Kennington

Kennington is a district in south London, England. It is mainly within the London Borough of Lambeth, running along the boundary with the London Borough of Southwark, a boundary which can be discerned from the early medieval period between the Lambeth and St George's parishes of those boroughs respectively.[1] It is located 1.4 miles (2.3 km) south of Charing Cross in Inner London and is identified as a local centre in the London Plan. It was a royal manor in the parish of St Mary, Lambeth in the county of Surrey and was the administrative centre of the parish from 1853. Proximity to central London was key to the development of the area as a residential suburb and it was incorporated into the metropolitan area of London in 1855.

This article is about the district of London. For other uses, see Kennington (disambiguation).

Kennington

Kennington Park
Kennington
Kennington
Location within Greater London
Population15,106 (Oval ward 2011 Census)
OS grid referenceTQ305775
• Charing Cross1.4 mi (2.3 km) N
London borough
Ceremonial countyGreater London
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townLONDON
Postcode districtSE11
Dialling code020
PoliceMetropolitan
FireLondon
AmbulanceLondon
UK Parliament
London Assembly

Kennington is the location of three significant London landmarks: the Oval cricket ground, the Imperial War Museum, and Kennington Park. Its population at the United Kingdom Census 2011 was 15,106. Kennington is served by Kennington Police Station.

History

Toponymy

Kennington appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Chenintune. It is recorded as Kenintone in 1229 and Kenyngton in 1263. Mills (2001) believes the name to be Old English meaning "farmstead or estate associated with a man called Cēna".[2] Another explanation is that it means "place of the King", or "town of the King".[3]

For a list of street name toponymys in the area see Street names of Kennington and Lambeth

Early history

The presence of a tumulus, and other locally significant geographical features, suggest that the area was regarded in ancient times as a sacred place of assembly. According to the Domesday Book it was held by Teodric (Theodoric) the Goldsmith. It contained: 1 hide and 3 virgates; 3 ploughs, 4 acres (16,000 m2) of meadow. It rendered £3 annually.[4] The manor of Kennington was divided from the manor of Vauxhall by the River Effra, a tributary of the River Thames. A smaller river, the River Neckinger, ran along the edge of the northern part of Kennington, approximately where Brook Drive is today (i.e. the brook) still forming the borough boundary. Both rivers have now been diverted into underground culverts.

Chartist meeting on Kennington Common in 1848

Harthacnut, King of Denmark and King of England, died at Kennington in 1041. Harold Godwinson took the Crown the day after the death of Edward the Confessor at Kennington; he is said to have placed it upon his own head. King Henry III held his court here in 1231; and, according to Matthew Paris, in 1232, Parliament was held at Kennington.

Edward III gave the manor of Kennington to his oldest son Edward the Black Prince in 1337, and the prince then built a large royal palace in the triangle formed by Kennington Lane, Sancroft Street and Cardigan Street, near to Kennington Cross. In 1377, according to John Stow, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster came to Kennington to escape the fury of the people of London. Geoffrey Chaucer was employed at Kennington as Clerk of Works in 1389. He was paid 2 shillings. Kennington was the occasional residence of Henry IV and Henry VI. Henry VII was at Kennington before his coronation. Catherine of Aragon stayed at Kennington Palace in 1501. In 1531, at the order of King Henry VIII, most of Kennington Palace was dismantled, and the materials were used in the construction of the Palace of Whitehall.[5]

The historical manor of Kennington continues to be owned by the current monarch's elder son (the Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall: see Dukes of Cornwall). The Duchy of Cornwall maintains a substantial property portfolio within the area.

18th century

The eighteenth century saw considerable development in Kennington. At the start of the century, the area was essentially a village on the southern roads into London, with a common on which public executions took place. In 1746, Francis Towneley and eight men who had taken part in the Jacobite rising were hanged, drawn and quartered at Kennington Common.

The area was significant enough, however, to be recognised in the Peerage of Great Britain and in 1726, the title Earl of Kennington was assumed by Prince William, Duke of Cumberland.

