – Brazil
  • Ararau – Brazil
  • Arda – Peru, Colombia [a purported language isolate called "Arda" has no relation, but was a misidentified vocabulary of the West African language Popo (Gen)]
  • Arma-Pozo – Colombia (cf. Arma)
  • Aroásene – Brazil
  • Artane – Bolivia
  • Atavila – Peru
  • Aticum (Araticum) – Brazil
  • Atunceta – Colombia
  • Aueiko – Brazil
  • Avis – Brazil
  • Axata Darpa – Paraguay
  • Ayacore – Peru
  • Bagua – Peru; only 3 words known
  • Baixóta – Brazil
  • Bakurönchichi – Brazil
  • Bauá – Brazil
  • Bikutiakap – Brazil
  • Bixarenren – Brazil
  • Boimé (Poyme) – Brazil
  • Bolona – Ecuador
  • Bracamoro (Papamuru) – Peru
  • Buritiguara – Brazil
  • Caapina – Brazil
  • Cachipuna – Peru
  • Cafuana – Brazil
  • Cagua – Colombia
  • Caguan (Kaguan) – Argentina
  • Cahan – Brazil
  • Cajamarca – Peru
  • Cajatambo – Peru
  • Camana (Maje) – Peru
  • Camaraxo – Brazil
  • Camaré – Brazil
  • Campaces – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan, with Tsafiki, but unconfirmed
  • Canelo – Ecuador
  • Cañacure – Bolivia
  • Capueni – Brazil
  • Capua – Brazil
  • Cara (Scyri, Caranqui, Otavalo) – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan
  • Carabayo (Yuri, "Amazonas Macusa")
  • Caraguata – Brazil
  • Carapacho – Peru
  • Carára – Brazil
  • Carari – Brazil, Amazonas. A short word-list.
  • Cararú (Cajurú) – Brazil
  • Caripó (Curupeche) – Brazil
  • Cascoasoa – Peru
  • Casigara – Brazil
  • Casota – Argentina
  • Cauacaua (Kawakawa) – Brazil
  • Cauauri – Brazil
  • Caucahue – southern Chile
  • Cauni – Brazil
  • Caupuna – Brazil
  • Cavana (Maje) – Peru
  • Caxago – Brazil
  • Cayú – Brazil
  • Ceococe – Brazil
  • Chachapoya (Chacha) – Peru
  • Chancay – Brazil
  • Chechehet ("Pampa") – Argentina; Loukotka (1968) gives the words chivil 'two', chu 'earth', and hati great.
  • Chedua – Peru
  • Chicha – Bolivia
  • Chincha – Peru
  • Chinchipe – Peru
  • Chipiajes – Colombia
  • Chitarero – Colombia
  • Cholto – Peru
  • Chongo – Peru
  • Chono – Chile
  • Chumbivilca – Peru; possibly a variety of Puquina; might be Aymaran
  • Chunanawa – Peru
  • Churima – Bolivia
  • Chusco – Peru
  • Ciaman – Colombia
  • Cognomona – Peru
  • Colima[4] – Ecuador; possibly Cariban
  • Comanahua – Peru
  • Comaní – Brazil
  • Comechingón – near Córdoba, Argentina; possibly Huarpean
  • Copallén (Copallín) – Peru; only 4 words known
  • Coritananhó – Brazil
  • Coxima (Koxima) – Colombia
  • Culaycha – Argentina
  • Cumayari – Brazil
  • Cumbazá (Belsano) – Peru
  • Curanave – Brazil
  • Curi – Brazil
  • Curiane – northeastern South America; precise location unknown
  • Curierano – Brazil
  • Curizeta – Peru
  • Curubianan – Brazil
  • Curumiá – Brazil
  • Curumro (Kurumro) – Paraguay
  • Curuzirari – Brazil
  • Cutaguá – Brazil
  • Cutría – Brazil
  • Cuximiraíba – Brazil
  • Cuxiuára – Brazil
  • Damanivá – Brazil
  • Dawainomol – Paraguay
  • Demacuri – Brazil
  • Diaguita (Cacan, Kakán) – northwest Argentina; subdivisions are Calchaquí, Capayán, Catamarcano, Hualfín, Paccioca [Pazioca], Pular, Quilme, Yacampis
  • Divihet – Argentina
  • Dokoro – Brazil
  • Duri – Brazil
  • Egualo – Argentina
  • Eimi – Peru
  • Emischata – Argentina
  • Envuelo – Colombia
  • Erema – Brazil
  • Ewarhuyana – Brazil; possibly 12 speakers in Pará State
  • Foklása – Brazil
  • Gadio – Brazil
  • Galache – Brazil
  • Gambéla – Brazil
  • Gorgotoqui – Bolivia
  • Goyana – Brazil
  • Guaca (and Nori) – Colombia
  • Guacará – Argentina
  • Guadaxo – Brazil
  • Guaimute – Brazil
  • Guajarapo (Guasaroca) – Bolivia
  • Guanaca – Colombia; possibly a relative of Guambiano (Barbacoan)
  • Guane – Colombia; possibly Chibchan
  • Guanarú – Brazil
  • Guanavena – Brazil
  • Guarino – Brazil
  • Guenta – Colombia
  • Guyarabe – Brazil
  • Hacaritama – Colombia
  • Harritiahan – Brazil
  • Hiauahim (Javaim) – Brazil
  • Himarimã – Brazil; uncontacted group
  • Huacavilca – Ecuador; extinct
  • Huambuco – Peru; might be a misspelling of Huánuco
  • Huayana – Peru
  • Huayla – Peru
  • Humahuaca (Omaguaca) – Argentina; apparent subdivisions are Fiscara, Jujuy, Ocloya, Osa, Purmamarca, Tiliar; Mason (1950:302) proposed an "Ataguitan" grouping that includes Humahuaca, Diaguita, and Atacameño
