List of massacres in Italy

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Italy and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate):

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Archaic Italy

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Perpetrators	Notes
Battle of Selinus	409 BC	Selinus	16,000	Carthaginian Army	16,000 citizens of Selinus killed in battle and massacre by Carthaginian Army under Hannibal Mago. City razed.[1]
Battle of Himera	409 BC	Himera	3,000	Carthaginian Army	3,000 Greek prisoners of war tortured and sacrificed by Carthaginian Army under Hannibal Mago. City razed.[2]
Siege of Akragas	December 406 BC	Akragas	Population of Akragas	Carthaginian Army	Greek population massacred by Carthaginian Army under Himilco[3]
Siege of Motya	Summer 398 BC	Motya	Population of Motya	Syracuse	Phoenician population of Motya killed by Greek troops during assault on the city.

Roman Italy

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Perpetrators	Notes
Agathocles' coup	317 BC	Syracuse	4,000	Agathocles' army	4,000 wealthy Syracusans killed by Agathocles
Ausona massacre	314 BC	Ausona	Entire Aurunci people	Republican Roman Army	Entire Aurunci people exterminated by Roman army
Gela massacre	311 BC	Gela	4,000	Agathocles' army	4,000 Geloans slaughtered by Agathocles and their property stolen
1st Cluviae massacre	311 BC	Cluviae	Roman prisoners of war	Samnites	Roman prisoners of war killed by Samnites
2nd Cluviae massacre	311 BC	Cluviae	Adult male population	Republican Roman Army	Adult male population of Cluviae put to death by Roman army under consul Gaius Junius Bubulcus Brutus
Battle of Torgium	305 BC	Torgium	4,000–7,000	Agathocles' army	4,000–7,000 troops of Deinocrates slaughtered by Agathocles after their surrender on promises of mercy
Aequi massacre	304 BC	Aequi	Most Aequians	Republican Roman Army	Majority of Aequi people killed by Roman army
Messana massacre	289 BC	Messina	Population of Messana	Mamertines	Population of Messana murdered by mercenary Mamertines
Rhegium massacre	280 BC	Rhegium	Male population of Messana	Campanian mercenaries	Male population of Rhegium massacred by rebellious Campanian mercenaries of Rome
Taurasia massacre	November 218 BC	Taurasia	Population of Taurasia	Carthaginian Army	Population of the Taurini capital of Taurasia exterminated by Carthaginian Army under Hannibal after three-day siege.[4]
Casilinum massacre	August 216 BC	Casilinum	Pro-Carthaginian population of Casilinum	Republican Roman Army	Pro-Carthaginian population of Casilinum killed by Roman garrison.[5]
Leontini massacre	214 BC	Lentini	2,000	Republican Roman Army	2,000 Roman deserters flogged and beheaded by troops of Marcus Claudius Marcellus.[6]
Enna massacre	213 BC	Enna	Population of Enna	Republican Roman Army	Defenceless crowd massacred by Roman garrison under governor Lucius Pinarius.[7]
Battle of Capua	211 BC	Teanum, Cales	53	Republican Roman Army	53 Capuan aristocrats executed by Roman Army under Quintus Fulvius Flaccus.[8]
Agrigentum massacre	210 BC	Agrigento	Agrigentan elites	Republican Roman Army	Agrigentan elites massacred by Roman army under consul Marcus Valerius Laevinus. Population sold to slavery. Town looted.[9]
Tarentum massacre	209 BC	Tarentum	Population of Tarentum	Republican Roman Army	Population massacred by Roman Army under proconsul Fabius Maximus, 30,000 sold to slavery.[10]
Enna massacre	135 BC	Enna	Population of Enna	Slave rebels	Slaves under Eunus massacre town population and rape women
Asculum massacre	89 BC	Asculum	Majority of the population	Republican Roman Army	Population massacred by Roman Army under consul Pompeius Strabo
Rome massacres	87 BC	Rome	Several hundred	Gaius Marius	Several hundred supporters of Sulla massacred by Marius' rampaging army
Sulla's proscriptions	82 BC	Roman Italy	4,700	Sulla	4,700 enemies of the state murdered on orders of Sulla
Appian Way crucifixions	71 BC	Via Appia	6,000	Republican Roman Army	6,000 slave rebel prisoners crucified by Marcus Licinius Crassus
Proscription of 43 BC	43 BC	Roman Italy	2,000	Second Triumvirate	2,000 enemies of the Second Triumvirate murdered[11]
Tiberius' purge	Late 31	Roman Italy	Supporters of Sejanus	Imperial Roman Army	Sejanus and his supporters killed on orders of Tiberius.[12]
Ticinum massacre	13 August 408	Ticinum	7+	Imperial Roman Army	7 high-ranking supporters of Stilicho killed by Roman army at the instigation of Olympius. Many civilians in Ticinum killed afterward.[13]
Massacre of Goths	Late 408	Roman Italy	Thousands	Imperial Roman Army	Thousands of Gothic soldiers in the Roman Army and their families killed in anti-Germanic pogrom.[14]