The development of Kennington came about through access to London, which happened when, in 1750, Westminster Bridge was constructed. In 1751, Kennington Road was built from Kennington Common (as it then was; now Kennington Park) to Westminster Bridge Road.

Kennington Road was constructed in 1751, and houses were soon built along it.

By the 1770s, the development of Kennington into its modern form was well underway. Terraces of houses were built on the east side of Kennington Road and Cleaver Square (then called Prince's Square) was laid out in 1788.[6] Michael Searles, architect and developer, built semi-detached houses along Kennington Park Road in the 1790s.

A fraudster from Camberwell, named Badger, was the last person to be hanged at Kennington Common, in 1799.

19th century

The modern street pattern of Kennington was formed by the early nineteenth century. The village had become a semi-rural suburb with grand terraced houses.

In the early nineteenth century, Kennington Common was a place of ill-repute. Various attempts were made by the Grand Surrey Canal to purchase the land to build a canal basin, but all of these failed. Because the area had been so rapidly developed and populated in the second half of the eighteenth century, by the nineteenth century, the Common was no longer used for grazing cattle and other agricultural purposes. It became a rubbish dump,[7] a meeting place for radical crowds and an embarrassment to the area. Common rights were extinguished over one corner of the land and in 1824, St. Mark's Church was built on the site of the gallows. One of the four "Waterloo Churches" of south London, the church was opened by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1852, at the initiative of the minister of St. Mark's Church, the Common was enclosed and became the first public park in south London.

Walcot Square was, like most of Kennington's 19th-century development, built in the gaps between main roads.

Pockets of land between the main roads were built upon in the early nineteenth century. Walcot Square and St Mary's Gardens were laid out in the 1830s on land formerly used as a market garden. Imperial Court, on Kennington Lane, was built in 1836 for the Licensed Victuallers' School. The first stone was laid by Viscount Melbourne, in the name of King William IV.

The Oval cricket ground was leased to Surrey County Cricket Club from the Duchy of Cornwall in 1845, and the adjacent gasometers (themselves an international sporting landmark) were constructed in 1853.

Dense building and the carving-up of large houses for multiple occupation caused Kennington to be "very seriously over-populated in 1859, when diphtheria appeared" (recorded by Karl Marx in Das Kapital).[8]

The church of St John the Divine, Kennington, which was to be described by the poet John Betjeman as "the most magnificent church in South London", was designed by George Edmund Street (architect of the Royal Courts of Justice on Strand, London), and was built between 1871 and 1874.

The nave of St John the Divine, Kennington

The Durning Library, at Kennington Cross, was designed in 1889 by S. Sidney R. J. Smith, architect of the Tate Gallery (as it then was; now Tate Britain), and is a fine example of the Gothic Revival style. The library was a gift to the people of Kennington from Jemina Durning Smith.

A men's public convenience, which had been built opposite in 1898, is now preserved as an arts venue and is likely to have been used by a young Charlie Chaplin who writes in his autobiography of a night when he was locked out of the family room and listened all night to the music in the newly opened White Hart pub, now The Tommyfield.[9] When his mother fell on hard times he was taken with his brother Sydney to another Kennington landmark the old Lambeth Workhouse now the home of the Cinema Museum.

Kennington station was opened as "Kennington (New Street)" in 1890 by the City of London and Southwark Subway, but is in fact on the boundary of Newington, Surrey and Kennington and as such is now in the London Borough of Southwark.

The poverty map of London, created by Charles Booth in 1898–99, identifies a mixture of classifications for the streets of the district; Kennington Park Road, for example, corresponds with the description "Middle class. Well-to-do". Most streets are classified as "Mixed. Some comfortable, others poor". There are also several scattered streets which are considered to be "Poor. 18s. to 21s. a week for a moderate family".[10] The map shows that there existed in the district a great disparity of wealth and comfort between near-neighbours.

