HMS Bounty

HMS Bounty, also known as HM Armed Vessel Bounty, was a small merchant vessel that the Royal Navy purchased for a botanical mission. The ship was sent to the Pacific Ocean under the command of William Bligh to acquire breadfruit plants and transport them to the West Indies. That mission was never completed owing to a mutiny led by acting lieutenant Fletcher Christian. This incident is now popularly known as the mutiny on the Bounty.[1] The mutineers later burned Bounty while she was moored at Pitcairn Island. An American adventurer rediscovered the remains of the Bounty in 1957; various parts of it have been salvaged since then.

HMS Bounty
Replica of Bounty, built in 1960
History
Great Britain
Name: Bethia
Owner: Private merchant service
Builder: Blaydes shipyard, Kingston-upon-Hull, England
Launched: 1784
In service: 1784–87
Fate: sold to the Royal Navy, 23 May 1787
Royal Navy
Name: Bounty
Cost: purchased for £1,950
Acquired: 23 May 1787
Commissioned: 16 August 1787
In service: 1787–90
Fate: Burned by mutineers, 23 January 1790
General characteristics
Tons burthen: 220​26⁄94 (bm)
Length: 90 ft 10 in (27.7 m)
Beam: 24 ft 4 in (7.4 m)
Depth of hold: 11 ft 4 in (3.5 m)
Propulsion: Sails
Sail plan: Full rigged ship
Complement: 44 officers and men
Armament:
Admiralty Plan of the Bounty
Plan of the lower decks of the Bounty
Plan of the lower decks of the Bounty
Plan and section of the Bounty Armed Transport showing the manner of fitting and stowing the pots for receiving the bread-fruit plants, from William Bligh's 1792 account of the voyage and mutiny, entitled A Voyage to the South Sea, available from Project Gutenberg.

Origin and description

Bounty was originally the collier Bethia, built in 1784 at the Blaydes shipyard in Hull, Yorkshire in England. The Royal Navy purchased her for £1,950 on 23 May 1787 (equivalent to £209,000 in 2016), refit, and renamed her Bounty.[2] The ship was relatively small at 215 tons, but had three masts and was full-rigged. After conversion for the breadfruit expedition, she was equipped with four 4-pounder (1.8 kg)[5] cannon and ten swivel guns.

1787 breadfruit expedition
Main article: Mutiny on the Bounty

Preparations

The Royal Navy had purchased Bethia for a single mission in support of an experiment: the acquisition of breadfruit plants from Tahiti, and the transportation of those plants to the West Indies in the hope that they would grow well there and become a cheap source of food for slaves. Sir Joseph Banks had proposed the experiment and had recommended Lieutenant William Bligh, R.N., as commander. Bligh in turn was promoted through a prize offered by the Royal Society of Arts.

In June 1787, the Bounty was refitted at Deptford. The great cabin was converted to house the potted breadfruit plants, and gratings were fitted to the upper deck. William Bligh was appointed Commanding Lieutenant of the Bounty on 16 August 1787 at the age of 33, after a career that included a tour as sailing master of James Cook's Resolution during Cook's third and final voyage (1776–80). The ship's complement was 46 men: a single commissioned officer (Bligh), 43 other Royal Navy personnel, and two civilian botanists.

Voyage out

On 23 December 1787 the Bounty sailed from Spithead for Tahiti. For a full month, the crew attempted to take the ship west, around South America's Cape Horn, but adverse weather prevented this. Bligh then proceeded east, rounding the southern tip of Africa (Cape Agulhas) and crossing the width of the Indian Ocean. During the outward voyage, Bligh demoted Sailing Master John Fryer, replacing him with Fletcher Christian. This act seriously damaged the relationship between Bligh and Fryer, and Fryer later claimed that Bligh's act was entirely personal.

Bligh is commonly portrayed as the epitome of abusive sailing captains, but this portrayal has recently come into dispute. Caroline Alexander points out in her 2003 book The Bounty that Bligh was relatively lenient compared with other British naval officers.[6] Bligh enjoyed the patronage of Sir Joseph Banks, a wealthy botanist and influential figure in Britain at the time. That, together with his experience sailing with Cook, familiarity with navigation in the area, and local customs were probably important factors in his appointment.[7]

The Bounty reached Tahiti on 26 October 1788, after ten months at sea.