Ostrogothic Italy

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Perpetrators	Notes
Siege of Ravenna (490–493)	5 March 493	Ravenna	Odoacer and his followers	Ostrogothic Kingdom	Odoacer and his men massacred by Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great
Siege of Naples (536)	November 536	Naples	Population of Naples	Byzantine army	Naples sacked and the population massacred by Byzantine army under Belisarius
Ravenna massacre	537	Ravenna	Roman aristocrats	Ostrogothic Kingdom	Roman aristocratic hostages executed on orders of Witiges
Milan massacre	March 539	Mediolanum	All males of Milan	Ostrogothic Kingdom	Male population of Milan slain by Ostrogothic troops after siege. Women enslaved.[15]
Ticinum massacre	539	Ticinum	Gothic women and children	Merovingian Franks	Gothic women and children sacrificed alive by Franks under Theudebert I[16]
Totila's sack of Rome	550	Rome	Most inhabitants of Rome	Ostrogothic Kingdom	Population of Rome massacred after siege by Ostrogothic troops under Totila. Women spared.
Massacre of aristocratic children	Late 552	Po Valley	300	Ostrogothic Kingdom	300 Roman aristocratic children killed by Ostrogoths

Medieval Italy

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Perpetrators	Notes
Siege of Syracuse (877–878)	21 May 878	Syracuse	4,000	Aghlabids	4,000 Syracusans massacred by Aghlabid Muslim army[17]
Sack of Taormina	1 August 902	Taormina	Population of Taormina	Aghlabids	Taormina burned and population massacred
Fatimid sack of Genoa	16 August 935	Genoa	Male population	Fatimid navy	Male population of Genoa exterminated by Fatimids, women and children enslaved
Siege of Rometta	May 965	Rometta	Population of Rometta	Kalbids	Population of Rometta massacred, survivors enslaved, city colonized by Muslims.[18]
Siege of Crema	1159	Crema, Lombardy	40	Holy Roman Empire	Imperial army under Frederick Barbarossa executes 40 hostages
Palermo massacre	1161	Palermo	Muslim population of Palermo	Christian mob	Muslim population of Palermo slaughtered by Christian mob
Salerno massacre	Late 1194	Salerno	Population of Salerno	Holy Roman Empire	Imperial army under Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor sacks Salerno, massacres and enslaves population
Sicilian Vespers	1282	Sicily	3,000	Ghibelline Sicilians	3,000 French men and women killed by rebels
Lucera massacre	1300	Lucera	Muslim population	Kingdom of Naples	Muslim population of Lucera massacred and 9,000 sold to slavery
Cesena bloodbath	1 February 1377	Cesena	2,500	Papal States	2,500 people massacred by Breton troops under Cardinal Robert of Geneva during the War of the Eight Saints
Lozio massacre	25 December 1410	Lozio	Nobili family	Federici family	Nobili family exterminated as part of the struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines.
Trinci family massacre	10 January 1421	Nocera Umbra	5	Pietro di Rasiglia	Pietro di Rasiglia kills most of the Trinci family in a personal vendetta
Varano massacre	10 October 1434	Camerino	4	Rebels	4 members of the Varano family killed by rebels outside a church in Camerino.
Chiavelli massacre	26 May 1435	Fabriano	14	Rebels	Rebels massacre 14 people, including 5 Chiavellis
Massacre of the Assumption	15 August 1474	Modica	360	Christian mob	Christians kill 360 Jews in Modica's La Giudecca
Otranto massacre	11 August 1480	Otranto	6,000	Ottoman Empire	Ottoman Turks massacre and enslave the population of Otranto