  • Iapama – Brazil
  • Ibabi Aniji – Peru
  • Idabaez[5] – Colombia; only 1 word and a chief's name are known; Pacific coast, Bahía Solano to Cape Marzo in Colombia (Loukotka 1968)
  • Imaré – Brazil
  • Ina – Brazil
  • Iñajurupé – Brazil
  • Irra – Colombia
  • Iruri – Brazil
  • Isolados do Massaco (?) – Brazil
  • Isolados do Tanarú (?) – Brazil
  • Itipuna – Brazil
  • Itucá (Cuacá) – Brazil
  • Jacariá – Brazil
  • Jaguanai – Brazil
  • Jaguanan – Brazil
  • Jamundi – Colombia; may be Yurimangui, but no data
  • Jeticó (Jiripancó) – Brazil
  • Jitirijiti – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data
  • Jurema – Brazil
  • Juruena – Brazil
  • Jururu – Brazil
  • Kaimbé (Caimbé, Caimbe) – Brazil; extinct
  • Kamba (Camba) – Brazil; possibly Tupian, extinct
  • Kambiwá (Cambiuá, Cambioá) – Brazil; extinct
  • Kantaruré[6] – Brazil
  • Kapinawá – Brazil; extinct
  • Karahawyana – Brazil; possibly Cariban
  • Katembri (Kariri de Mirandela) – Brazil
  • Kiapüre (Quiapyre) – Brazil
  • Kohoroxitari – possibly Tocanoan; may be the same as Baniwa
  • Kokakôre – Brazil
  • Komokare – Brazil
  • Korubo (Caceteiros) – Brazil; possibly Panoan; may be the same as Marúbo, or related to Yanomámi [Yanomaman]
  • Koshurái – Brazil
  • Kururu – Brazil
  • Lache – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data
  • Lambi – Brazil
  • Lili – Colombia; may be Yurimangui, but no data
  • Llamish – Peru
  • Macamasu – Brazil
  • Macarú – Brazil
  • Macuani – Brazil
  • Macuaré – Brazil
  • Macuja – Brazil
  • Macuruné – Brazil
  • Mairajiqui – Brazil
  • Malaba – Ecuador; may be Barbacoa (Chibchan), but no data
  • Malibú – Colombia; possibly Chibchan
  • Malquesi – Paraguay
  • Manesono (Mopeseano) – Bolivia
  • Manta – Ecuador; possibly Chimú, but only a few patronyms are known
  • Maracano – Brazil
  • Marapaña – Brazil
  • Maricoxi – Brazil
  • Maricupi – Brazil
  • Maripá – Brazil
  • Maruquevene – Brazil
  • Masa – Argentina
  • Masarari – Brazil
  • Masaya – Colombia
  • Mashco – Peru; uncontacted, possibly related to Piro (Arawakan), or "Preandine" (Arawakan)
  • Matará – Argentina
  • Maynas (Mayna, Maina, Rimachu) – Peru; past attempts to link it to Jivaroan, Cahuapanan, Zaparoan, and Candoshi
  • Maxiena (Ticomeri) – Bolivia
  • Mayu – Brazil; possibly the same as Mayo (Panoan) or Morike (Arawakan); mayu is the Quechuan word for 'river, water'
  • Menejou – Brazil
  • Minhahá – Brazil
  • Miarrã – Brazil
  • Mocana – Brazil; may be related to Malibú, but only 2 words known
  • Moheyana – Brazil
  • Morcote – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data
  • Moriquito – Brazil
  • Morua – Brazil
  • Moyobamba (Moyo-Pampa) – Peru
  • Muriva – Brazil
  • Muzapa – Peru
  • Muzo[7] – Colombia; may be Pijao (Cariban), but only 3 words known
  • Natagaimas – Colombia; extinct
  • Nacai – Brazil
  • Nambu – Bolivia
  • Nauna – Brazil
  • Nindaso – Peru
  • Nocadeth – Brazil
  • Nomona – Peru
  • Ñumasiara – Brazil
  • Ocra – Peru
  • Ocren – Brazil
  • Ohoma – Argentina; may be the same as Hohoma or Mahoma
  • Oivaneca – Brazil
  • Olmos – Peru; possibly connected with Sechura
  • Onicoré – Brazil
  • Onoyóro – Brazil
  • Orí – Brazil
  • Ortue – Bolivia
  • Otecua – Peru
  • Otegua – Colombia
  • Otí (Eochavante, Chavante) – Brazil; Greenberg classifies it as Macro-Gé, though this is unlikely according to Ribeiro (2006:422)
  • Pacabuey – Colombia; may be Malibú (Chibchan), but no data
  • Pacarará (Pakarara) – Brazil
  • Pacimonari – Venezuela
  • Paguara – Brazil
  • Panatagua (Pantahua) – Peru; extinct, possibly Arawakan
  • Panche[8] – Colombia; possibly Cariban
  • Pankararé (Pankaré) – Bahía, Brazil; extinct
  • Pantágora (Palenque) – Colombia
  • Pao – Venezuela
  • Papamiän – Brazil
  • Papana – Brazil
  • Papavô – Brazil; uncontacted, may be Arawakan or Panoan (?)
  • Paragoaru – Brazil?
  • Paraparixana – Brazil
  • Parapicó – Brazil
  • Patagón – Peru; possibly Cariban
  • Patiti – Brazil
  • Payacú – Brazil
  • Payanso – Peru
  • Pehuenche (Peguenche) – Argentina
  • Peria (Poria) – Brazil
  • Perovosan – Bolivia
  • Piapia – Brazil
  • Pijao (Piajao, Pixao, Pinao) – Colombia
