Mulukhiyah

Mulukhiyah or mulukhiyyah (Arabic: ملوخية‎ mulūkhiyyah) is the leaves of Corchorus olitorius, commonly known as Jew's mallow, Nalta jute, or tossa jute.[1][2] It is used as a vegetable. It is popular in Middle East, East African and North African countries and is called “Saluyot” in the Philippines. Mulukhiyah is rather bitter, and when boiled, the resulting liquid is a thick, highly mucilaginous broth; it is often described as "slimy", rather like cooked okra.[3][4] Mulukhiyah is generally eaten cooked, not raw, and is most frequently turned into a kind of soup or stew, typically bearing the same name as the vegetable in the local language. Traditionally mulukhiyah is cooked with chicken or at least chicken stock for flavor and is served with white rice, accompanied with lemon or lime.

See also: Corchorus

Seeds - Corchorus olitorius - MHNT

Jute, potherb, raw
(Corchorus olitorius)

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	142 kJ (34 kcal)
Carbohydrates	5.8 g
Fat	0.25 g
Protein	4.65 g
Vitamins	Quantity %DV^†
Vitamin A equiv.	35% 278 μg
Thiamine (B1)	12% 0.133 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	46% 0.546 mg
Niacin (B3)	8% 1.26 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)	1% 0.072 mg
Vitamin B6	46% 0.6 mg
Folate (B9)	31% 123 μg
Vitamin C	45% 37 mg
Minerals	Quantity %DV^†
Calcium	21% 208 mg
Iron	37% 4.76 mg
Magnesium	18% 64 mg
Manganese	6% 0.123 mg
Phosphorus	12% 83 mg
Potassium	12% 559 mg
Zinc	8% 0.79 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units
^†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Origins

While most scholars are of the opinion that mulukhiya's origins lie in Ancient Egypt,[5][6] there is evidence that India is the source of the related species Corchorus capsularis,[7] which is also used for food as well as fiber.[3][8]

Egyptian cuisine

Molokheya

Egyptian molokhiya
Alternative names	mloukhiya, molokhia, molohiya, mulukhiyya, malukhiyah, moroheiya, meloukhia, melokheya
Type	Stew
Course	Main course
Place of origin	Ancient Egypt[9]
Region or state	Middle East and North Africa
Main ingredients	Jute; beef or chicken stock
Cookbook: Molokheya   Media: Molokheya

As used in Egyptian cuisine, molokhiya (Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [moloˈxejjæ]) is prepared by removing the central spine from the leaves, and then chopping the leaves finely with garlic and coriander. The dish generally includes some sort of meat; in Egypt this is usually poultry such as chicken, or rabbit,[10][11] but lamb is preferred when available, particularly in Cairo. Cooks in Alexandria often opt to use shrimp in the soup, while Port Said is famous for using fish.[12][13][14][11]

Molokhiya was consumed in ancient Egyptian cuisine, where the name "molokhiya" is thought to have originated from.[11][15]

Many Egyptians consider molokhiya to be the national dish of Egypt, along with ful medames and kushari.[11][15]

Preparation

The Egyptian version differs in texture and preparation from the Syrian/Lebanese version. The molokhiya leaves are picked off the stem, with tall stemmed branches, and the leaves placed on a large sheet (cloth material) to be left to completely dry for later use.[15]

Cooking

The leaves are chopped fine, often with a mezzaluna. The leaves are then boiled in broth with large chunks of meat, such as boneless chicken, rabbit, beef or lamb (with bone).[14][11] Coriander and garlic are fried separately in ghee to make the "takleya", and then added to the soup at the end while the takleya is still sizzling, to create a characteristic sound which people traditionally respond to with the shahka (Arabic: grasp for breath in fear or surprise).[12]

Serving

The soup is served on white rice or with a side of Egyptian flatbread (ʿeish baladi). The dish is often accompanied with an assortment of pickled vegetables, known as torshi or mekhalel in Egypt.[14][8][11][15]

Levantine cuisine

Levantine style Mlokhia

The standard molokhia dish in the Levant is prepared by cooking a meat of some sort in a separate pot by boiling. Later onions and garlic are cooked to a simmer, then water and chicken stock cubes are added to form a broth. After boiling, the cooked chicken or meat and molokhia leaves are added and further cooked another 15 minutes. Also, in northern Lebanon, a dish called mloukhiye b zeit is made using fresh leaves and shoots of the Nalta jute plant, cooked in olive oil, onions, garlic, tomatoes and chilli peppers; it is a popular summer side dish, especially in Miniyeh-Danniyeh and Akkar districts.