Bligh and his crew spent five months in Tahiti, then called "Otaheite", collecting and preparing 1,015 breadfruit plants to be transported. Bligh allowed the crew to live ashore and care for the potted breadfruit plants, and they became socialised to the customs and culture of the Tahitians. Many of the seamen and some of the "young gentlemen" had themselves tattooed in native fashion. Master's Mate and Acting Lieutenant Fletcher Christian married Maimiti, a Tahitian woman. Others of the Bounty's warrant officers and seamen were also said to have formed "connections" with native women.

After five months in Tahiti, the Bounty set sail with her breadfruit cargo on 4 April 1789.

Mutiny and destruction of the ship
Main article: Mutiny on the Bounty
Mutineers turning Bligh and crew adrift, by Robert Dodd, 1790
Plan of the Bounty launch

Some 1,300 miles (2,100 km) west of Tahiti, near Tonga, mutiny broke out on 28 April 1789. Despite strong words and threats heard on both sides, the ship was taken bloodlessly and apparently without struggle by any of the loyalists except Bligh himself. Of the 42 men on board aside from Bligh and Christian, 22 joined Christian in mutiny, two were passive, and 18 remained loyal to Bligh.

The mutineers ordered Bligh, two midshipmen, the surgeon's mate (Ledward), and the ship's clerk into the ship's boat. Several more men voluntarily joined Bligh rather than remain aboard. Bligh and his men sailed the open boat 30 nautical miles (56 km) to Tofua in search of supplies, but were forced to flee after attacks by hostile natives resulted in the death of one of the men.

Bligh then undertook an arduous journey to the Dutch settlement of Coupang, located over 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 km) from Tofua. He safely landed there 47 days later, having lost no men during the voyage except the one killed on Tofua.[8]

The mutineers sailed for the island of Tubuai, where they tried to settle. After three months of bloody conflict with the natives, however, they returned to Tahiti. Sixteen of the mutineers – including the four loyalists who had been unable to accompany Bligh – remained there, taking their chances that the Royal Navy would not find them and bring them to justice.

HMS Pandora was sent out by the Admiralty in November 1790 in pursuit of the Bounty, to capture the mutineers and bring them back to England to face a court martial. She arrived in March 1791 and captured fourteen men within two weeks; they were locked away in a makeshift wooden prison on the Pandora's quarterdeck. The men called their cell "Pandora's box". They remained in their prison until 29 August 1791 when the Pandora was wrecked on the Great Barrier Reef with the loss of 35 lives; four of them (Stewart, Sumner, Skinner and Hildebrand) were mutineers.

Immediately after setting the sixteen men ashore in Tahiti in September 1789, Fletcher Christian, eight other crewmen, six Tahitian men, and 11 women, one with a baby, set sail in the Bounty hoping to elude the Royal Navy. According to a journal kept by one of Christian's followers, the Tahitians were actually kidnapped when Christian set sail without warning them, the purpose of this being to acquire the women. The mutineers passed through the Fiji and Cook Islands, but feared that they would be found there.

Continuing their quest for a safe haven, on 15 January 1790 they rediscovered Pitcairn Island, which had been misplaced on the Royal Navy's charts. After the decision was made to settle on Pitcairn, livestock and other provisions were removed from the Bounty. To prevent the ship's detection, and anyone's possible escape, the ship was burned on 23 January 1790 in what is now called Bounty Bay.

Bounty Bay, where the Bounty was grounded and set alight

The mutineers remained undetected on Pitcairn until February 1808, when sole remaining mutineer John Adams and the surviving Tahitian women and their children were discovered by the Boston sealer Topaz, commanded by Captain Mayhew Folger of Nantucket, Massachusetts.

Seventeen years later, in 1825, HMS Blossom, on a voyage of exploration under Captain Frederick William Beechey, arrived on Christmas Day off Pitcairn and spent 19 days there. Captain Beechey later recorded this in his 1831 published account of the voyage, as did one of his crew, John Bechervaise, in his 1839 Thirty-Six Years of a Seafaring Life by an Old Quarter Master. Beechey wrote a detailed account of the mutiny as recounted to him by the last survivor, Adams. Bechervaise, who described the life of the islanders, says he found the remains of the Bounty and took some pieces of wood from it which were turned into souvenirs such as snuff boxes.