  • Pipipan – Brazil
  • Pocoana – Brazil
  • Porcá – Brazil
  • Porú (Procáze) – Brazil
  • Pubenza [Popayan] – Colombia
  • Puná (Puná Island) – Ecuador
  • Puquina – Peru, Bolivia, Chile
  • Quelosi – Argentina
  • Querandí (Carendie)[9] – Argentina, near Buenos Aires; may be related to Gününa Küne. Loukotka (1968) gives the words zobá 'moon' and afia 'bow'
  • Quiquidcana (Quidquidcana, Kikidkana) – Peru
  • Quijo (Kijo) – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Chibchan), but only 3 words are known
  • Quillacinga (Quillasinga)[10] – Ecuador; may be Sebondoy (Chibchan); Fabre (1998:676) reports that the Kamsa (speakers of a language isolate) are descended, at least in part, from the Quillasinga
  • Quimbaya – Colombia; may be Chocó, but only 1 word is known
  • Quimbioá – Brazil
  • Quindío (Quindio) – Colombia
  • Quingnam – Peru; extinct, possibly the same as Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora of colonial sources; according to Quilter et al. (2010), a list of numbers was recently found
  • Qurigmã – Brazil
  • Rabona – Ecuador; possibly Candoshi (Murato), but there are similarities with Aguaruna (Jivaroan)
  • Roramí (Oramí) – Brazil
  • Sácata (Sacata, Zácata, Chillao) – Peru; extinct; may be Candoshi or Arawakan, but only 3 words known
  • Sacosi – Bolivia
  • Sacracrinha (Sequaquirihen) – Brazil
  • Sanavirón – Argentina, near Córdova. Loukotka classified it as an isolate, but there is insufficient data to justify this.
  • Sapeiné – Peru
  • Seden – Brazil
  • Siberi – Bolivia
  • Sintó (Assek, Upsuksinta) – Paraguay
  • Sinú (Zenú) – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data
  • Sipisipi – Peru
  • Socorino – Bolivia
  • Stanatevogyet – Paraguay
  • Supuselo – Argentina
  • Surucosi – Bolivia
  • Suruim – Brazil
  • Tacunbiacu – Bolivia
  • Taguaylen – Argentina
  • Tacarúba (Tacarua) – Brazil
  • Taluhet – Argentina
  • Tamacosi – Bolivia
  • Tamaní – Colombia
  • Tamaquéu – Brazil
  • Tamararé – Brazil
  • Tambaruré – Brazil
  • Taminani – Brazil
  • Tanquihua – Peru
  • Tapacurá – Brazil
  • Tapeba – Brazil
  • Tapuisú – Brazil
  • Tarairiú (Tarairiu, Ochucuyana) – Brazil
  • Tarimoxi – Brazil
  • Taripio – Brazil, Suriname
  • Tavúri – Brazil
  • Tchagoyána – Brazil
  • Tchicoyna – Brazil
  • Tegua – Colombia
  • Tepqui – Peru
  • Tevircacap – Brazil
  • Tiboi – Bolivia
  • Timaná – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan)
  • Tingán – Peru
  • Tingui-Boto – Brazil; extinct; also known as Tingui, Tingui-Botó, Carapató, Karapató
  • Tobachana – Brazil
  • Tohazana – Venezuela
  • Tomata – Bolivia
  • Tomina – Bolivia
  • Tonocoté – Argentina, Chaco region
  • Tororí – Brazil
  • Truká – Brazil
  • Tremembé (Teremembé, Taramembé) – Brazil
  • Tubichaminí
  • Tucumanduba – Brazil
  • Tulumayo – Peru
  • Tupijó – Brazil
  • Tupiokón – Brazil
  • Tutura – Bolivia
  • Uairua – Brazil
  • Uauarate – Brazil
  • Uranaju – Brazil
  • Urucuai – Brazil
  • Uruma – Brazil
  • Uru-Pa-In – Brazil
  • Urupuca – Brazil
  • Ururi – Brazil, Mato Grosso
  • Vanherei – Brazil
  • Vouve – Brazil
  • Waitaká (Guaitacá, Goyatacá, Goytacaz) – Brazil; subdivisions: Mopi, Yacorito, Wasu, Miri
  • Wakoná (Wacona, Acona) – Brazil
  • Walêcoxô – Brazil
  • Wasu (Waçu, Wassu) – Brazil
  • Wau – Peru
  • Xaquese – Bolivia
  • Xaray – Bolivia
  • Xibata – Brazil
  • Xipará – Brazil
  • Xiroa – Ecuador; mentioned in early sources, and may be a variant spelling of Jívaro
  • Xokó – Brazil; only 4 words are known; also known as Chocó, Shoco, Shokó, Chocaz
  • Yalcón – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan), but no data
  • Yamesí – Colombia; may be Andaquí (Chibchan), but no data
  • Yampará – Bolivia
  • Yaperú (Naperú, Apirú) – Paraguay
  • Yarí – Colombia; may be a Carijona (Cariban dialect), West Tucanoan, or Huitoto[an]
  • Yariguí (Yarigüí) – Colombia; may be Opone (Karaib), but no data (Yarigui people)
  • Yauei – Brazil
  • Yenmu – Colombia
  • Yoemanai – Brazil
  • Yufiua – Brazil
  • Yumbo – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Chibchan), but no data
  • Zapazo – Peru
  • Zuana – Brazil
  • Yurimagua (Zurimagua, Jurimagua) – Peru
  • Zurina – Brazil