Early Modern Italy

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Perpetrators	Notes
Sack of Rapallo	8 September 1494	Rapallo	Unknown	Swiss mercenaries	Swiss mercenaries under French command slaughter the population of Rapallo
Sack of Mordano	20 October 1494	Mordano	300–1,500	French Army and Swiss mercenaries	Mordano sacked by French and Swiss troops
Sack of Fivizzano	October 1494	Fivizzano	Unknown	French Army
Sack of Castel Fiorentino	20 October 1494	Castel Fiorentino	Unknown	French Army
Sack of Monte Fortino	January 1495	Montefortino	300	French Army
Sack of Monte San Giovanni	February 1495	Monte San Giovanni Campano	700–800	French Army
Sack of Gaeta	June 1495	Gaeta	250–900	French Army
Sack of Toscanella	June 1495	Toscanella	800	French Army
Sack of Ponte di Sacco	July 1496	Ponsacco	Civilian population	Florentine Army
Sack of Rocca d'Arazzo	August 1499	Rocca d'Arazzo	Civilian population	French Army
Sack of Annone	August 1499	Annone	700	French Army
Sack of Forlì	January 1500	Forlì	450	French Army and Swiss mercenaries
Sack of Tortona	February 1500	Tortona	Civilian population	Swiss mercenaries
Sack of Faenza	April 1501	Faenza	Civilian population	Gascons, Swiss, Italians
Sack of Capua	25 July 1501	Capua	2,000–5,000	French Army	Capua sacked by French troops
Sack of Fossombrone	October 1502	Fossombrone	Civilian population	Borgia's troops
Sack of Rimini	October 1503	Rimini	360	Borgia's troops
Sack of Treviglio	May 1509	Treviglio	Civilian population	Venetian Army
Sack of Peschiera	May 1509	Peschiera	Civilian population and garrison	French Army
Sack of Monselice	August 1509	Monselice	Civilian population	Army of the Holy Roman Empire Venetian Army
Sack of Feltre	August 1509	Feltre	Civilian population	Army of the Holy Roman Empire Venetian Army
Sack of Legnano	May 1510	Legnano	2,000	French Army
Barbarano massacre	May 1510	Barbarano Mossano	700–2,000	Army of the Holy Roman Empire
Sack of Monselice	July 1510	Monselice	Civilian population	Spanish Army Army of the Holy Roman Empire
Sack of Brescia	18 February 1512	Brescia	8,000	French Army	Brescia sacked by troops of Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours
Sack of Ravenna	12 April 1512	Ravenna	17,000	French Army	Ravenna sacked by French troops after the Battle of Ravenna (1512).
Sack of Prato	29 August 1512	Prato	4,000–6,000	Spanish Army	Prato sacked by Spanish troops
Sack of Lodi	May 1516	Lodi	Civilian population	Swiss mercenaries
Sack of Como	December 1521	Como	Civilian population	Spanish Army
Sack of Genoa	30–31 May 1522	Genoa	5,000	Spanish Army	Genoa sacked by Spanish troops
Sack of Rome (1527)	6 May 1527	Rome	4,000	Army of the Holy Roman Empire Spanish Army	Rome sacked by troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Sack of Pavia	October 1527	Pavia	Civilian population	French Army Venetian Army
Sack of Pavia	May 1528	Pavia	Civilian population	Army of the Holy Roman Empire Spanish Army
Sack of Pavia	September 1528	Pavia	Civilian population	Army of the Holy Roman Empire Spanish Army
Massacre of Waldensians in Calabria	May/June 1561	Calabria	600–6,000	Roman Inquisition Spanish Army	600–6,000 Waldensians killed by Inquisitorial and Spanish forces
Valtellina massacre	18–23 July 1620	Valtellina	300–600	Catholics	300–600 Protestants killed by pro-Spanish Catholics
Piedmontese Easter	April 1655	Piedmont	1,712–6,000	Savoyard Army	Waldensians killed by ducal troops[19][20][21]
Lauria massacre	9 August 1806	Lauria	1,000	Grande Armée	City destroyed and population massacred by French Army under Marshal André Masséna