Mission details
Bounty's movements in the Pacific Ocean
  Voyage to Tahiti and mutiny location of 28 April 1789
  After the mutiny, under Christian's command
  Bligh's open-boat journey to Coupang

The details of the voyage of HMAV Bounty are very well documented, largely due to the effort of Bligh to maintain an accurate log before, during, and after the actual mutiny. Bounty's crew list is also well chronicled, down to and including the names of every seaman on board, something which larger ships in the rating system only occasionally were capable of due to crews in the hundreds, whereas the Bounty carried fewer than fifty personnel.

Bligh's original log remained intact throughout his ordeal and was used as a major piece of evidence in his own trial for the loss of the Bounty, as well as the subsequent trial of captured mutineers. The original log is presently maintained at the State Library of New South Wales, with available transcripts in both print and electronic format.

Mission log
1787
16 August: William Bligh is ordered to command a breadfruit gathering expedition to Tahiti
3 September: HMAV Bounty launched from the drydock at Deptford
4–9 October: Bounty navigated with a partial crew to an ammunition loading station, south of Deptford
10–12 October: Onload of arms and weapons at Long Reach
15 October – 4 November: Navigated to Spithead for final crew and stores onload
29 November: Made anchor at St Helens, Isle of Wight
23 December: Departed English waters for Tahiti
1788
5–10 January: Anchored off Tenerife, Canary Islands
5 February: Crossed equator at 21.50 degrees West
26 February: Marked at 100 leagues from the eastern coast of Brazil
23 March: Arrived Tierra del Fuego
9 April: Entered the Strait of Magellan
25 April: Abandoned attempt to round Cape Horn and turned east
22 May: Within sight of the Cape of Good Hope
24 May – 29 June: Anchored at Simon's Bay
28 July: Within sight of Saint Paul's Island, west of Van Diemen's Land
20 August – 2 September: Anchored Van Diemen's Land
19 September: Past the southern tip of New Zealand
26 October: Arrived Tahiti
25 December: Shifted moores to Owharre Harbor, Huahine, Society Islands
1789
4 April: Weighed anchor from Huahine
23–25 April: Anchored for provisions off Annamooka (Tonga)
26 April: Departed Annamooka for the West Indies
28 April: Mutiny on the Bounty. Captain Bligh and loyal crew members set adrift in Bounty's launch
From this point, Captain Bligh's mission log reflects the voyage of the Bounty launch towards the Dutch East Indies
29 April: Bounty launch arrives at Tofua
2 May: Bounty launch castaways flee Tofua after being attacked by natives
28 May: Landfall on a small island north of New Hebrides. Named "Restoration Island" by Captain Bligh
30–31 May: Bounty launch transits to a second nearby island, named "Sunday Island"
1–2 June: Bounty launch transits forty two miles to a third island, named "Turtle Island"
3 June: Bounty launch sails into the open ocean towards Australia
13 June: Bounty launch lands at Timor
14 June: Launch castaways circle Timor and land at Coupang. Mutiny is reported to Dutch authorities
Captain Bligh's mission log from this point reflects his return to England onboard various merchant vessels and sailing ships
20 August – 10 September: Sailed via schooner to Pasuruan, Java
11–12 September: In transit to Surabaya
15–17 September: In transit to the town of Crissey, Madura Strait
18–22 September: In transit to Semarang
26 September – 1 October: In transit to Batavia (Jakarta)
16 October: Sailed for Europe on board the Dutch packet SS Vlydte
16 December: Arrived Cape of Good Hope
1790
13 January: Sailed from Cape of Good Hope for England
13 March: Arrived Portsmouth Harbour

Crew list
Page one of Bligh's list of mutineers, starting with Fletcher Christian
John Fryer
Peter Heywood
John Adams aka Alexander Smith

In the 18th century Royal Navy, rank and position on board ship were defined by a mix of two hierarchies—an official hierarchy of ranks (commissioned officers, warrant officers, petty officers, and seamen) and a conventionally recognized social division between gentlemen and non-gentlemen. Royal Navy uniforms were often used to denote rank and position on board ships; however, uniforms were not worn daily on board while Bounty was underway due to the lengthy and isolated voyage.

At the top of the official rank hierarchy were the commissioned officers; on a larger warship, the commissioned officers included the captain, several lieutenants to command watches, and the officers commanding the Royal Marines on board the ship. The Bounty, however, carried no marines and no commissioned officers other than Lieutenant Bligh himself, who served as master and commander of the ship. He was the ship's captain, and he occupied a private cabin.