Loukotka (1968)
See also: Classification schemes for indigenous languages of the Americas § Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following languages of South America as unclassified. Most are extinct unless otherwise noted.

Southern South America and Chacos Region

Divisions A (South) and B (Chaco) (Loukotka 1968: 63):

  • Aperea – unknown language of the old mission of Santiago Sánchez in the province of Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Axata Darpa – unknown language of an unknown tribe of the Gran Chaco of Paraguay.
  • Casota – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Culaycha – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Dawainomol – unknown language from the Gran Chaco of Paraguay.
  • Divihet – Colorado River and Sauce Chico River, province of La Pampa, Argentina.
  • Egualo – unknown language of the old mission of Santiago Sánchez, province of Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Emischata – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Jaguanan – Iguape, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
  • Kaguan – mission of Santiago Sánchez, Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Kurumro – language of an unknown tribe of the Paraguayan Gran Chaco.
  • Malquesi – western shore of Laguna Porongos, province of Córdoba, Argentina.
  • Masa – unknown language of the old mission of Santiago Sánchez.
  • Ohoma – extinct and unknown language near the old mission of Homa or Ohoma, province of Corrientes, Argentina.
  • Peguenche non-araucano – a lost language of the Neuquén province, Argentina.
  • Quelosi – unknown language east of the Mar Chiquita, province of Córdoba, Argentina.
  • Sintó or Assek or Upsuksinta – language of an unknown tribe in the interior of the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, north of the Choroti tribe.
  • Stanatevogyet – unknown language of the Paraguayan Gran Chaco.
  • Supeselb – lost language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes province.
  • Taguaylen – lost language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes province.

Central Brazil

Division C (Central Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 86-87):

  • Arae – unknown language left bank of the Araguaia River south of Bananal Island.
  • Buritiguara – unknown language state of Mato Grosso near the confluence of the Araguaia River and Manso River.
  • Cahan – Iguatimí River (Iguatemi River) and Espocil River, state of Mato Grosso.
  • Curumiá – sources of the Brilhante River, Mato Grosso.
  • Cutaguá – state of Mato Grosso on the Dourados River.
  • Gaelio – state of Espirito Santo, exact locality unknown.
  • Guadaxo – upper course of the Anhandui River, Mato Grosso.
  • Guaimute – near the falls of Salto Grande, Espirito Santo.
  • Guariteré – Mato Grosso, exact locality unknown.
  • Imaré – Taquari River, state of Mato Grosso.
  • Ina – unknown language, Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Iñajurupé – lost language of the old mission of Gracioso, Goiás state.
  • Jurema – unknown language of Piauí state, exact locality unknown.
  • Kokakôre – Mato Grosso state along the Tocantins River.
  • Komokare – unknown language of Goiás state, exact locality unknown.
  • Koróge – Pogúbe River (Poguba River), Mato Grosso.
  • Kururu – state of Mato Grosso on the Carinhanha River.
  • Macuruné – Mucunis River (Mucuri River ?), state of Minas Gerais.
  • Papana – between the Doce River and Jequitinhonha River, Minas Gerais.
  • Urupuca – Urupuca River (Urupaça River), Minas Gerais.
  • Ururi – state of Mato Grosso, exact location unknown.
  • Vanherei – sources of the Piquiri River, state of Mato Grosso.
  • Yaperú or Naperú or Apirú – Paraguay near Asunción.

Northeast Brazil

Division D (Northeast Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 92-95):

