Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase

Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (or Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase) is an aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme that in human is encoded in the ALDH3A2 gene on chromosome 17. Aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes function to remove toxic aldehydes that are generated by the metabolism of alcohol and by lipid peroxidation.

ALDH3A2
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 4QGK
Identifiers
Aliases	ALDH3A2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A2, ALDH10, FALDH, SLS, aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2
External IDs	OMIM: 609523 MGI: 1353452 HomoloGene: 55458 GeneCards: ALDH3A2
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 17 (human)[1] Band 17p11.2 Start 19,648,136 bp[1] End 19,685,760 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse)[2] Band 11 B2|11 37.96 cM Start 61,223,417 bp[2] End 61,267,464 bp[2]
Gene ontology Molecular function • long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity • long-chain-alcohol oxidase activity • medium-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity • oxidoreductase activity • aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD) activity • oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor • GO:0001948 protein binding • protein homodimerization activity • glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (non-phosphorylating) activity • 3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity Cellular component • integral component of membrane • endoplasmic reticulum membrane • membrane • intracellular membrane-bounded organelle • peroxisome • endoplasmic reticulum • peroxisomal membrane • organelle membrane Biological process • peripheral nervous system development • sesquiterpenoid metabolic process • phytol metabolic process • sphingolipid biosynthetic process • cellular aldehyde metabolic process • central nervous system development • epidermis development • metabolism • oxidation-reduction process • fatty acid alpha-oxidation • hexadecanal metabolic process • lipid metabolism • fatty acid metabolic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	224	11671
Ensembl	ENSG00000072210	ENSMUSG00000010025
UniProt	P51648	P47740
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000382 NM_001031806 NM_001369136 NM_001369137 NM_001369138 NM_001369139 NM_001369146 NM_001369148	NM_007437 NM_001331114 NM_001331115
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000373 NP_001026976 NP_001356065 NP_001356066 NP_001356067 NP_001356068 NP_001356075 NP_001356077	NP_001318043 NP_001318044 NP_031463
Location (UCSC)	Chr 17: 19.65 – 19.69 Mb	Chr 11: 61.22 – 61.27 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Structure

The ALDH3A2 belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily and is a membrane-associated protein typically containing 485 residues. The mature protein functions as a dimer. The structure was resolved using X-ray crystallography at 2.1 Angstrom resolution. It contains an element in the C-terminal region referred to as a "gatekeeper" helix, which is adjacent to the membrane-anchored transmembrane domain and the catalytic core. The gatekeeper helix appears to control access of molecular substrates to the catalytic core and allows efficient transit between membranes and catalytic sites.[5]

Function

ALDH3A2 catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes into fatty acids. It is known to act on a variety of both saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes between 6 and 24 carbons in length, as well as dihydrophytal, a 20-carbon branched chain aldehyde.[6] It requires NAD+ as a co-factor. The encoded enzyme is responsible for conversion of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) degradation product hexadecenal to hexadecenoic acid. ALD3H2 is expressed in the human liver and has been found to localize the microsome fraction inside the cell.[7]

At least two alternative splicing isoforms of ALDH3A2 are known to exist. The alternative transcript differs by an additional exon and anchors differently to the endoplasmic reticulum vs. the peroxisome [8]

Clinical significance

Mutations and deletions of in the ALDH3A2 gene have been widely associated with the autosomal recessive Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, an autosomal recessive neurocutaneous disease.[9] Multiple mutations have been found in different families, including those that molecularly disrupts the protein dimerization interface or reduces mRNA stability. Absence or insufficiency of ALDH3A2 protein products in mutant cells are known to cause abnormal metabolism of sphingosine 1-phosphate to ether-linked glycerolipids and the abnormal accumulation of lipid precursors.

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000072210 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000010025 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Keller MA, Zander U, Fuchs JE, Kreutz C, Watschinger K, Mueller T, Golderer G, Liedl KR, Ralser M, Kräutler B, Werner ER, Marquez JA (2014). "A gatekeeper helix determines the substrate specificity of Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase". Nat Commun. 5: 4439. doi:10.1038/ncomms5439. PMC 4109017. PMID 25047030.
6. Kelson TL, Secor McVoy JR, Rizzo WB (1997). "Human liver fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase: microsomal localization, purification, and biochemical characterization". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1335 (1–2): 99–110. doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(96)00126-2. PMID 9133646.
7. Kelson TL, Secor McVoy JR, Rizzo WB (1997). "Human liver fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase: microsomal localization, purification, and biochemical characterization". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1335 (1–2): 99–110. doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(96)00126-2. PMID 9133646.
8. Rogers GR, Markova NG, De Laurenzi V, Rizzo WB, Compton JG (1997). "Genomic organization and expression of the human fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (FALDH)" (PDF). Genomics. 39 (2): 127–35. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.4501. PMID 9027499.
9. Nakahara K, Ohkuni A, Kitamura T, Abe K, Naganuma T, Ohno Y, Zoeller RA, Kihara A (2012). "The Sjögren-Larsson syndrome gene encodes a hexadecenal dehydrogenase of the sphingosine 1-phosphate degradation pathway". Mol. Cell. 46 (4): 461–71. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.04.033. PMID 22633490.

Further reading

• long-chain-aldehyde+dehydrogenase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)