Bedouins have an old tradition of cooking a different version of the dish. A whole chicken is cut open, the intestines removed, and the innards stuffed with herbs, spices and raw rice then sewn shut with thick thread. The chicken is then boiled to create the broth for the molokhia soup which, after preparation, is served as five separate components: The molokhia soup, Arabic flat bread, the chicken (stuffed with flavored rice), additional plain rice, and a small bowl with a mixture of lemon juice and sliced chilli. The soup is mixed with rice and lemon juice according to taste, while the chicken is eaten on a separate plate.

Kenyan cuisine

In Kenya, the dish is known as murere (Luhya), murenda, apoth (Luo), and several other native language names. It is a very popular vegetable dish among communities in the Western region (Vihiga, Kakamega, Busia, Trans Nzoia and Bungoma Counties) and in Nyanza region (Kisumu, Siaya, Homa Bay, Kisii, Migori and Nyamira Counties). Both regions are in the area around Lake Victoria. The jute leaves are separated from the stems, washed, and then boiled in lightly salted water with ligadi (a raw form of soda (bicarbonate of soda), or munyu (traditional plant-based salt). The leaves are boiled with other leafy vegetables such as likuvi (Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) leaves) or mito (Chipilín) to reduce their sliminess and help soften the other vegetable leaves. In some cases, after boiling for about thirty minutes, the vegetables are stewed with tomatoes and onions in oil. (There are several general ways to prepare the mutere and more ways in which it is served). Spices such as curry, pepper, masala, or coriander are optional. Mutere is served with ugali (a staple stuff, cooked cereal meal) and can be accompanied with meat or chicken.

Tunisian cuisine

Tunisian mloukhiya stew with meat.

In Tunisia, the dish is generally prepared quite differently from the Egyptian method. The leaves, already separated from the stems, are dried then ground to produce a very fine powder and stored in jars or other tightly closed containers. In Tunisian cooking, mulukhya, or mloukhiya, takes 5 to 7 hours to prepare, which is often done to halfway in the evening and completed in the morning. The powder is prepared with olive oil and some tomato paste into a sauce, not soup, and big chunks of chuck beef are often added halfway through cooking. The dark green sauce simmers on low heat and is left to thicken to the consistency of tomato sauce. The sauce is served in small deep plates with a piece of beef and eaten with preferably white hearty French or Italian bread. In certain regions where beef is not common, lamb is used but cooks for a much shorter time.

Cypriot cuisine

In Northern Cyprus the dish is known as molohiya. It is popular among the Turkish Cypriots. The jute leaves are cultivated and grown in the spring, whereupon they are harvested and the leaves are separated from the stem and dried whole. They are cooked in a tomato-based broth with onions and garlic. Lamb on the bone or chicken with bone may also be added. For optimal results, lemon and potato are also used to help keep the consistency from becoming too mucilaginous or slimy. It is served with a broth consistency with sourdough bread.

West African cuisines

The leaf is a common food in many tropical West African countries. It is believed that the "drip tips" on the leaves serve to shed excess water from the leaf from the heavy rains in the tropics. In Sierra Leone it is called kren-kre (krain krain or crain crain), and is eaten in a palm oil sauce served with rice or cassava fufu (a traditional food made from cassava), or else is steamed and mixed into rice just before eating a non-palm oil sauce. Among the Yorubas in south-west Nigeria, it is called ewedu and served with cooked yam flour (amala). In Liberia it is called palaver sauce, and is served with rice or fufu. In The Gambia it is referred to as kereng-kereng and is typically used to make supakanja (a dish mostly served on Saturdays and made with okra, red palm oil, fish and meat).