Next below the commissioned officers came the warrant officers, such as the sailing master, surgeon, boatswain, purser, and gunner, who were as likely to be considered skilled tradesmen as gentlemen. As the senior warrant officer, the sailing master and his mates were entitled to berth with the lieutenants in the wardroom (though, in this case, there were no lieutenants there); other warrant officers berthed in the gunroom. Like commissioned officers, warrant officers had the right of access to the quarterdeck and were immune from punishment by flogging. They held their warrants directly from the navy, and the captain could not alter their rank. Roman Catholics were allowed to serve as warrant officers, but not as commissioned officers.

Below the warrant officers came the petty officers. The petty officers included two separate groups: young gentlemen training to be future commissioned officers, often serving as midshipmen or master's mates, and tradesmen working as skilled assistants to the warrant officers. The young gentlemen technically were without ratings, holding a rank below warrant officers at the mercy of the captain but, as aspiring future commissioned officers, they were considered socially superior and were often given a watch (with authority over some warrant officers) or a minor command.

Finally, at the bottom of the hierarchical tree were the seamen, divided into able seamen and ordinary seamen. Aboard some vessels, an even lower grade existed called landsmen who were seamen-in-training with very little or no naval skill. The only seamen mustered into the crew of the Bounty were able seamen; the ship did not carry any ordinary seamen or landsmen due to the vessel's long and fairly important mission.

Note, however, that the young gentlemen might also be rated as seamen rather than midshipmen on the ship's books, though they were still considered the social superiors of the seamen, petty officers (excluding other young gentlemen), and most warrant officers, and could be given authority over them.

In the immediate wake of the mutiny, all but four of the loyal crew joined Captain Bligh in the long boat for the voyage to Timor, and eventually made it safely back to England, unless otherwise noted in the table below. Four were detained against their will on the Bounty for their needed skills and for lack of space on the long boat. The mutineers first returned to Tahiti, where most of the survivors were later captured by the Pandora and taken to England for trial. Nine mutineers continued their flight from the law and eventually settled on Pitcairn Island, where all but one died before their fate became known to the outside world.

