Japanese Red Army

The Japanese Red Army (日本赤軍, Nihon Sekigun, abbreviated JRA) was a communist militant group founded by Fusako Shigenobu in February 1971 alongside Tsuyoshi Okudaira.[1] After the Lod airport massacre, it sometimes called itself Arab-JRA.[2] The JRA's stated goals were to overthrow the Japanese government and the monarchy, as well as to start a world revolution.[3]

Japanese Red Army
日本赤軍
Leader(s)
Dates of operation1971–2001
MotivesProletarian revolution in Japan, World revolution
Active regionsJapan, Southeast Asia and Middle East
IdeologyCommunism
Marxism–Leninism
Anti-imperialism
Anti-Zionism
Notable attacksLod Airport massacre
Japan Airlines Flight 351
Japan Airlines Flight 404
Japan Airlines Flight 472
Malaysian Airline System Flight 653 (suspected)
StatusDefunct, replaced by Movement Rentai

The group was also known as the Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB), the Holy War Brigade, and the Anti-War Democratic Front.[4]

History

Fusako Shigenobu had been a leading member in the Red Army Faction (Sekigun-ha) in Japan, whose roots lay in the militant New Left Communist League. Advocating revolution through terrorism,[5] they set up their own group, declaring war on the state in September 1969. The police quickly arrested many of them, including founder and intellectual leader Takaya Shiomi, who was in jail by 1970. The Sekigun lost about 200 members, and the remnants merged with a Maoist group to form the Rengo Sekigun or United Red Army in July, 1971. This group became notable during the Asama-Sanso incident, when it purged twelve of its members in a training camp hideout on Mount Haruna, before a week-long siege involving hundreds of police.

Fusako Shigenobu had left Japan with only a handful of dedicated people, but her group is said to have had about 40 members at its height and was after the Lod airport massacre one of the best-known armed leftist groups in the world.[6] The Japanese Red Army, Nihon Sekigun from 1971 had very close ties to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and Wadie Haddad.[7] By 1972 the United Red Army in Japan was finished and the Shigenobu group dependent on the PFLP for financing, training and weaponry.

In April 2001, Shigenobu issued a statement from detention declaring the Japanese Red Army had disbanded, and that their battles should be done by legal means.[8]

The National Police Agency publicly stated that a successor group was founded in 2001, called Movement Rentai.[9]

Connection with "Operation to extinguish Japanese ethnicity" by Anti-Japaneseism

The Japanese Red Army is related in the part of the scenario of “Operation to extinguish Japanese ethnicity“ by Anti-Japaneseism theory as following :

“Using the network of the Japanese Red Army, it will prevent the export of crude oil to Japan by the Arab countries, and the "Anti-Japan siege network" surrounds Japan like the former ABCD line which was extraordinary economic sunction imposed against Japan taking the initials of foreign nations, including America, Britain, China, and the Dutch in 1940. [10] [11].

After "the destruction of Japan", most of the Japanese people will be sentenced to death regardless of age or sex, since the majority of them are "Japanese Empire nationals.

It is a scenario in which only comrades (World Revolution Ronin) who have abandoned ethnic and national consciousness and fought the anti-Japanese struggle are acquitted, and extinguish the Japanese ethnicity from the earth [12].“

This Anti-Japaneseism ideology has provided the basis for several ongoing leftist protests such as Tokyo subway sarin attack by Aum Shinrikyo in Tokyo Metro on three lines of the Tokyo Metro (then part of the Tokyo subway) during rush hour, killing 12 people,severely injuring 50, and causing temporary vision problems for nearly 1,000 others. [13]

Financing strategy by Hostage, Robbery,Terror inside Japan

In the early days, the organization's goals were to obtain weapons, make money and kidnap important people. These plans can be summed up in three letters: "P" (for "people"), "B" (for "buki", the Japanese term for weapons), "M" (for "money") .

Plan P called for taking the Japanese Prime Minister hostage to free all members of the faction, then fleeing to Maoist China to make it the revolutionary base.

Plan B called for a series of terrorist assault on the Japanese and American centers of power.

Plan M, the only one carried out, consisted of carrying out a series of heists against banks in Japan to raise funds in order to carry out both plans P and B [14].