Risorgimento

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Perpetrators	Notes
Cesena and Forlì massacres	January 1832	Papal States	38	Papal States	Papal troops suppress liberal rebellion and kill 38.
Ten Days of Brescia	1 April 1849	Brescia	16	Austrian Army	16 Brescians executed by Austrian Army[22]
Cignoli family massacre	20 May 1859	Torricella Verzate	9	Austrian Army	Austrian troops under Karl von Urban execute 9 civilians.
Bronte riots	2 August 1860	Bronte	21	Red Shirts	16 people killed in the riots, 5 sentenced to death as rioters by a drumhead court
Montefalcione massacre	9 July 1861	Montefalcione	97–150	Royal Italian Army	Mass shooting of civilians and former Sicilian soldiers.
Auletta massacre	28 July 1861	Auletta	45–130	Bersaglieri Hungarian Legion	Royal troops attack civilian population of Auletta. 45–130 killed and 200 arrested.
Ruvo del Monte massacre	10 August 1861	Potenza	30	Royal Italian Army National Guard	Royal Army and National Guard round up civilian population and shoot 30 pro-Bourbon partisans
Pontelandolfo and Casalduni massacre	14 August 1861	Province of Benevento	13	Bersaglieri	Bersaglieri soldiers kill 13 civilians
Pietrarsa massacre	6 August 1863	Portici	4	Bersaglieri	Royal troops kill 4 Officine di Pietrarsa workers and wound 17.
Turin massacre	21 September 1864	Piazza Castello, Turin	62 (+138 wounded)	Royal Italian Army Carabinieri	Royal Army and Carabinieri kill unarmed civilians

Kingdom of Italy

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Perpetrators	Notes
Caltavuturo massacre	20 January 1893	Caltavuturo	13 (21 wounded)	Royal Italian Army and Carabinieri	13 Fasci Siciliani protesters shot by army and police[23]
Giardinello massacre	10 December 1893	Giardinello	11 (12 wounded)	Royal Italian Army	11 Fasci Siciliani protesters shot by army and guards[24]
Lercara Friddi massacre	25 December 1893	Lercara Friddi	7–11 (12 wounded)	Royal Italian Army	7–11 Fasci Siciliani protesters shot by army[25]
Bava Beccaris massacre	9 May 1898	Milan	118-450 (+400-2,000 wounded)	Royal Italian Army	troops under General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris fired on rioters[26]
Buggerru massacre	4 September 1904	Buggerru	4 (+11 wounded)	Royal Italian Army	Army troops kill 4 protesting miners in Sardinia
Itri massacre	13 July 1911	Itri	8 (+60 wounded)	Carabinieri	Carabinieri kill Sardinian workers
Panicale massacre	15 July 1920	Panicale	6 (+14 wounded)	Carabinieri	Carabinieri suppress farmers' demonstration
Palazzo d'Accursio massacre	21 November 1920	Bologna	10 (+58 wounded)	Red Guards	Red Guards kill 10 Italian Socialist Party officials with hand grenades
Canneto Sabino massacre	11 December 1920	Province of Rieti	11 (+13 wounded)	Carabinieri	Carabinieri kill 11 protesting workers
Castello Estense massacre	20 December 1920	Ferrara	6	Fascists and socialists	4 fascists and 2 socialists killed in street fight
Empoli massacre	1 March 1921	Empoli	9 (+18 wounded)	Red Guards and Italian Communist Party	Red Guards and Communists kill 9 soldiers
Diana hotel massacre	23 March 1921	Milan	17 (+80 wounded)	Anarchists	Anarchists kill 17 in bombing
Sarzano massacre	21 July 1921	Sarzana	11	Carabinieri	Carabinieri kill 11 fascists