20th-century history
Kennington War Memorial

Two social forces were at work in Kennington at different times during the twentieth century: decline, and – later – gentrification. Decline began in the early part of the twentieth century. Middle-class households ceased to employ servants and no longer sought the large houses of Kennington, preferring the suburbs of outer London. Houses in Kennington were suited to multiple occupation and were divided into flats and bedsits, providing cheap lodgings for lower-paid workers.

Kennington ceased to be the administrative centre for the Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth (as it then was) in 1908. The Town Hall, built as the Lambeth Vestry Hall (Surrey) for the business of the Parish, in a neoclassical style on Kennington Road, was not large enough for the Council to properly carry out its functions. A new Town Hall was built in Brixton. The Old Town Hall was the registered office of the Countryside Alliance until September, 2015 [11].

In 1913, Maud Pember Reeves selected Kennington for Round About a Pound a Week, which was a survey of social conditions in the district. She found "respectable but very poor people [who] live over a morass of such intolerable poverty that they unite instinctively to save those known to them from falling into it".[12]

Courtenay Square was part of the Duchy of Cornwall's major redevelopment of part of the district in the early twentieth century.

In an initiative to improve the district, from 1915, the Duchy of Cornwall set about an ambitious project to redevelop land. Courtenay Square, Courtenay Street, Cardigan Street, Denny Street and Denny Crescent were laid out to a design by architects Stanley Davenport Adshead, Stanley Churchill Ramsay and JD Coleridge, in a Neo-Georgian style.

In 1922, Lambeth Hospital on Brook Drive was created from a former workhouse. Under the control of the London County Council, Lambeth Hospital, which had a capacity of 1,250 patients in 1939, was one of the largest hospitals in London. After the National Health Service was formed, Lambeth Hospital became an acute general hospital. In 1976, the North Wing of St. Thomas' Hospital opened; services transferred there, and Lambeth Hospital was closed. A substantial part of the site has today been redeveloped for apartments, although some buildings are occupied by the Lambeth Community Care Centre.

Kennington station was substantially remodelled in 1925 to accommodate the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line along with the improvements to the City and South London Railway to form the Northern line. Because tram and bus routes converged at Kennington, in the 1920s St. Mark's became known as the "tramwayman's church", and Kennington was referred to as the "Clapham Junction of the southern roads".[13]

By 1926, construction of the Belgrave Hospital for Children, designed by Henry Percy Adams and Charles Holden, was complete. The hospital was subsumed within the King's College Hospital Group and closed in 1985. It was restored and converted to apartments in 1994.

In the 1930s, the Duchy of Cornwall continued to redevelop its estate in the district and employed architect Louis de Soissons to design a number of buildings in a Neo-Georgian style.

On 15 October 1940, the large trench air-raid shelter beneath Kennington Park was struck by a 50 lb bomb. The number of people killed remains unknown; it is believed by local historians that 104 people died. Forty-eight bodies were recovered.

The Brandon Estate was endowed in 1962 by the London County Council with Reclining Figure No. 3: a sculpture by Henry Moore.

St Agnes Place was a street of mid-Victorian terraces built for the servants of Buckingham Palace.[14] Lambeth Council had decided to demolish the street to extend Kennington Park and the houses were empty by the late 1960s. In 1969, squatters moved into one of the houses and later entered the other empty properties and established a Rastafari temple. The street became London's longest-running squat. From 1977, Lambeth Council sought to evict the squatters and eventually succeeded at the High Court in 2005. The houses and the temple were declared to be unfit for human habitation and were pulled down in 2007. The Kennington Park Extension now covers much of the site.