Known members
  • Fusako Shigenobu, founder and leader, arrested in Osaka, Japan, November 2000. Shigenobu is accused of orchestrating attacks, kidnappings and hijackings. She helped plan the 1972 attack at Lod Airport. A court in Tokyo sentenced her in February 2006 to serve 20 years in prison.[15]
  • Haruo Wakō, former leader, arrested February 1997.
  • Osamu Maruoka, former leader and hijacker of two aircraft, was arrested in November 1987 in Tokyo after entering Japan on a forged passport. Given a life sentence, he died in prison on May 29, 2011.[16]
  • Yū Kikumura was arrested with explosives on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1988 and served over 18 years of a 30‑year prison sentence in the United States.[17] In April 2007, Kikumura was released from US incarceration and immediately arrested upon his return to Japan. He was released in October 2007.[18]
  • Yoshimi Tanaka was arrested in Cambodia in 1996 and extradited to Japan. A Tokyo court sentenced him to 12 years in prison in 2002 for his involvement in the Yodo-go hijacking, in which a Japan Airlines plane was hijacked to North Korea.[19] He died in 2007.[20]
  • Yukiko Ekida, former member of East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front and a long-time JRA leader, was arrested in March 1995 in Romania and subsequently deported to Japan. She received a sentence of 20 years for attempted murder and violating the explosives law in a series of bombings targeting large companies in 1974 and 1975. The trial of Ekida was originally started in 1975 but was suspended when she was released from prison in 1977. Her release was part of a deal with the Japanese Red Army during the hijacking of a Japanese airliner to Bangladesh.[21]
  • Moriaki Wakabayashi, former bassist of Les Rallizes Dénudés. He participated to the Japan Airlines Flight 351 and is – if not dead – now living in North Korea, as the other hijackers of the aircraft, although there has been news to suggest that Moriaki is willing to go back and face the consequences.[22] The hijack marked his departure from the band. Takashi Mizutani, the leader of the band, was also offered a role in the hijacking, but turned it down.[23]
  • Kōzō Okamoto is the only survivor of the group of three JRA terrorists (alongside Takeshi Okudaira and Yasuyuki Yasuda) attacking Lod airport in 1972, now called Ben Gurion International Airport.[7][24] He was jailed in Israel, but in May 1985, Okamoto was set free in an exchange of prisoners between Israeli and Palestinian forces.[7] Subsequently, he was imprisoned in Lebanon for three years for forging visas and passports. The Lebanese authorities granted Okamoto political asylum in 1999 for having participated in attacks against Israel and being allegedly tortured while serving his prison sentence in Israel.[25]
  • Masao Adachi, Kazuo Tohira, Haruo Wakō, and Mariko Yamamoto were also imprisoned in Lebanon on charges of forgery yet were sent to Jordan before they were haned off to Japan.[26]
  • Kuniya Akagi, a collaborator of the JRA, was arrested after returning to Osaka from Pyongyang via Beijing in order to be questioned over the kidnapping of three Japanese nationals in Europe by North Korean spies in the 1980s. He is linked to Shirō Akagi, who took part in the Yodo-go hijacking (See also: Japan Airlines Flight 351).[27]
  • Hiroshi Sensui, a JRA militant living in the Philippines, was arrested by the Integrated National Police as part of anti-terrorist measures to prevent terrorist incidents from taking place in the Seoul Olympic games after being tipped off by the Japanese National Police Agency.[28][29]
  • Kunio Bando was a key member and is still on Interpol's wanted list. He may have taken refuge in the Philippines in the year 2000.[30]
  • Kazue Yoshimura, reported to have taken part in the hostage crisis in The Hague, was arrested by Peruvian DIRCOTE agents in Lima on May 25, 1996 after alleged contacts with members of the Maoist Shining Path (SP) insurgency (even possibly with then-head of the organization Comrade Feliciano).[31] The trace to her arrest was established after the 1995 Bucharest capture of Yukiko Ekita with a false Peruvian passport. Yoshimura had first entered Peru in February 1993 with a Philippine passport and later returned with the name of Yoko Okuyama, supposedly intended on travelling to the coca-growing Huallaga Valley, the last stronghold of the diminished Peruvian Maoist insurgency as well as a drug-trafficking haven.[32] According to Peruvian Caretas magazine, she was intending on helping establish a JRA presence in South America and may have even established contacts with Jun Nishikawa, another JRA operative later captured in Bolivia. Yoshimura was later deported to Japan by the government of Alberto Fujimori (a Japanese Peruvian), who stated that there was no proof against her despite the overwhelming intelligence data. The move was allegedly the result of pressure from the Japanese authorities. In December 1997, Yoshimura was sentenced to two and half years imprisonment for passport forgery.[33]