Fascist Italy

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Perpetrators	Notes
1922 Turin massacre	20 December 1922	Turin	11 (+26 wounded)	Squadrismo	Fascist Squadrismo under Piero Brandimarte kill 11 communists and trade unionists
Librizzi massacre	25 June 1925	Messina	9 (+4 wounded)	Rosario Tranchita	Spree shooting
San Giovanni in Fiore massacre	2 August 1925	San Giovanni in Fiore	5 (+28 wounded)	Squadrismo	Fascist Squadrismo kill communists, socialists and farmers
Gruaro massacre	March 1933	Gruaro	28	Authorities	28 children killed by vaccine

Second World War

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Perpetrators	Notes
Biscari massacre	14 July 1943	Biscari (now Acate)	71	United States Army, 180th Infantry Regiment	POWs killed by US troops in two incidents[27]
Canicattì massacre	14 July 1943	Canicattì	8	United States Army	US troops under Colonel McCaffrey fired on looters[28][29]
Castiglione massacre	12–14 August 1943	Castiglione di Sicilia	16	1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring	1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring massacres 16 civilians and wounds 20.
Boves massacre	8 September 1943	Boves	45	1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler	Mass killing by German occupation troops under Joachim Peiper
Lake Maggiore massacres	September–October 1943	Lake Maggiore	56	1st SS Panzer Division	Murder of 56 predominantly Italian Jews despite strict German orders not to carry out any violence against civilians
Caiazzo massacre	13 October 1943	Caiazzo	22	29th Panzergrenadier Regiment	Mass killing by German occupation troops under Lt. Richard Heinz Wolfgang Lehnigk-Emden
Ardeatine massacre	24 March 1944	Rome	335	Schutzstaffel	Mass killing by German occupation troops (SD-Gestapo led by Herbert Kappler)[30]
Guardistallo massacre	19 June 1944	Guardistallo	57	19th Luftwaffe Field Division	57 Italian civilians killed in massacre by Luftwaffe Field Division[31]
Piazza Tasso massacre	17 July 1944	Florence	5	Italian fascist militia, German Army	5 Italian civilians killed in massacre by Fascists and German Army
Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre	12 August 1944	Sant'Anna di Stazzema	560	16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-SS, 36th Brigata Nera	Mass killing by German occupation troops (16th SS Division) and Italian collaborators (16th Brigade)[32][33][34]
San Terenzo Monti massacre	17–19 August 1944	Fivizzano	159	16th SS Panzergrenadier Division	159 Italian civilians killed by SS soldiers as reprisal for partisan activity
Padule di Fucecchio massacre	23 August 1944	Padule di Fucecchio, Tuscany	184	26th Panzer Division	Up to 184 Italian civilians as a reprisal for a partisan attack on two German soldiers. Massacre carried out by soldiers of the 26th Panzer Division.[35]
Vinca massacre	24–27 August 1944	Fivizzano	162	16th SS Panzergrenadier Division	162 Italian civilians killed by SS soldiers as reprisal for partisan activity
Certosa di Farneta massacre	2 September 1944	Certosa di Farneta	44	16th SS Panzergrenadier Division	Mass killing by 16th SS Division of 44 civilians at monastery in near Lucca[36]
Marzabotto massacre	29 September 1944	Marzabotto	770+	16th SS Panzergrenadier Division	Mass killing by German occupation troops (16th SS)[37]
Via Maqueda massacre	19 October 1944	Palermo	24	139th Infantry Regiment "Bari"	Royal Italian troops massacre protesting civilians, with 24 killed and 158 injured.
Bombing of Gorla	20 October 1944	Milan	614	US Army Air Force	USAAF bombers discarded their bombload on a densely inhabited area: among the victims, 184 pupils of the Gorla elementary school
Porzûs massacre	7 February 1945	Porzûs, Faedis	17 (1 wounded)	Communist partisans	Communist partisans execute 17 members of the Catholic partisan brigade "Brigata Osoppo".
Salussola massacre	9 March 1945	Salussola	20 (1 wounded)	Blackshirts	20 Italian partisans tortured and executed by Fascist Blackshirts[38]
Rovetta massacre	28 April 1945	Salussola	43	Partisans under British SOE command	43 National Republican Guard prisoners executed by partisans under British command:[39]
Schio massacre	6 July 1945	Schio	54	Partisans	A group of ex-partisans of the Garibaldi Partisan Division "Ateo Garemi" and officers of the auxiliary partisan police kill suspected fascists among 99 inmates detained in the city jail.
Villarbasse massacre	20 November 1945	Villarbasse	10	Bandits	3 of the perpetrators were sentenced to death; this was the last time the death penalty was applied in Italy