  • Aconan or Wakoná – originally spoken around Lagoa Comprida and in Penedo; now survivors of the original tribe who speak only Portuguese are found in the city of Porto Real do Colégio.
  • Anicun – source of the Uruhu River (Uru River) and Dos Bois River.
  • Apitupá – unknown language, Aquitipi River, Bahia state.
  • Aramurú – state of Sergipe on the São Francisco River.
  • Arapoá – around Jaboatão in the state of Pernambuco.
  • Arariú – unknown language near Meruoca on the Acatajú River, state of Ceará.
  • Aticum or Araticum – Pernambuco, near Carnaubeira. The survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Avis – unknown language of the state of Pernambuco, valley of the Pajeú River.
  • Baixóta – now speak Portuguese in the Serra Catolé, Pernambuco.
  • Boime or Poyme – state of Sergipe near Aracajú on the São Francisco River.
  • Caimbé – village of Masacara near Mirandela, state of Bahia. The survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Camaraxo – between Ilhéus and Serra dos Aimorés, state of Bahia.
  • Cambioá – Serra Negra, Pernambuco state.
  • Cararú or Cajurú – Soroabé Island in the São Francisco River, Pernambuco state.
  • Caripó or Curupehe – São Francisco River near Boa Vista, Pernambuco.
  • Caxago – state of Sergipe on the São Francisco River.
  • Ceococe – São Pedro, Pernambuco and Serra Pão de Açúcar, Pernambuco.
  • Foklása – state of Pernambuco in the Serra dos Cavalos.
  • Galache – near Macaubas, state of Bahia.
  • Gambéla – unknown language near Ourém and São José, Maranhão state.
  • Guarino – middle course of the Tijuco River, Mato Grosso.
  • Itucá or Cuacá – originally spoken in the Serra Negra, Pernambuco state. The last survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Jeriticó or Jiripancó – village of Pindaé near Brejo dos Padres in Tacaratu, Pernambuco. Survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Jururu – state of Ceará, but exact location is unknown.
  • Macamasu – an the exact location of which is unknown.
  • Macarú – village of Brejo dos Padres, Tacaratu. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Mairajiqui – Bahia de Todos os Santos, state of Bahia.
  • Moriquito – Alagoas state on the lower course of the São Francisco River.
  • Nacai – Aquitipi River, Bahia.
  • Ocren – Bahia on the São Francisco River near Salitre.
  • Orí – Bahia, between the Itapicuru River and Vaza-Barris River.
  • Pacarará – state of Pernambuco in the Serra Cacaréa and Serra Arapuá.
  • Parapicó – Serra Comonati, Pernambuco.
  • Peria or Poria – village of Rodelas, Bahia. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese.
  • Pipipan – lower course of the Moxotó River, Pernambuco.
  • Porcá – on Várgea Island in the São Francisco River, Pernambuco.
  • Porú or Procáze – originally spoken in the Serra Nhumarana and Serra Cassuca, later on the Várgea Islands and Nossa Senhora de O Islands in the São Francisco River. Now probably extinct.
  • Quiambioá – Serra Negra, Pernambuco.
  • Qurigmã – the first inhabitants of São Salvador Bay (Salvador, Bahia), state of Bahia.
  • Romarí or Omarí – originally spoken in the Serra de Pao de Açúcar, state of Pernambuco. Now there are a few survivors with an unknown language in the village of Propriá, Sergipe state.
  • Sacracrinha or Sequaquirihen – state of Bahia near the mouth of the Salitre River in the São Francisco River.
  • Tacarúba or Tacarua – island of Soroabé in the São Francisco River, state of Pernambuco.
  • Tamaquéu – São Francisco River in the state of Pernambuco, at the confluence with the Salitre River.
  • Tchili – city of Cimbres, Pernambuco.
  • Teremembe or Tremembé or Taramembé – originally spoken by a tribe on the coast between the mouth of the Monim River and the mouth of the Chorro River (Choró River), state of Ceará.
  • Tupijó – state of Bahia by the neighbors of the Maracá tribe.
  • Uruma – state of Sergipe on the São Francisco River.
  • Vouve – Piancó River, Pernambuco state.
  • Walêcoxô – unknown language from the city of Cimbres, Pernambuco.
  • Xibata – unknown language of a tribe in the state of Ceará. Exact location is unknown.

North Central South America

Tropical North Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 165-168):

  • Aburuñe – Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Anetine – near Mojos, Bolivia.
  • Apiyipán – language of an unknown tribe of the Aripuanã River, Amazonas.
  • Artane – unknown language of Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Aueiko – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Bakurönchichi – language of an unknown tribe of the Branco River, Rondônia.
  • Bikutiakap – unknown language from Brazil, spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River.
  • Bixarenren – Tiucunti River, a tributary of the Jamachiua River, Rondônia.
  • Cabixi – Steinen River, Mato Grosso.
  • Cañacure – Mamoré River, Bolivia.
  • Capua – spoken on the Rolim de Moura River, Rondônia.
  • Cayú – spoken on the left bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
  • Churima – old mission of San José de Maharenos, Beni province, Bolivia.
  • Cutriá – spoken on the middle course of the Branco River, Rondônia.
  • Cuximiraíba – spoken at the mouth of the Aripuanã River, Amazonas.
  • Djupá – spoken on the Ji-Paraná River, Rondônia.
  • Dokoro – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Duri – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Erema – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Guajarapo or Guasaroca – around Villa María and Santa Ana de Chiquitos, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
  • Hiauahim or Javaim – "a tribe of cannibals" on the middle course of the Tapajós River, Pará state, Brazil.
  • Iruri – right bank of the Madeira River, between the Maici River and Aripuanã River, Amazonas.
  • Juruena – spoken on the Juruena River, Mato Grosso.
  • Kiapüre or Quiapyre – Mequéns River, Rondônia.
  • Koshurái – language of an unknown tribe on the lower course of the Ji-Paraná River, Amazonas.
  • Lambi – extiuct language between the Branco River and São Miguel River, Rondônia.
  • Macuarê – spoken on the left bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
  • Manesono or Mopeseano – old mission of San Francisco Borja, Beni province, Bolivia.
  • Marapanã – spoken by an unknown tribe on the right bank of the Uaimberê River (Uimeerê River), a tributary of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
  • Maricoxi – sources of the Branco River, Rondônia.
  • Maxiena or Ticomeri – Mojos Plains west of the mission of Trinidad, Beni province, Bolivia.
  • Minhahá – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Muriva – mouth of the Jamachim River (Jamanxim River) to the Tapajós River, Pará state, Brazil.
  • Nambu – Guapay River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
  • Nocadeth – spoken on the Aripuanã River, state of Amazonas.
  • Onicoré – between the mouths of the Manicoré River and Marmelos River, state of Amazonas.
  • Onoyóro – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Ortue – on Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Papamiän – spoken on the São Simão River, Rondônia.
  • Paraparixami – between the Manicoré River and Aninde River, Amazonas.
  • Patiti – Rondônia territory on the Mequéns River.
  • Perovosan – south of the Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Piapai – between the Jamachim River (Jamanxim River) and Iriri River, state of Pará.
  • Sacosi – ancient Puerto de los Reyes, Bolivia.
  • Siberi – on Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Socorino – Bolivia.
  • Surucosi – Bolivia.
  • Suruim – spoken on the right bank of the Machado River, Rondônia.
  • Tacunbiacu – between the Guapay River and the Chiquitos Plains, Bolivia.
  • Tamacosi – Guapay River near La Barranca, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
  • Tamararé – sources of the Juruena River and Galera River, Mato Grosso.
  • Tambaruré – Rondônia at the mouth of the Apaxoná River.
  • Tapacurá – Tapacurá-assú River, state of Pará.
  • Tarimoxi – language of an unknown tribe to the north of the Guratégaja tribe, Rondônia.
  • Tavúri – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Tevircacap – spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
  • Tiboi – unknown language, exact location unknown, Bolivia.
  • Ticaõ or Tonore or Chikaõ – language of an unknown tribe on the right bank of the Culiseú River, a tributary of the Xingú River, Mato Grosso.
  • Tororí – right bank of the Madeira River north of the Parintintin tribe, state of Amazonas.
  • Tupiokón – unknown language spoken on the Paxiúba River, Mato Grosso.
  • Urucuai – Corumbiara River, Rondônia.
  • Xacuruina – Sangue River, Mato Grosso.
  • Xaquese – Puerto de los Reyes, Bolivia.
  • Xaray – Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
  • Yauei – left bank of the Madeira River across from the mouth of the Aripuanã River, state of Amazonas.
  • Zurina – mouth of the Mamoriá River, Amazonas.

