List of IARC Group 2B Agents - Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Substances, mixtures and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 2B[1]: The agent (mixture) is "possibly carcinogenic to humans". The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group. Further details can be found in the preamble to the IARC Monographs.

Agents and groups of agents

A A-α-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acrylonitrile AF-2 (2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide) Aflatoxin M1 1-Amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone para-Aminoazobenzene ortho-Aminoazotoluene 2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole Amsacrine ortho-Anisidine Anthraquinone Antimony trioxide Aramite Auramine Azaserine Aziridine B Benz[j]aceanthrylene Benz[a]anthracene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzo[c]phenanthrene Benzophenone Benzofuran Benzyl violet 4B 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol BK polyomavirus (BKV) Bleomycin Bracken fern Bromochloroacetic acid Bromodichloromethane 1-Bromopropane Butylated hydroxyanisole β-Butyrolactone C Caffeic acid Carbazole Carbon black Carbon nanotubes, multi-walled MWCNT-7 Carbon tetrachloride Catechol Chlordane Chlordecone (Kepone) Chlorendic acid para-Chloroaniline 3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone Chloroform 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene, technical grade Chlorophenoxy herbicides 4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine Chloroprene Chlorothalonil Chrysene CI Acid Red 114 CI Basic Red 9 CI Direct Blue 15 Citrus Red No. 2 Cobalt and cobalt compounds ^1 Cobalt sulfate and other soluble cobalt(II) salts Coconut oil diethanolamine condensate para-Cresidine Cumene Cycasin D 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) Dacarbazine Dantron (Chrysazin, 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone) Daunomycin DDT (p,p'-DDT) N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine 2,4-Diaminoanisole 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether 2,4-Diaminotoluene Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[c,h]acridine 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibromoacetic acid Dibromoacetonitrile 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 2,3-Dibromopropan-1-ol Dichloroacetic acid para-Dichlorobenzene 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,3-Dichloropropene (technical grade) 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol Dichlorvos Diethanolamine Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 1,2-Diethylhydrazine Diglycidyl resorcinol ether Digoxin Dihydrosafrole Diisopropyl sulfate 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (o-Dianisidine) para-Dimethylaminoazobenzene trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole 2,6-Xylidine (2,6-Dimethylaniline) Dimethylarsinic acid 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (o-Tolidine) 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl-p-toluidine 3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene 3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene 1,3-Dinitropyrene 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dinitropyrene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2,6-Dinitrotoluene 1,4-Dioxane Disperse Blue 1 E 1,2-Epoxybutane Ethyl acrylate Ethylbenzene Ethylene dichloride Ethyl methanesulfonate F Foreign bodies, implanted in tissues Polymeric, prepared as thin smooth films (with the exception of poly(glycolic acid)) Metallic, prepared as thin smooth films Metallic cobalt, metallic nickel and an alloy powder containing 66-67% nickel, 13-16% chromium and 7% iron 2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole Fumonisin B1 Furan G Ginkgo biloba extract Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole) Glu-P-2 (2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole) Glycidaldehyde Griseofulvin H HC Blue No. 1 Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloroethane Hexachlorocyclohexanes Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) 2,4-Hexadienal Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (infection with) Human papillomavirus types 26, 53, 66, 67, 70, 73, 82 Human papillomavirus types 30, 34, 69, 85, 97 Human papillomavirus types 5 and 8 (in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis) Hydrochlorothiazide 1-Hydroxyanthraquinone

I Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Indium tin oxide Iron-dextran complex Isoprene J JC polyomavirus (JCV) K Kava extract L Lasiocarpine Lead M Magnetic fields (extremely low frequency) MeA-α-C (2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) Medroxyprogesterone acetate MeIQ (2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) MeIQx (2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline) Melamine Merphalan Methylarsonic acid 2-Methylaziridine (Propyleneimine) Methylazoxymethanol acetate 5-Methylchrysene 4,4'-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline) 4,4'-Methylenedianiline Methyleugenol 2-Methylimidazole 4-Methylimidazole Methyl isobutyl ketone Methylmercury compounds ^1 2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone (uncertain purity) N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane Methylthiouracil α-Methylstyrene Metronidazole Michler's base (4,4'-methylene-bis(N,N-dimethyl)benzenamine) Michler's ketone (4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone) Microcystin-LR Mirex Mitomycin C Mitoxantrone Molybdenum trioxide 3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) Monocrotaline 5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone β-Myrcene N Nafenopin Naphthalene Nickel, metallic and alloys Niridazole Nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts ^1 5-Nitroacenaphthene 2-Nitroanisole 3-Nitrobenzanthrone Nitrobenzene Nitrofen (technical-grade) 2-Nitrofluorene 1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide Nitrogen mustard N-oxide Nitromethane 2-Nitropropane 4-Nitropyrene N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine 3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile N-Nitrosomethylethylamine N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine N-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrososarcosine O Ochratoxin A Oil Orange SS Oxazepam P Palygorskite (attapulgite) (long fibres, >5 µm) Panfuran S (containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine) Parathion Pentosan polysulfate sodium Perfluorooctanoic acid Phenazopyridine hydrochloride Phenobarbital Phenolphthalein Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride Phenyl glycidyl ether Phenytoin PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine) Polychlorophenols and their sodium salts (mixed exposures) Ponceau MX Ponceau 3R Potassium bromate Primidone Progestins Progestogen-only contraceptives β-Propiolactone Propylene oxide Propylthiouracil Pulegone Pyridine Q Quinoline R Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, such as, but not limited to, those associated with wireless phones[2] Refractory ceramic fibres Riddelliine S Safrole Schistosoma japonicum (infection with) Silicon carbide, fibrous Sodium ortho-phenylphenate Special-purpose fibres such as E-glass and '475' glass fibres Sterigmatocystin Streptozotocin Sulfasalazine Sulfallate T 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachlorvinphos Tetrahydrofuran Tetranitromethane Thioacetamide 4,4'-Thiodianiline 2-Thiouracil Titanium dioxide Toluene diisocyanates Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes) Triamterene Trichlormethine (Trimustine hydrochloride) Trichloroacetic acid 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Trp-P-1 (3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole) Trp-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole) Trypan blue U Uracil mustard V Vanadium pentoxide Vinyl acetate 4-Vinylcyclohexene 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide Z Zalcitabine Zidovudine (AZT)

Mixtures

• Aloe vera, whole leaf extract
• Bitumens, occupational exposure to straight-run bitumens and their emissions during road paving
• Bitumens, occupational exposure to hard bitumens and their emissions during mastic asphalt work
• Carrageenan, degraded (Poligeenan)
• Chlorinated paraffins of average carbon chain length C₁₂ and average degree of chlorination approximately 60%
• Diesel fuel, marine
• Engine exhaust, gasoline
• Fuel oils, residual (heavy)
• Fusarium moniliforme, toxins derived from (fumonisin B₁, fumonisin B₂, and fusarin C)
• Gasoline
• Goldenseal root powder
• Magenta dyes (CI Basic Red and fuchins)
• Pickled vegetables (traditional in Asia)
• Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes)
• Welding fumes

Exposure circumstances

• Carpentry and joinery
• Cobalt metal without tungsten carbide
• Dry cleaning (occupational exposure in)
• Firefighter (occupational exposure as)
• Printing processes (occupational exposure as)
• Talc-based body powders (perineal use of)
• Textile manufacturing industry (work in)

Notes

• ^1 Evaluated as a group.

References

1. "List of Classifications, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124". IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Risk to Humans. IARC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
2. Press release No 208, 31 May 2011, IARC classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans

External links

• Description of the list of classifications, IARC
  • List of Classifications (latest version)
  • List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, Volumes 1 to 124 (Last update: 8 July 2019)