Republic of Italy

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Perpetrators	Notes
Via Medina massacre	11 June 1946	Naples	9	Unknown	9 monarchists killed and hundreds wounded by bomb
Vergarola explosion	18 August 1946	Pula	65	Unknown	65 killed by detonated explosives
Portella della Ginestra massacre	1 May 1947	Piana degli Albanesi	11 (+33 wounded)	Bandits	Attack on May Day celebrations by bandits[40]
Melissa massacre	29 October 1949	Calabria	3	Police	Police kill three demonstrating peasants. 15 wounded.
Modena massacre	9 January 1950	Modena	6	Carabinieri Police	Authorities kill 6 and injure 200 protesters
Trieste revolt	5–6 November 1953	Trieste	6	Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories Venezia Giulia Police Force	6 killed by police under British command
Reggio Emilia massacre	7 July 1960	Reggio Emilia	5	Police	Police shoot and kill five demonstrators. At least 16 injured.
Ciaculli massacre	30 June 1963	Ciaculli	7	Mafia	car bombing of police by Mafia[41]
Malga Sasso massacre	9 September 1966	Brenner	3	South Tyrolean Liberation Committee	3 policemen killed by South Tyrolean secessionists
Cima Vallona massacre	25 June 1967	San Nicolò di Comelico	4	South Tyrolean Liberation Committee	4 soldiers killed by South Tyrolean secessionists
Viale Lazio massacre	10 December 1969	Palermo	5	Mafia	Clan warfare by Mafia[42]
Piazza Fontana bombing	12 December 1969	Milan	17 (+88 wounded)	Ordine Nuovo	Bombing by right-wing terrorists[43]
Gioia Tauro massacre	22 July 1970	Gioia Tauro	6	Vito Silverini, Vincenzo Caracciolo and Giuseppe Scarcella	Train derailed by explosive. Six killed and 66 wounded.
Peteano massacre	31 May 1972	Sagrado	3	Ordine Nuovo	Three Carabinieri killed in right-wing terrorist bombing
Milan police HQ massacre	17 May 1973	Milan	4	Gianfranco Bertoli	4 killed and 52 injured in bombing.
1973 Rome airport attacks and hijacking	17 December 1973	Fiumicino	34	Palestinian terrorists	Airport terminal invasion, firebombing and hijacking of two aircraft by Palestinian terrorists
Piazza della Loggia bombing	28 May 1974	Brescia	8 (+>90 wounded)	Ordine Nuovo	Bombing by right-wing terrorists[44]
Italicus Express bombing 1974	4 August 1974	San Benedetto Val di Sambro	12 (+48 wounded)	Ordine Nero	Bombing by right-wing terrorists[45]
Via Caravaggio massacre	30–31 October 1975	Naples	4	Unknown
Acca Larentia killings	7 January 1978	Rome	3	Left-wing extremists	Killing of right-wing activists by left-wing terrorists
Via Schievano massacre	8 January 1980	Milan	3	Red Brigades	Red Brigades shoot and kill three police officers
Ustica massacre	27 June 1980	Tyrrhenian Sea near Ustica	81	Unknown	Airplane brought down by a terrorist bomb or air-to-air missile (findings disputed)[46]
Bologna Station massacre	2 August 1980	Bologna	85 (+>200 wounded)	Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari	bombing by right-wing terrorists[47]
Circonvallazione massacre	16 June 1982	Palermo	5	Mafia
Salerno massacre	26 August 1982	Salerno	3	Red Brigades	One soldier and two policemen killed by Red Brigades terrorists
Via Carini massacre	3 September 1982	Palermo	3	Mafia
Chinnici massacre	29 July 1983	Palermo	5	Mafia	Car bombing by Mafia
Torre Annunziata massacre	26 August 1984	Torre Annunziata	8	Mafia	7 injured
Train 904 bombing	23 December 1984	San Benedetto Val di Sambro	17 (+267 wounded)	Mafia	Terrorist attack by Mafia[48]
Pizzolungo massacre	2 April 1985	Erice	3 (+5 wounded)	Mafia	Attack on magistrate C Palermo by Mafia[49]
Fiumicino massacre	27 December 1985	Rome	16	Abu Nidal Organization	Attack at Rome's international airport, probably carried out by Abu Nidal Organization, who also struck at Vienna's international airport on the same day[50]
1988 Naples bombing	14 April 1988	Naples	5 (15 injured)	Japanese Red Army	4 Italians and 1 American killed by Japanese Red Army car bomb.
Pescopagano massacre	24 April 1990	Pescopagano	5 (7 injured)	Camorra	5 killed in inter-criminal conflict, 7 injured[51]
Gela massacre	27 November 1990	Gela	8 (11 injured)	Mafia	Mafia killings
Capaci massacre	23 May 1992	Capaci	5	Mafia	Attack on magistrate G Falcone by Mafia[52]
Via D'Amelio massacre	19 July 1992	Palermo	6	Mafia	Attack on magistrate P Borsellino by Mafia[53]
Via dei Georgofili massacre	27 May 1993	Florence	5 (+48 wounded)	Mafia	Car bomb by Mafia[54]
Via Palestro massacre	27 July 1993	Milan	5 (+12 wounded)	Mafia	Car bombing by Mafia[55]
Chilivani massacre	16 August 1995	Ozieri	3	Graziano Palmas, Andrea Gusinu	2 Carabinieri and one bandit killed
Castel Volturno massacre	18 September 2008	Castel Volturno	7 (+1 injured)	Casalesi clan	Seven people, including six African immigrants killed at random by the Casalesi clan.