Lambeth Council designated much of Kennington a Conservation Area in 1968, the boundary of which was extended in 1979 and in 1997. Lambeth Council's emphasis on conserving and protecting Kennington's architectural heritage and enhancing its attractive open spaces for recreation and leisure is illustrated by restoration of the centre of the listed Cleaver Square in the last decade of the twentieth century. Originally grassed over in the 1790s, the centre of Cleaver Square had by the 1870s become a garden circumscribed by a formal path, but by 1898 it had been cultivated as a nursery with greenhouses. In 1927 the centre of Cleaver Square was acquired by the London County Council to forestall a proposal to build on it, and more trees were then planted and the garden was gravelled over as a recreation ground. During the war years, in particular, the recreation area became somewhat derelict but during the 1950s Cleaver Square's inherent charm was recognised anew and its fortunes once more began to rise. In 1995, Lambeth Council resolved, with the backing of English Heritage, a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, and donations from residents of Cleaver Square, to restore the centre of the square to provide once again an attractive and peaceful public space for the people of Kennington.[15] In the summer months many people from Kennington and further afield play pétanque in the centre of the square.

21st-century gentrification

In recent years, Kennington has experienced gentrification, principally because of its location and good transport links to the West End and the City of London. In London: A Social History,[16] Roy Porter describes "Victorian villas in ... Kennington, long debased by use as lodging-houses, were transformed into luxury flats for young professionals or snips for first-time buyers – or were repossessed by the class of family for whom they had first been built"; and "Chambers London Gazetteer"[17] observes the "reuniting of formerly subdivided properties" as "decline is being reversed".

It is difficult to identify a single defining reason for this change. The principal factors are location and transport. The good architectural and structural quality of many properties in Kennington – characterised by Georgian and Victorian terraces of yellow London stock brick, typically three storeys or higher, fronting the main roads and squares – has unquestionably contributed to the gentrification of the area. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of housing in the area is council-owned, including some council estates adjacent to Kennington Lane, leading up to Elephant and Castle, and around the Kennington Park area. In the twenty-first century there has been an ongoing programme by Lambeth Council of upgrading its stock of housing and in many cases improving its external appearance. The area's varied social texture demonstrates the population mix.

Governance

The local authority is Lambeth London Borough Council.

Three Lambeth wards include Kennington: Oval, Prince's and Vassall, each electing three councillors. Each ward is currently represented by three Labour Party councillors. Council elections take place every four years, with the next one scheduled in 2022. 2014 marked the first time each ward was represented entirely by Labour.

The Member of Parliament for the Vauxhall constituency, which includes Kennington, is currently the Labour Co-operative MP Florence Eshalomi, who has been the MP since December 2019. It is within the Lambeth and Southwark London Assembly constituency, also represented by Florence Eshalomi.

Geography

Kennington has no official boundaries but the ancient manorial boundaries are easily discerned and for historical purposes, this article has confined itself to them although estate agents use the term more loosely so as to promote any particular property they wish to act in disposal of, and modern classifications of which areas fall within the district vary. The modern layout of Kennington reflects development as a linear settlement. Within the London post town, the postcode district for Kennington is SE11. The SE11 postcode captures most of the district, although the peripheries of Kennington are within the SE17, SE1, SW8 and SW9 postcodes. The south-western part of the district – Kennington Oval – protrudes towards Vauxhall.

Nearest places: Vauxhall, Waterloo, Walworth, Newington (usually known as Elephant and Castle), Stockwell, Camberwell, Brixton, and Lambeth North.

Culture and community

Kennington is essentially a multi-ethnic area with a mixed and varied population, all falling within different geodemographic strands. The area attracts young and affluent incomers who fall within the ABC1 demographic strand of the NRS social grade spectrum.

Durning Library, Kennington
Brightly coloured shops at Kennington Cross

Kennington is within the Division bell zone for the Houses of Parliament. This means that, at least in theory, it is within eight minutes from the division lobbies of the Houses of Parliament. A large number of members of parliament and civil servants live within the area. An article in The Sunday Times described Kennington as "the politicians' enclave across the Thames from Westminster"; and The Times observed that "Kennington ... is the suburb that has featured the most in the MPs' expenses scandal. Hazel Blears and Alistair Darling are only two of the ministers with Kennington second homes".