South Central South America

Tropical South Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 178-179):

  • Alon – Huambo River, department of San Martín, Peru.
  • Amasifuin – right bank of the Huallaga River, Peru.
  • Ayacore – Curaray River, Loreto, Peru.
  • Becaba – department of Loreto near San Miguel, on the Putumayo River.
  • Bracamoro or Papamuru – near the city of Jaén, department of Cajamarca, Peru.
  • Chedua – department of San Martín on the Huambo River.
  • Chinchipe – department of Cajamarca on the Chinchipe River.
  • Chupacho – Monzón River and Chinchao River, department of Huánuco.
  • Cognomona – Cognomona region on the upper course of the Huallaga River.
  • Comanahua – department of Huánuco by the neighbors of the Tepqui tribe.
  • Cumbazá or Belsano – between Santa Catalina and Yanayacu, department of San Martín.
  • Curizeta – Cosanga River, Loreto, Peru.
  • Eimi – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Napo River, department of Loreto.
  • Ibabi Aniji – language of an unknown tribe of Peru. (Alvarez 1938)
  • Muzapa – by the neighbors of the Cognomona tribe in the department of San Martín.
  • Otecua – spoken on the Sucumbío River, Loreto.
  • Payanso – Chipurana River, Loreto.
  • Quidquidcana – department of Huánuco in the Magdalena Valley.
  • Sapeiné – language of an unknown tribe of the Napo River, Loreto.
  • Tepqui – Santa María River, Huánuco, Peru.
  • Tingán – spoken at the mouth of the Monzón River, Huánuco.
  • Tulumayo – Muna River, Azul River, and Aguaytia River, Huánuco.
  • Wau – language of an unknown tribe on the Coca River, Loreto.

Central South America

Tropical Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 196-198):

  • Aarufi – unknown language from the Quebrada de Oksikgnaná, territory of Caquetá, Colombia.
  • Acarapi – Parime River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil.
  • Alarua – between the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas state.
  • Amoeca – language of an unknown tribe living on the Morarô River, state of Amazonas.
  • Aracadaini – Corodoá River and Aroá River (Arauã River), tributaries of the Cunhuá River (Cuniuá River), state of Amazonas.
  • Arda – between the Nanay River and the upper course of the Mazán River, Loreto, Peru.
  • Bauá – Motum River and Corneg River, Amazonas.
  • Cafuana – Japurá River south of the Wariwa tribe.
  • Capueni – between the Amazon River and Ixié River, Amazonas.
  • Caraguara – between the Amazon River and Lake Anama.
  • Carari – mouth of the Mucoin River (Mucum River ?), Amazonas.
  • Casigara – mouth of the Juruá River.
  • Cauacaua or Kawakawa – Japurá River.
  • Cauni – between the Juruá River and Jutaí River, Amazonas.
  • Caupuna – mouth of the Purus River.
  • Cumayari – spoken by an unknown tribe of the Cumayari region.
  • Curi – Curi region south of the Pariana tribe.
  • Curuzirari – between the mouths of the Juruá River and Tefé River.
  • Cuxiuára – right bank of the Purus River near the mouth.
  • Envuelto – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Quebrada de Jirijirima, Caquetá territory, Colombia.
  • Guanarú – Juruá River, north of the Marawa tribe, Amazonas, Brazil.
  • Guyarabe – between the Amazon River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas.
  • Itipuna – between the Juruá River and Jutaí River.
  • Jacariá – Abuna River, territory of Rondônia, Brazil.
  • Jaguanai – between the mouth of the Japurá River and the Zuana tribe, Rondônia.
  • Jarauára – unknown language of a tribe living on the Apituán River and Curiá River, tributaries of the Cataichi River, Amazonas.
  • Macuja – spoken by an unknown tribe on the Poré River, Amazonas.
  • Mamori – language of an unknown tribe on the Cunhuá River.
  • Mariman – spoken on the Riozinho River, tributary of the Cunhuá River.
  • Maripá – Tonantins River, Amazonas.
  • Maruquevene – between the mouths of the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River.
  • Masarari – south of the Jutaí River, Amazonas.
  • Mayu – unknown language spoken on the Jaquirana River, tributary of the Javari River, Amazonas.
  • Morua – Japurá River south of the Maruquevene tribe.
  • Nauna – Jutaí River south of the Marawa tribe.
  • Ñumasiara – unknown language spoken on the Giraparaná River and Canamari River.
  • Paguara – Tefé River.
  • Pariana – mouth of the Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas.
  • Pauana – Cafua River, Amazonas.
  • Pocoana – between the Amazon River and Lake Maracaparu.
  • Taiguana – unknown language spoken in the Sierra Araracuára, Caquetá territory, Colombia.
  • Tamaní – unknown language spoken on the Quebrada de Tamaní in Caquetá territory, Colombia.
  • Tobachana – between the Juruá River and Juri River south of the Itipuna tribe, state of Amazonas.
  • Tucumanduba – spoken on the upper course of the Canacau River, a tributary of the Cunhuá River, Amazonas.
  • Uaia – Içá River west of the Passé tribe.
  • Uairua – between the Juruá River and Jaracui River.
  • Uauarate – Jutaí River north of the Catuquina tribe.
  • Yenmu – unknown language spoken on the Cure River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.
  • Yoemanai – right bank and at the mouth of the Purus River, Amazonas state, Brazil.
  • Yufiua – south of the Coeruna tribe on the Japurá River.
  • Zuana – Amazon River south of the mouth of the Cafua River, state of Amazonas.