Activities

During the 1970s and 1980s, JRA carried out a series of attacks in Japan and around the world, including:

  • March 31, 1970: nine members of the JRA's predecessor, the Red Army Faction (whose leaders had been a part of the Communist League before they were thrown out), conducted Japan's most infamous hijacking, that of Japan Airlines Flight 351, a domestic Japan Airlines Boeing 727 carrying 129 people at Tokyo International Airport. Wielding katanas and a bomb, they forced the crew to fly the airliner to Fukuoka and later Gimpo Airport in Seoul, where all the passengers were freed. The aircraft then flew to North Korea, where the hijackers abandoned it and the crewmembers were released. Tanaka was the only one to be convicted. Three of Tanaka's alleged accomplices later died in North Korea and five remain there. According to Japan's National Police Agency, another accomplice may also have died in North Korea.[34]
  • May 30, 1972: the Lod Airport massacre; a gun- and grenade attack at Israel's Lod Airport in Tel Aviv, now Ben Gurion International Airport, killed 26 people; about 80 others were wounded.[35] One of the three attackers then committed suicide with a grenade, another was shot in the crossfire. The only surviving attacker was Kōzō Okamoto. Many of the victims were Christian pilgrims.[36]
  • July 1973: Red Army members led the hijacking of Japan Air Lines Flight 404 over the Netherlands. The passengers and crew were released in Libya, where the hijackers blew up the aircraft.
  • January 1974: the Laju incident; the JRA attacked a Shell facility in Singapore and took five hostages; simultaneously, the PFLP seized the Japanese embassy in Kuwait. The hostages were exchanged for a ransom and safe passage to South Yemen.
  • September 13, 1974: the French Embassy in The Hague, Netherlands was stormed. The ambassador and ten other people were taken hostage and a Dutch policewoman, Joke Remmerswaal, was shot in the back, puncturing a lung. After lengthy negotiations, the hostages were freed in exchange for the release of a jailed Red Army member (Yatsuka Furuya), $300,000 and the use of an aircraft. The hostage-takers flew first to Aden, South Yemen, where they were not accepted and then to Syria. Syria did not consider hostage-taking for money revolutionary, and forced them to give up their ransom.[37]
  • August 1975: the Red Army took more than 50 hostages at the AIA building housing several embassies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The hostages included the US consul and the Swedish chargé d'affaires. The gunmen won the release of five imprisoned comrades and flew with them to Libya.
  • August 11, 1976: in Istanbul, Turkey, four people were killed and twenty wounded by PFLP and Japanese Red Army terrorists in an attack at Istanbul Atatürk airport.[38]
  • September 1977: The Red Army hijacked Japan Airlines Flight 472 over India and forced it to land in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The Japanese Government freed six imprisoned members of the group and allegedly paid a $6M ransom.
  • December 1977: a suspected lone member of the Red Army hijacked Malaysian Airline System Flight 653.[39] The flight was carrying the Cuban ambassador to Tokyo, Mario Garcia. The Boeing 737 crashed killing all on board.
  • May 1986: the Red Army fired mortar rounds at the embassies of Japan, Canada and the United States in Jakarta, Indonesia.[40]
  • June 1987: a similar attack was launched on the British and United States embassies in Rome, Italy.[25]
  • April 1988: Red Army members bombed the US military recreational (USO) club in Naples, Italy, killing five.[25]
  • In the same month, JRA operative Yū Kikumura was arrested with explosives on the New Jersey Turnpike highway, apparently to coincide with the USO bombing.[41] He was convicted of these charges and served time in a United States prison until his release in April 2007.[42] Upon his return to Japan he was immediately arrested on suspicion of using fraudulent travel documents.