Kennington Road and Kennington Lane, south of Kennington Cross, could properly be described as the "shopping area" of Kennington. This area is identified as a "Local Centre" in the London Plan. There is a range of local shops, restaurants, cafés and estate agents, and there is a post office. There is a Tesco supermarket on Kennington Lane. The area has a number of pubs and some bars. There are two theatres in Kennington: the White Bear Theatre and the Oval House Theatre and the area has an active residents' association called the Kennington Association. The Friends of Kennington Park is a local organisation, involved with the promotion of Kennington Park as a valuable resource for the community. Kennington is also home of The Cinema Museum – a popular local venue for watching films and learning about the history of cinema.

A weekly farmers' market takes place on a Saturday from about 10 am to 3 pm at St. Mark's Church opposite Oval tube station.

The distillery of Beefeater Gin – the only premium gin still distilled in London – is situated in Montford Place, Kennington.

The City and Guilds of London Art School, one of the longest-established art colleges in the country, has been at Kennington Park Road since 1879.

Kennington in literature and film

  • In 1853, Bleak House, by Charles Dickens, was published. Mr Guppy, the law clerk, takes a “commodious tenement” on Walcot Square.
  • In 1915, Of Human Bondage, by W. Somerset Maugham, was published. Philip Carey, the protagonist, finds lodgings in the "vulgar respectability" of Kennington.
  • In 1945, London Belongs to Me, by Norman Collins, was published. The central setting for the novel is a boarding-house at 10, Dulcimer Street, Kennington.
  • Scenes from the film Passport to Pimlico were filmed in and around Kennington. The film was released in 1949.
  • Scenes from the 1990 film The Krays were filmed in Kennington.
  • A pub, "The Jolly Gardeners", on Black Prince Road, was adopted for Snatch and cast as "The Drowned Trout", in 2000.
  • In 2001, London Boulevard, by Ken Bruen, was published. Kennington is a setting within the novel, and features in the 2010 film of the same name.
  • In the 2008 film Traitor, Don Cheadle's character Samir Horn is shown exiting Kennington tube station and walking up Kennington Park Road in the direction of Oval.
  • In the 2010 film The Ghost Writer, fictitious former Prime Minister Adam Lang is revealed through old letters to have started his political career while living at an address in Kennington.
  • Scenes from the 2011 film The Iron Lady were filmed in Kennington.
  • The 2011 film Attack the Block was set in Kennington.
  • Scenes from the 2014 film Kingsman: The Secret Service were filmed at The Black Prince pub in Kennington.

Landmarks

Kennington Park
Main article: Kennington Park
Kennington Park

Kennington Park, laid out by Victorian architect James Pennethorne, and St Mark's Churchyard now cover the site of Kennington Common. The Park was originally designated one of the Royal Parks of London (today, management of the Park is undertaken by Lambeth Council).

The Park, historically, was a place for executions, a Speakers' Corner for public gatherings for political and religious purposes, and a place for entertainment and sporting events.

In the 1730s, Methodists John Wesley and George Whitefield preached to thousands on Kennington Common. In 1746 the Surrey County Gallows at the southern end of the Common was used for the execution of nine leaders of the Jacobite rebellion of 1745. The Common was also where the Chartists gathered for their biggest demonstration in 1848. "The Gymnastic Society" met regularly at Kennington Common during the second half of the eighteenth century to play football.[18] The Society – sometimes claimed to be the world's first football club – consisted of London-based natives of Cumberland and Westmorland.

People gather for a rally in Kennington Park

The tradition of political gathering at Kennington Park in advance of marches upon Parliament returned in the 1970s. In 1986, the Park was the location for the Gay Pride march of that year, and for several years thereafter. On 31 March 1990, some 200,000 people amassed at Kennington Park to march upon Trafalgar Square, in protest against the Community Charge. This, during the course of the day, escalated into mass disturbances: the Poll Tax Riots. In April 1997, a march organised by Reclaim the Streets set off from the Park for central London; and in May 2004, the Park was the starting point for a march to the Cannabis Festival at Brockwell Park. In March 2007, the Archbishop of Canterbury preached at Kennington Park to mark the passing of the Slave Trade Act 1807. The Park had been a significant location for important anti-slave trade rallies. In March 2011, the Park was the South London starting point for a feeder march to the 2011 anti-cuts protest in London. In November 2012, the Park was the location of the "Demo 2012" student rally against higher tuition fees.