Commissioned Officer(s)
— William Bligh Commanding Lieutenant Also Acting Purser;[9] died in London on 6 December 1817
Wardroom Officers
Loyal John Fryer Sailing Master Went with Bligh; arrived safely in England; died at Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk on 26 May 1817
Mutinied Fletcher Christian Acting Lieutenant To Pitcairn; killed 20 September 1793
Loyal William Elphinstone Master's Mate Went with Bligh; died in Batavia October 1789
— Thomas Huggan Surgeon Died in Tahiti 9 December 1788, before mutiny
Cockpit Officers
Loyal John Hallett Midshipman Went with Bligh; arrived safely in England; died 1794 of illness
Loyal Thomas Hayward Midshipman Went with Bligh; arrived safely in England; died 1798 in shipwreck
Loyal Thomas Ledward Surgeon's Mate Went with Bligh; presumed lost at sea in sinking of Welfare in 1789
Loyal John Samuel Clerk Went with Bligh; arrived safely in England;became Purser [Paymaster] Royal Navy. Died unknown date prior to 1825.[10]
Warrant Officers
Loyal William Cole Boatswain Went with Bligh; arrived safely in England
Mutinied Charles Churchill Master-at-Arms To Tahiti; murdered by Matthew Thompson in Tahiti April 1790 prior to trial
Loyal William Peckover Gunner Went with Bligh; arrived safely in England; last served in Navy in 1801; Died Colchester Essex 16 May 1819, aged 71
Loyal Joseph Coleman Armourer Detained on Bounty against his will; to Tahiti; tried and acquitted
Loyal Peter Linkletter Quartermaster Went with Bligh; died in Batavia October 1789
Loyal John Norton Quartermaster Went with Bligh; killed by natives in Tofua 2 May 1789
Loyal Lawrence LeBogue Sailmaker Went with Bligh; arrived safely in England; joined Bligh on the second breadfruit expedition;died 1795 Plymouth, England while serving on HMS Jason[11]
Mutinied Henry Hillbrandt Cooper To Tahiti; drowned in irons during wreck of Pandora 29 August 1791
Loyal William Purcell Carpenter Went with Bligh; arrived safely in England; died Haslar Hospital 10 March 1834[12]
Loyal David Nelson Botanist (civilian) Went with Bligh; died 20 July 1789 at Coupang
Midshipmen mustered as Able Seamen
Loyal Peter Heywood Midshipman Detained on Bounty; to Tahiti; sentenced to death, but pardoned; rose to rank of post-captain and died 10 February 1831
Loyal George Stewart Midshipman Detained on Bounty; to Tahiti; killed after being hit by gangway at wreck of Pandora 29 August 1791
Loyal Robert Tinkler Midshipman Went with Bligh; arrived safely in England;rose to the rank of Captain, Royal Navy and died 11 September 1820 age 46 Norwich, England[13]
Mutinied Ned Young Midshipman To Pitcairn; died 25 December 1800
Petty Officers
Loyal James Morrison Boatswain's Mate Stayed on Bounty; to Tahiti; sentenced to death, but pardoned; lost on HMS Blenheim in 1807
Loyal George Simpson Quartermaster's Mate Went with Bligh; arrived safely in England.Died unknown date prior to 1825.[10]
Mutinied John Williams Armourer's Mate To Pitcairn; killed 20 September 1793
Loyal Thomas McIntosh Carpenter's Mate Detained on Bounty; to Tahiti; tried and acquitted
Loyal Charles Norman Carpenter's Mate Detained on Bounty; to Tahiti; tried and acquitted
Mutinied John Mills Gunner's Mate To Pitcairn; killed 20 September 1793
Mutinied William Muspratt Tailor To Tahiti; sentenced to death, but released on appeal and pardoned; died on HMS Bellerophon in 1797
Loyal John Smith Steward/Servant Went with Bligh; arrived safely in England; did join Bligh on the second breadfruit expedition.Died unknown date prior to 1825.[10]
Loyal Thomas Hall Cook Went with Bligh; died from a tropical disease in Batavia on 11 October 1789
Mutinied Richard Skinner Barber To Tahiti; drowned in irons during wreck of Pandora 29 August 1791
Mutinied William Brown Botanist's Assistant To Pitcairn; killed 20 September 1793
Loyal Robert Lamb Butcher Went with Bligh; died at sea en route Batavia to Cape Town
Able Seamen
Mutinied John Adams Able Seaman To Pitcairn; pardoned 1825, died 1829; aka Alexander Smith
Mutinied Thomas Burkitt Able Seaman To Tahiti; condemned and hanged 29 October 1792 at Spithead
Loyal Michael Byrne Able Seaman Detained on Bounty; to Tahiti; tried and acquitted
Mutinied Thomas Ellison Able Seaman To Tahiti; condemned and hanged 29 October 1792 at Spithead
Mutinied Isaac Martin Able Seaman To Pitcairn; killed 20 September 1793
Mutinied William McCoy Able Seaman To Pitcairn; committed suicide c. 1799
Mutinied John Millward Able Seaman To Tahiti; condemned and hanged 29 October 1792 at Spithead
Mutinied Matthew Quintal Able Seaman To Pitcairn; killed 1799 by Adams and Young
Mutinied John Sumner Able Seaman To Tahiti; drowned in irons during wreck of Pandora 29 August 1791
Mutinied Matthew Thompson Able Seaman To Tahiti; killed by Tahitians in April 1790 prior to trial after killing Charles Churchill
— James Valentine Able Seaman Died of scurvy at sea 9 October 1788 prior to mutiny; listed in some texts as an Ordinary Seaman

Discovery of the wreck of the Bounty
HMAS Bounty Rudder in the Fiji Museum
HMAS Bounty Bell
HMAS Bounty ballast bar

Luis Marden discovered the remains of the Bounty in January 1957. After spotting remains of the rudder[14] (which had been found in 1933 by Parkin Christian, and is still displayed in the Fiji Museum in Suva), he persuaded his editors and writers to let him dive off Pitcairn Island, where the rudder had been found. Despite the warnings of one islander – "Man, you gwen be dead as a hatchet!"[15] – Marden dived for several days in the dangerous swells near the island, and found the remains of the ship: a rudder pin, nails, a ships boat oarlock, fittings and a Bounty anchor that he raised.[14][18] He subsequently met with Marlon Brando to counsel him on his role as Fletcher Christian in the 1962 film Mutiny on the Bounty. Later in life, Marden wore cuff links made of nails from the Bounty. Marden also dived on the wreck of HMS Pandora and left a Bounty nail with Pandora.

Some of the Bounty's remains, such as the ballast stones, are still partially visible in the waters of Bounty Bay.

The last of Bounty's four 4-pounder cannon was recovered in 1998 by an archaeological team from James Cook University and was sent to the Queensland Museum in Townsville to be stabilised through lengthy conservation treatment via electrolysis over a period of nearly 40 months. The gun was subsequently returned to Pitcairn Island, where it has been placed on display in a new community hall.