Northeast South America

Tropical Northeast South America (Loukotka 1968: 228-230):

  • Amuimo – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Nhamundá River, state of Amazonas.
  • Aramayu – Oiapoque River, Amapá territory, Brazil.
  • Ararau – unknown language spoken on the Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.
  • Aroasene – unknown language spoken at the sources of the Nhamundá River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.
  • Caapina – between the Maicuru River and Jari River, state of Pará.
  • Camare – Camoó River (Camaiú River), a tributary of the Trombetas River, Amazonas.
  • Carara – sources of the Jatapu River, Amazonas.
  • Cauauri – south of the Curanave tribe, Amazonas.
  • Comanl – area north of Lake Saracó, state of Pará.
  • Coritanaho – Ajubacabo River, a tributary of the Trombetas River, state of Pará.
  • Curanave – west of the Negro River, Amazonas.
  • Curiane – language of a tribe the location of which is not known exactly.
  • Curierano – south of the sources of the Orinoco River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.
  • Curubianan – Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas
  • Damanivá – spoken on the Igarapé do Pacú; a tributary of the Caratirimani River and in the Serra do Urubu, Rio Branco territory.
  • Demacuri – spoken on the Caburi River (Cauaburi River) near São Pedro, state of Amazonas.
  • Goyana – lower course of the Branco River, territory of Rio Branco.
  • Guanavena – between the Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas.
  • Harritiahan – middle course of the Matapi River, Amapá territory.
  • Macuani – Oiapoque River, Amapá territory.
  • Maniba – unknown language spoken on the Inirida River and Pupunagua River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
  • Maracano – unknown language spoken on the central part of Maracá Island, Rio Branco territory, Brazil.
  • Maricupi – lower course of the Montoura River, Amapá territory.
  • Menejou – middle course of the Jarí River, Amapá territory.
  • Mepuri – middle course of the Negro River, south of the Baré tribe, state of Amazonas.
  • Moheyana – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the Erepecurú River and Acapú River, state of Pará.
  • Oivaneca – Tartarugal River, Amapá territory, Brazil.
  • Pacimonari – lower course of the Siapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.
  • Pao – Pao River, state of Monagas, Venezuela.
  • Paragoaru – Capó River.
  • Seden – between the Negro River and Uatumã River, Amazonas.
  • Taminani – Uaçá River and Curupi River (Curapi River), Amapá territory. All of the last survivors now speak only a French creole dialect.
  • Tapuisú – mouth of the Maicurú River, Amapá territory.
  • Taripio – unknown language of an unknown tribe that lived to the north of the Rangú tribe in the frontier area of the Brazilian state of Pará and Dutch Guiana.
  • Tchagoyána – unknown language spoken between the Erepecurú River and Acapú River, state of Pará.
  • Tchicoyna – unknown language spoken in the state of Pará, on the Cuátari River.
  • Tohazana – Venezuela.
  • Uranaju – middle course of the Araguari River, Amapá.
  • Waruwádu – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the Ventuari River and Erebato River, state of Bolívar; Venezuela.
  • Xipará – between the Urubu River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.

Northern Andes

Northern Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 259):

  • Chirú – southwest of the Coiba tribe, Panama.
  • Escoria – around the city of Santiago, Panama.
  • Guenta – department of Huila, Colombia.
  • Masaya – sources of the Caguán River, north of the Guaque tribe.
  • Natá – on Parita Bay, Panama.
  • Otegua – department of Huila, Colombia.
  • Urraca or Esquegua – north of the modern city of Cañazas, Panama.
  • Yeral – unknown language of Colombia, exact location unknown.