Kennington Oval (The Oval)
Main article: The Oval
Play at the Oval

The Oval, officially currently known as "The Kia Oval", is the home ground for Surrey County Cricket Club and hosts the final Test match of the English summer season. The Oval was the first ground in the United Kingdom to host Test cricket, was the location for the England v Scotland representative matches, the first ever international football match, the first FA Cup final in 1872, and held the second ever rugby union international match between England and Scotland in 1872. England's unfortunate performance against Australia here in 1882 gave rise to The Ashes. The Oval has been labelled with the sobriquet "the Grand Old Lady" in recognition of the significant role the ground has played in the development of modern sport.

The presence of the Oval as a large green space available for cricket is down to an unrealised street plan. For many years prior to its use as a cricket ground, this area was used as a cabbage garden.[19]

Stane Street

Kennington Park Road, which continues beyond Kennington as Clapham Road, is a long and straight stretch of road because it follows the old Roman Stane Street. This ran down from the Roman London Bridge to Chichester via the gap in the North Downs at Box Hill near Dorking. Another Roman road branched off opposite Kennington Road and went through what is now Kennington Park and down the Brixton Road. It carried on through the North Downs near Caterham to Hassocks, just north of the South Downs.

Transport

Rail

Kennington is served by several London Underground stations.

Kennington tube station is on the Northern line.

Kennington tube station is on the Northern line, providing the area with direct connections northbound to Central London, the City of London and North London. Some trains terminate at Kennington (on the Charing Cross branch), but others continue southbound to Morden via Clapham and Wimbledon.[20]

Oval tube station is also on the Northern line.[20]

Other nearby stations include Lambeth North on the Bakerloo line and Vauxhall on the Victoria line. Vauxhall is also on the National Rail network. All trains are operated by South Western Railway in or out of Waterloo.[20]

The Northern line, Charing Cross branch is being extended from Kennington to new stations Nine Elms and Battersea Power Station. The extension is due to open in September 2021.[21]

Bus

London Buses routes 3, 36, 59, 133, 155, 159, 185, 196, 333, 360, 415, 436 serve Kennington. Routes 36 and 159 operate 24 hours, daily.[22][23] Routes N3, N109, N133, N136 and N155 also serve the area at night.[24][25]

Road

Several major routes pass through the area, including:

Cycling
Cycle Superhighway 7 (CS7) is marked using blue paint along A3/Kennington Park Road.

Cycling infrastructure in the area is managed by Transport for London (TfL) and the London Borough of Lambeth. Kennington is linked to other areas of London by several cycle routes, including:

Santander Cycles, a London-wide bicycle-sharing system, operates in Kennington.

Education

There are seven primary schools within the Kennington area:

  • Archbishop Sumner School (Church of England)
  • Henry Fawcett Primary School
  • St. Anne's Primary School (Roman Catholic)
  • St. Mark's Primary School (Church of England)
  • Vauxhall Primary
  • Walnut Tree Walk Primary School
  • Keyworth Primary school

There are two secondary schools within the Kennington area:

  • Archbishop Tenison's School (admits boys aged 11–19; admits girls into the Sixth Form)
  • Lilian Baylis Technology School (admits boys and girls aged 11–16)