Modern Bounty reconstructions
US Coast Guard photo of the 1960 Bounty replica sinking during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.
1978 reconstruction of the Bounty

When the 1935 film Mutiny on the Bounty was made, sailing vessels (often with assisting engines) were partly still in use and existing vessels were adapted to play Bounty and Pandora.

For the 1962 film, a new Bounty was constructed in Nova Scotia. For much of 1962 to 2012, she was owned by a not-for-profit organisation whose primary aim was to sail her and other square rigged sailing ships, and she sailed the world to appear at harbours for inspections, and take paying passengers, to recoup running costs. For long voyages, she took on volunteer crew. On 29 October 2012, sixteen Bounty crew members abandoned ship off the coast of North Carolina after getting caught in the high seas brought on by Hurricane Sandy.[19] The ship sank, according to Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City, at 12:45 UTC Monday 29 October 2012 and two crew members, including Captain Robin Walbridge, were reported as missing. The Captain was not found and presumed dead on 2 November 2012.[20] It was later reported that the Coast Guard had recovered one of the missing crew members, Claudene Christian, descendant of Fletcher Christian of the original HMS Bounty.[21][22] Christian was found to be unresponsive and pronounced dead on arrival at a hospital in North Carolina.[23] [24]

A second Bounty replica, named HMAV Bounty, was built in New Zealand in 1979 and used in the 1984 film The Bounty. The hull is constructed of welded steel oversheathed with timber. For many years she served the tourist excursion market from Darling Harbour, Sydney, Australia, before being sold to HKR International Limited in October 2007. She was then a tourist attraction (also used for charter, excursions and sail training) based in Discovery Bay, on Lantau Island in Hong Kong, and was given an additional Chinese name 濟民號.[25] She was decommissioned on 1 August 2017.[26] The company has not disclosed the ship's fate.

gollark: Off you go, please make one
gollark: I'd prefer a Rust alternative, yes.
gollark: I prefer Gitea.
gollark: https://osmarks.tk/git
gollark: It is perfect.

References
  1. C. Knight, "HM Armed Vessel Bounty," Mariner's Mirror 22 (1936). Retrieved 23 January 2009.
  2. Winfield, Rif (2007). British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-84415-700-6.
  3. "Cannon from HMAS Bounty". Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  4. Erskine, Nigel (May–June 1999). "Reclaiming the Bounty". Archaeology. 52 (3). Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  5. See picture of cannon at;[3] for the disposition of the four ship's cannons see.[4]
  6. Alexander, C. (2003). The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty. ISBN 0-00-653246-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  7. Alexander 2003, p. 48.
  8. "William Bligh". Find a Grave. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  9. "Bounty's Crew Encyclopedia". Retrieved 8 April 2009.
  10. Royal Naval Biography pub 1825 p.762
  11. Find A grave memorial
  12. The True Story of Mutiny on the Bounty p.182
  13. The Scots Magazine Volume 86, 1820
  14. "The 'Bounty's' Last Relics". Life. 44 (6): 38–41. 10 February 1958. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  15. Jenkins, Mark (3 March 2003). "National Geographic Icon Luis Marden Dies". National Geographic. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
  16. "Bounty anchor at the town square". Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  17. "HMS Pandora Encyclopedia". Pitcairn Islands Study Center. Pacific Union College. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  18. For a recent picture of anchor see;[16] Another Bounty anchor was lost off Tubai by the mutineers and recovered by Pandora. See[17]
  19. "Hurricane Sandy: Hurricane Sandy sinks tall ship HMS Bounty". CBS News. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  20. Grier, Peter (29 October 2012). "The story behind the HMS Bounty, sunk by Sandy off N.C. coast". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  21. Jonsson, Patrik (30 October 2012). "HMS Bounty casualty claimed tie to mutinous Fletcher Christian". Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  22. Allen, Nick (31 October 2012). "Sandy's Bounty victim was descendent of man who led famous mutiny". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  23. Dolak, Kevin; Effron, Lauren (30 October 2012). "Woman Dies After Hurricane Sandy Ship Rescue". ABC News. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  24. Dalesio, Emery P.; Lush, Tamara (31 October 2012). "HMS Bounty: Search for missing captain continues". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  25. "The Bounty" (PDF). 24 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  26. "The Bounty web site". www.thebounty.hk. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

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