After dissolution

Haruo Wakō, who left the Japanese Red Army in 1979 and was involved in 1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague , criticized Japanese Red Army as follows in response that former member Mariko Yamamoto was arrested for shoplifting shredded dried squid products in 2005.

"This case shows the actual situation and reality of the Japanese Red Army.

For organizations that have attempted to abduct commercial employees in Europe, occupied the embassy, airplane hijacking, etc., they had the anti-social and anti-people character"[43].

Since then, he has published a critical work on the Japanese Red Army's past internal circumstances [44].

Every year on May 30, the meeting to commemorate “Lod airport massacre“ is being held in Japan and Lebanon.

The similar appeal is being made on the anniversary of the members.

Fusako Shigenobu, founder and leader of Japanese Red Army also sends the support message and the statement of “thorough do or die resistance“ against Israel and others[45][46].

Films
  • Sekigun – PFLP. Sekai Sensō Sengen, Red Army – PFLP: Declaration of World War, 1971, shot on location in Lebanon, produced by Kōji Wakamatsu. Patricia Steinhoff translates its title Manifesto for World Revolution which makes perhaps more sense. A propaganda film for the Red Army sympathisers in Japan.
One of the people showing the film around Japan with the producer was Mieko Toyama, a close friend of Fusako Shigenobu. She was murdered in the winter training camp massacre.
  • Jitsuroku Rengō Sekigun, Asama sansō e no michi, United Red Army (The Way to Asama Mountain Lodge), 2007, shows the horrors of the United Red Army winter camp, but also the history of the militant Japanese student movement. See also United Red Army (film)
  • Suatu Ketika... Soldadu Merah (Once Upon A Time... Red Soldier), an 8 episode Malaysian TV drama series based on the Japanese Red Army attack in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1975. Produced by NSK Productions (Malaysia), the series was shot in 2009 and currently airs on Malaysia's local cable channel, ASTRO Citra 131. Read Hostage Drama article by TheStar newspapers.
  • In 2010, Fusako Shigenobu and Masao Adachi were featured in the documentary Children of the Revolution, which tells the story of Shigenobu and the Japanese Red Army through the eyes of Mei Shigenobu.
  • In the 2010 French TV Film Carlos, members of the Japanese Red Army feature when they stormed the French Embassy in The Hague and associating with the PFLP and the German Revolutionary Cells.
  • The 2011 Bangladeshi film The Young Man Was, Part 1: United Red Army by visual artist Naeem Mohaiemen is about the 1977 hijacking of JAL 472 and the subsequent consequences inside Bangladesh.
  • Rabih El-Amine's documentary Ahmad the Japanese, Lod-Roumié-Tokyo made in 1999 tells Okamoto's story from the perspective of five major personalities that knew him in Beirut.
  • Philippe Grandrieux and Nicole Brenez's documentary Masao Adachi. Portrait - First episode of the collection The Beauty May Have Strengthened Our Resoluteness, 2012, shot on location in Tokyo, which tells the daily life of Adachi and his reminiscences.
gollark: Yes.
gollark: i.e. more seriously "industrial society bad"
gollark: i.e. "yes I want to die of easily preventable diseases after living a life in horrible conditions"
gollark: Anarchoprimitivism.
gollark: anprim BAD. ☭ bad.