Haitian cuisines

In Haiti, the leafy green dish is commonly known as lalo and is traditionally cooked with or without meat. When considering meat, Haitians utilize beef or pork shoulder. Seafood such as blue crabs, shrimp or snow crab legs are also options. It is traditionally served with white rice.

Nutrition

The leaves are rich in folate, beta-carotene, iron, calcium, vitamin C and more than 32 vitamins, minerals and trace elements. The plant has a potent antioxidant activity with a significant α-tocopherol equivalent vitamin E.[2][16][17][13]

Ancient references

The word for the plant is found in ancient Mediterranean languages such as Arabic and Greek.[18] Cognates of the word include Ancient Greek μαλάχη (malákhē) or μολόχη (molókhē), Modern Greek μολόχα (molóha), modern Arabic: ملوخية‎ (mulukhiyah) and modern Hebrew: מלוחיה‎ (malukhia).[18][19]

Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah banned mulukhiyah sometime during his reign (996–1021 CE). It is claimed he thought that the dish would lead women to debauchery.[20] While the ban was eventually lifted after the end of his reign, the Druze, who hold Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in high regard, continue to respect the ban, and do not eat mulukhiyah of any kind to this day.

See also

• List of African dishes

Notes

1. "Corchorus olitorius". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 21 April 2016.
2. "Corchorus olitorius", New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University
3. Chittaranjan Kole (24 August 2011). Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Industrial Crops. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 54–56. ISBN 978-3-642-21102-7.
4. Rough Guides (3 March 2014). Pocket Rough Guide Dubai. Rough Guides Limited. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4093-7122-9.
5. Molokhia – The soup that was once only the privy of the Pharaohs, 2017-06-05
6. Christopher Cumo (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia [3 Volumes]: From Acacia to Zinnia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-59884-775-8.
7. G. J. H. Grubben (2004). Vegetables. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA. p. 218. ISBN 978-90-5782-147-9.
8. Habeeb Salloum; Leila Salloum Elias; Muna Salloum (14 June 2013). Scheherazade's Feasts: Foods of the Medieval Arab World. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 127–129. ISBN 978-0-8122-4477-9.
9. Ancient Egyptian Soup Recipe, Molokhia Soup
10. NewsLifeMedia. "Rabbit molokhia". taste.com.au.
11. James J. Heaphey (January 2008). Legerdemain: The President's Secret Plan, the Bomb and What the French Never Knew (1 ed.). Madison, Wisconsin: History Publishing Co. LLC. pp. 186–191. ISBN 978-1-933909-35-6. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
12. Rochlin, Margy (2018-12-05). "Why you should be eating molokhia and how to make this delicious superfood soup". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, United States of America: Los Angeles Times Communications LLC. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
13. Sana Nimer Abu Shihab (2012). Mediterranean Cuisine. Author House. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1-4772-8309-7.
14. Lynne Christy Anderson (September 2011). Breaking Bread: Recipes and Stories from Immigrant Kitchens. Univ of California Press. pp. 273–274. ISBN 978-0-520-27143-2.
15. Joseph R. Haiek (1977). Mideast Business Guide (1 ed.). Los Angeles, United States of America: Los Angeles Mideast business exchange. pp. 290–292. ISBN 978-0-915652-02-0. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
16. Barbara Cassin (10 July 2014). L' Archipel des idées de Barbara Cassin. Les Editions de la MSH. pp. 209–212. ISBN 978-2-7351-1699-7.
17. Chen, Tung‐Shan; Saad, Sohair (31 August 2010). "Folic acid in Egyptian vegetables: The effect of drying method and storage on the folacin content of mulukhiyah (corchorus olitorius)". Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 10 (4): 249–255. doi:10.1080/03670244.1981.9990646.
18. Douglas Harper. "mallow". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
19. Khalid. "Molokheya: an Egyptian National Dish". The Baheyeldin Dynasty. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
20. "Cooking lessons in Cairo". The National. Retrieved 2015-05-28.

External links

• Mulukhiyya recipe