Former Inca Empire region

South Central Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 272-273):

  • Angara – ancient Inca province of Angara, department of Ayacucho, Peru.
  • Arequipa – department of Arequipa.
  • Atavila – ancient province of Canta, department of Lima.
  • Cachipuna – Puna de Quillpaco, department of Lima.
  • Cajamarca – around the city of Cajamarca.
  • Cajatambo – around the city of Cajatambo, department of Lima.
  • Camana or Maje – Majes River, Arequipa department.
  • Cavana – middle course of the Majes River, department of Arequipa.
  • Chachapoya – around the city of Chachapoya, Amazonas department, Peru. (Bandelier 1940, only a few toponyms.)
  • Chancay – Chancay River, department of Lima.
  • Chicha – Cordillera de Chorolque, Potosí province, Bolivia.
  • Chincha – Chincha River in the department of Ica.
  • Chongo – near the city of Jauja, Junín department.
  • Chucurpu or Chocorvo – spoken in the Conquest days at the sources of the Churchinga River, Huancavelica department.
  • Conchuco – around the city of Pomabamba, department of Ancash.
  • Cutervo or Huambo – sources of the Chancay River, department of Junín.
  • Huacho – around the city of Huacho, Lima department.
  • Huamachi – on Chongos Alto, department of Junín.
  • Huamachuco – Condebamba River, department of Libertad.
  • Huamalí – Panao River, Huánuco department.
  • Huamanga – Peru.
  • Huambuco – Chinchipe River, Amazonas department.
  • Huanca or Wanka – Mantaro River, Junín department, now Quechuanized.
  • Huayla – middle course of the Santa River, Ancash department, now Quechuanized.
  • Hunacabamba – Chamaya River, Piura department.
  • Ica – Ica River, Ica department.
  • Lampa – Pativilca River, Ancash department.
  • Llamish – department of Lima in the Cordillera de Huantán.
  • Mizque – Mizque River, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized.
  • Moquegua – department of Moquegua, Peru; possibly a dialect of Aymara.
  • Moyobamba – around the city of Moyobamba, San Martín department; now Quechuanized.
  • Nazca – mouth of the Grande River, Ica department.
  • Ocro – sources of the Santa River, Ancash department.
  • Pocra – Peru.
  • Rimac – spoken in the Conquest days around the capital of Peru, Lima.
  • Rucana – near Andamarca, Ayacucho department.
  • Sipisipi – Peru.
  • Sora – Pampas River, Apurimac department.
  • Supe – Huaura River, department of Lima.
  • Tanquihua – around the city of Ayacucho, department of Ayacucho.
  • Tarapaca – province of Tarapacá, Chile.
  • Tomata – near the city of Tupiza, Potosí province, Bolivia.
  • Tomina – between the Mizque River and Pilcomayo River, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized.
  • Tutura – around the city of Totora, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized.
  • Yampará – middle course of the Pilcomayo River, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia.
  • Yauyo – department of Lima, Peru, on the Mala River and Huaco River.

Ethnologue

Ethnologue 17 lists the following languages of South America as unclassified:

Additional languages at Glottolog

In addition to many of the languages above, Glottolog lists,

  • Apoto[11] - lower Amazon, unattested
  • Cálenche (Cálen) = Fayjatases[12] - Chile, 10 words
  • Envuelto[13] - Colombia, 9 words
  • Guachipa(s)[14] - Guachipas, Argentina, 3 words, Viegas Barros (2009)
  • Guaicaro (Guaïcaro) - Chile, possibly Alacalufan
  • Hoxa[15] - Colombia
  • Pacahuaras-Castillo[16] - Pacaguara, collected by Castillo
  • Payaya - Texas
  • Pitaguary[17] - Ceará, Brazil
  • Quepo(s)[18] - Quepos, Costa Rica, 1 word, Lehmann (1920:238)
  • Tapajó - 3 words
  • Tembey[19] - upper Paraná, 2 words, Ambrosetti (1896:332)
  • Unainuman[20] - Içá River basin, short word list, Adelaar & Brijnen 2014
  • Urucucú(s)[21] - Tapajós River, unattested (see under Tapajó language)
  • Yanacona[22] - name is the Quechua word for 'serf'; perhaps early Colombian Quechua

Other

Some additional languages have not made in into the lists above.[23]

  • Boreal Pehuelche - Argentina, 1 word (apparently not the same as Puelche)
  • Cabixi (Cabixi-Natterer) - Mato Grosso, Brazil, a short word-list.[24] The name 'Kabixí' is a generic name for any hostile group, and has been used for a number of unattested languages. An ISO code for it has been retired.
  • Enoo - Chile, a few words (a neighbor of the Alacalufe)
  • Gamela of Viana - Maranhão, Brazil, 19 words (Nimendajú 1937:64) - presumably the same as Gamela
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gollark: I *think* most sane PHP apps will be using run-webserver-sanely instead of one-file-per-page, at least.
gollark: Yes, that is not something you would want to use for *anything*.
gollark: - C-like includes (does PHP7 fix this?)
gollark: (well, often a security issue)

See also
Brazil

Further reading
  • Durbin, M.; Seijas, H. (1973). A Note on Panche, Pijao, Pantagora (Palenque), Colima and Muzo. International Journal of American Linguistics, 39:47-51.

References
  1. Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). 2012. The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  2. Loukotka, Čestmír. 1968. Classification of South American Indian Languages Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, UCLA.
  3. Adelaar, Willem F.H., and Pieter C. Muysken. 2004. The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  4. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Colima". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  5. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Idabaez". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  6. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kantarure". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  7. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Muzo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  8. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Panche". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  9. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Querandi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  10. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Quillacinga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  11. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Apoto". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  12. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Fayjatases". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  13. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Envuelto". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  14. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Guachipas". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  15. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Hoxa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  16. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pacahuaras-Castillo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  17. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pitaguary". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  18. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Quepos". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  19. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tembey". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  20. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Unainuman". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  21. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Urucucús". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  22. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yanacona". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  24. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "List of unclassified languages of South America". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
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