See also

References
  1. Wright-Neville 2010, p. 119.
  2. https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/japanese-red-army-jra
  3. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/jra.htm
  4. Wright-Neville 2010, p. 119-120.
  5. Terrorist profile group - the Japanese red army "The Japanese red army attempts to support through terrorism a worldwide Marxist Leninist revolution
  6. Japanese Red Army (JRA) Profile The National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism Terrorism Knowledge Base (online)
  7. Smith 1994, p. 144.
  8. "Shigenobu declares end of Japanese Red Army". The Japan Times Online. April 16, 2001.
  9. "Movements of the Japanese Red Army and the "Yodo-go" Group". Japanese National Police Agency. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  10. 竹中労・平岡正明『水滸伝-窮民革命のための序説』より梅内恒夫「共産同赤軍派より日帝打倒を志すすべての人々へ」三一書房、1973年
  11. 太田竜『辺境最深部に向かって退却せよ!』三一書房、1971年
  12. 太田竜『革命・情報・認識（よみかきのしかた）』現代書館、1974年
  13. 原田実『幻想の荒覇吐（アラハバキ）秘史-「東日流外三郡誌」の泥濘』批評社、1999年
  14. (Gallagher 2003).
  15. https://apnews.com/94080fdcdb7a09e91698976b6f3c3eae
  16. Kyodo News, "Ex-Red Army member Maruoka dies", Japan Times, May 30, 2011, p. 2.
  17. "Yu Kikumura." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on January 6, 2010.
  18. "Naharnet — Lebanon's leading news destination". Naharnet. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  19. Reports, From Times Wire (February 14, 2002). "Ex-Red Army Member Sentenced for Hijacking". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  20. "Obituary: Yoshimi Tanaka". The Japan Times Online. Japan Times. January 3, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  21. "Death row inmate apologizes to victims of 1974 bombing". Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  22. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/09/japan.jonathanwatts1
  23. https://pennpoliticalreview.org/2015/02/the-birth-of-noise/
  24. Pendahzur 2010, p. 38.
  25. "Red Army's reign of terror". BBC News. November 8, 2000. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  26. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/18/terrorism
  27. Man linked to Red Army Faction arrested upon return from Pyongyang. Retrieved on June 9, 2007.
  28. "Alleged terrorist deported, tied to Olympic plot". Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  29. Terrorism and guerrilla warfare: forecasts and remedies, page 171.
  30. "Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources". Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  31. "PERU: SUSPECTED JAPANESE RED ARMY TERRORIST TO BE DEPORTED - AP Archive". www.aparchive.com. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  32. "Peru to Send Red Army Guerrilla Suspect to Japan". The New York Times. June 6, 1996. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  33. "CARETAS HOME PAGE". www2.caretas.pe. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  34. "Movements of the Japanese Red Army and the "Yodo-go" Group"" (PDF). National Police Agency, Japan. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 23, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2007. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  35. "In what became known as the Lod Airport Massacre three members of the terrorist group, Japanese Red Army, arrived at the airport aboard Air France Flight 132 from Rome. Once inside the airport they grabbed automatic firearms from their carry-on cases and fired at airport staff and visitors. In the end, 26 people died and 80 people were injured." CBC News, The Fifth Estate, "Fasten Your Seatbelts: Ben Gurion Airport in Israel", 2007. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  36. Axell, Albert (2002). Japan's Suicide Gods. London: Pearson Education. p. x. ISBN 9780582772328.
  37. Blood and Rage, The Story of the Japanese Red Army.
  38. "1967-1993: Major Terror Attacks". GxMSDev. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  39. "CNN - Ethiopia mourns crash victims - Nov. 25, 1996". Archived from the original on December 23, 2004. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  40. "Red Army's reign of terror". November 8, 2000. Retrieved October 26, 2017 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  41. https://fas.org/irp/world/para/jra.htm
  42. https://www.refworld.org/docid/48196ca21e.html
  43. {{Cite web|url=http://kiyoumohannich.web.fc2.com/wakou/wakou268.html | publisher=Homepage for information on eastern Asian anti-Japanese armed fronts | title=Supporting News No.268 “The Wako Trial is a trial trial” |author=Wako Haruo |author link=Wako Haruo |accessdate=2012-02-23} }
  44. "What was the Japanese Red Army-about its early days?" Sairyusha.
  45. Hinomori and Maruoka
  46. -asia_oce/nihon-seki-gun.html Japanese Red Army Public Security Investigation Agency

Bibliography
  • Blood and Rage, The Story of the Japanese Red Army, by William R Farrell, Lexington Books: Lexington, Massachusetts, USA. ISBN 0-669-19756-4
  • Terrorism and guerrilla warfare: forecasts and remedies by Richard L. Clutterbuck, Routledge: New York, USA. ISBN 0-415-02440-4
  • Pedahzur, Ami (2009). The Israeli Secret Services and the Struggle against Terrorism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231140423.
  • Smith, Brent L. (1994). Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0791417607.
  • Andrews, William Dissenting Japan: A History of Japanese Radicalism and Counterculture, from 1945 to Fukushima. London: Hurst, 2016. ISBN 978-1849045797
  • Wright-Neville, David (2010). Dictionary of Terrorism. Polity Press. ISBN 978-0745643014.
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