Notable people

Notes and references
  1. "Stratus Connect". Maps.southwark.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  2. Mills, Anthony David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280106-6.
  3. "North Lambeth — history | Lambeth Council". Lambeth.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  4. Surrey Domesday Book Archived 30 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  5. "Stockwell and Kennington | Old and New London: Volume 6 (pp. 327–341)". British-history.ac.uk. 22 June 2003. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  6. It derived its name from the two houses on Kennington Park Road flanking the entrance to the square, built for Joseph Prince by Michael Searles in the 1760s. The name was changed to Cleaver Square in 1937, named after Mary Cleaver who had owned the land in the 18th century. On Cleaver Square, see further below.
  7. "Kennington – Common land | Survey of London: volume 26 (pp. 31–36)". British-history.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 12 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  8. Willey, Russ; Chambers London Gazetteer; Chambers Harrap (2006); p. 267
  9. Chaplin Charles (2003). My Autobiography. Penguin. pp. 28–31. ISBN 978-0141011479.
  10. "Booth Poverty Map & Modern map (Charles Booth Online Archive)". Booth.lse.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  11. https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/05669451/filing-history
  12. Mrs Pember Reeves, "Round About a Pound a Week", London, G. Bell and Sons, pp. 39–40
  13. See [2]
  14. Douglas Rogers (1 December 2005). "Eight years in St Agnes Place | Society". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  15. Cliff Baylis CB, Chairman of the Cleaver Square Residents' Association from 1993 to his death in 1998, was instrumental in ensuring this initiative became a reality.
  16. London: A Social History (London, 1994; 1996; 2000)
  17. See ref. [2]
  18. Harvey, Adrian (2005) Football, the First Hundred Years: the untold story Routledge; p. 54
  19. "Stockwell and Kennington | Old and New London: Volume 6 (pp. 327–341)". British-history.ac.uk. 22 June 2003. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  20. "London's Rail and Tube services" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2019.
  21. Smale, Katherine; Horgan, Rob (14 December 2018). "Northern Line Extension to open nine months late". New Civil Engineer. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019.
  22. "Buses from Kennington Cross" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2019.
  23. "Buses from Kennington Oval" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2019.
  24. "Night buses from Kennington Cross" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2019.
  25. "Night Buses from Kennington Oval" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2019.
  26. "Cycle Superhighway 5: Oval to Pimlico" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2019.
  27. "Merton to City: CS7" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2019.
  28. "Quietway 5: Waterloo to Norbury" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2019.
  29. http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let092/letter.html; see note [7]
  30. Harrod, Horatia (16 April 2014). "Charlie Chaplin: London's greatest son" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  31. "Don Letts - One Love Festival 2018". onelovefestival.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  32. "Evictions at Bob Marley's London Squat". News.sky.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  33. Alan Travis, home affairs editor (4 January 2005). "Why Jim arrived so reluctantly – and Harold went so fast | Politics". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  34. Watt, Holly (28 May 2010). "MPs' Expenses: Treasury chief David Laws, his secret lover and a £40,000 claim". Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  35. "Kevin Spacey exclusive: Part of me feels British now but the knife crime here is shocking". Kenningtonnews.blogspot.com. 26 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  36. "US". independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  37. "UK POLITICS | Tories signal law and order shift". BBC News. 8 January 2002. Archived from the original on 2 July 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  38. Cracknell, David (15 July 2001). "Two days to go and it's still anybody's race". Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  39. "Wirral West MP Expenses Update". Hoylakejunction.com. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  40. Kite, Melissa (8 January 2006). "The three days that finished off Charles Kennedy's leadership". Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  41. Kennington Runoff (13 May 2013). "Florence Welch recently moved to Kennington". Kennington Runoff. London. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  42. Kennington Runoff (23 November 2013). "Karen Gillan and Dr Who: the Kennington connections". Kennington Runoff. London. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  43. Pires, Candice (2 April 2016). "A-Z living: an inside look at typographer Alan Kitching's home". the Guardian.
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gollark: I should use my spare monitor/RPi as some sort of live COVIDometer.
gollark: <@689526211659169856> s
gollark: Oh, how about just Unioc?
gollark: Unixoc.
gollark: Oh right, Protocol Epsilon is just *logging*, time to launch... Protocol Zeta?
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