Citations

1. Diodorus Siculus 13.57.6
2. Diodorus Siculus 13.62.4
3. Diodorus Siculus 13.90.1
4. Polybius, The Histories, III.61.
5. Livy 2006, p. 155. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLivy2006 (help)
6. Livy 2006, p. 229. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLivy2006 (help)
7. Livy 2006, p. 239. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLivy2006 (help)
8. Livy 2006, pp. 329–330. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLivy2006 (help)
9. Livy 2006, p. 362. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLivy2006 (help)
10. Livy 2006, p. 401. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLivy2006 (help)
11. Dio, Cassius (1917). "XLVII". Roman History, Books 46-50 (Loeb Classical Library, Vol. V). [Earnest Cary, Trans.] Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674990913. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
12. Tacitus, Annals VI.19
13. John Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court AD 364–425, Oxford: University Press, 1990, p. 281.
14. The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 13, (Cambridge University Press, 1998), page 125.
15. Procopius, History of the Wars VI.XXI
16. Procopius, History of the Wars VI.XXV
17. Vasiliev 1968, pp. 76, 77.
18. Kaldellis 2017, p. 45.
19. Cicero, Frank (2011). Relative Strangers: Italian Protestants in the Catholic World. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780897337311.
20. Lovisa, Barbro (1994). Italienische Waldenser und das protestantische Deutschland 1655 bis 1989 (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9783525565391. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
21. H. H. Bolhuis (1 November 1986). "De geschiedenis der Waldenzen. Uit de diepte naar de hoogte". Protestants Nederland (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 February 2018.
22. Sked, Alan (2011). Radetzky: Imperial Victor and Military Genius. New York.
23. (in Italian) L’eccidio di «San Sebastiano», La Sicilia, February 8, 2009
24. (in Italian) La strage di Giardinello, La Sicilia, December 11, 2011
25. (in Italian) Natale 1893, la strage di Lercara, La Sicilia, December 31, 2010
26. (in Italian) Continuano i disordini a Milano, Corriere della Sera, May 9, 1898
27. Borch (2013), p. 2.
28. Giovanni Bartolone, Le altre stragi: Le stragi alleate e tedesche nella Sicilia del 1943-1944 (in Italian)
29. Ezio Costanzo, George Lawrence, The Mafia and the Allies: Sicily 1943 and the Return of the Mafia, Enigma, 2007, p.119
30. Portelli, Alessandro (2003). The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
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References

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