Jack Johnson (boxer)

John Arthur Johnson (March 31, 1878 – June 10, 1946), nicknamed the "Galveston Giant", was an American boxer who, at the height of the Jim Crow era, became the first African American world heavyweight boxing champion (1908–1915). Among the period's most dominant champions, Johnson remains a boxing legend, with his 1910 fight against James J. Jeffries dubbed the "fight of the century".[4] According to filmmaker Ken Burns, "for more than thirteen years, Jack Johnson was the most famous and the most notorious African-American on Earth".[5][6] Transcending boxing, he became part of the culture and the history of racism in America.[7]

"Black Jack Johnson" redirects here. For the band, see The New Danger.

Jack Johnson
Johnson in his prime in 1908
Statistics
Nickname(s)Galveston Giant[1]
Jack
Weight(s)Heavyweight[1]
Height6 ft 1⁄2 in (184.2 cm)[2][3]
Reach74 in (188 cm)[1]
Born(1878-03-31)March 31, 1878[1]
Galveston, Texas, United States[1]
DiedJune 10, 1946(1946-06-10) (aged 68)[1]
Franklinton, North Carolina, United States
StanceOrthodox[1]
Boxing record
Total fights95
Wins70
Wins by KO35
Losses11
Draws11
No contests3

In 1912, Johnson opened a successful and luxurious "black and tan" (desegregated) restaurant and nightclub, which in part was run by his wife, a white woman. Major newspapers of the time soon claimed that Johnson was attacked by the government only after he became famous as a black man married to a white woman, and was linked to other white women.[8] Johnson was arrested on charges of violating the Mann Act—forbidding one to transport a woman across state lines for "immoral purposes"—a racially motivated charge that embroiled him in controversy for his relationships, including marriages, with white women.[9]. Sentenced to a year in prison, Johnson fled the country and fought boxing matches abroad for seven years until 1920 when he served his sentence at the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth.

Johnson continued taking paying fights for many years, and operated several other businesses, including lucrative endorsement deals. Johnson died in a car crash on June 10, 1946, at the age of 68.[10] He is buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago.

Early life

Johnson was the third child of nine and the first son of Henry and Tina Johnson, two former slaves who worked service jobs as a janitor and a dishwasher. His father Henry served as a civilian teamster of the Union's 38th Colored Infantry. Jack once said his father was the "most perfect physical specimen that he had ever seen", although his father was left with an atrophied right leg from his service in the war.[11]

Growing up in Galveston, Texas, Johnson attended five years of school.[12] Like all of his siblings, Jack was expected to work.[12] As a young man, Johnson was frail.[13]

Although Johnson grew up in the South, he said that segregation was not an issue in the somewhat secluded city of Galveston, as everyone living in the 12th Ward was poor and went through the same struggles.[14] Johnson remembers growing up with a "gang" of white boys, in which he never felt victimized or excluded. Remembering his childhood, Johnson said: "As I grew up, the white boys were my friends and my pals. I ate with them, played with them and slept at their homes. Their mothers gave me cookies, and I ate at their tables. No one ever taught me that white men were superior to me."[14]

After Johnson quit school, he began a job working at the local docks. He made several other attempts at working other jobs around town until one day he made his way to Dallas, finding work at the race track exercising horses. Jack stuck with this job until he found a new apprenticeship for a carriage painter by the name of Walter Lewis. Lewis enjoyed watching friends spar, and Johnson began to learn how to box.[15] Johnson later claimed that it was thanks to Lewis that he became a boxer.[16]

At 16, Johnson moved to New York City and found living arrangements with Barbados Joe Walcott, a welterweight fighter from the West Indies.[16] Johnson again found work exercising horses for the local stable, until he was fired for exhausting a horse. On his return to Galveston, he was hired as a janitor at a gym owned by German-born heavyweight fighter Herman Bernau. Johnson eventually put away enough money to buy two pairs of boxing gloves, sparring every chance he got.[17]

After returning home, Johnson had a fight with one Davie Pearson. Johnson remembers Pearson as a "grown and toughened" man who accused Johnson of turning him in to the police over a game of craps. When both of them were released from jail, they met at the docks and Johnson beat Pearson before a large crowd.[17] Johnson fought in a summer league against a man named John "Must Have It" Lee. Because prize fighting was illegal in Texas, the fight was broken up and moved to the beach where Johnson won his first fight and a prize of one dollar and fifty cents.[18]

Early boxing career

Johnson made his debut as a professional boxer on November 1, 1898, in Galveston, Texas, when he knocked out Charley Brooks in the second round of a 15-round bout for what was billed as "The Texas State Middleweight Title". In his third pro fight on May 8, 1899, he battled "Klondike" (John W. Haynes or Haines), an African American heavyweight known as "The Black Hercules", in Chicago. Klondike (so called as he was considered a rarity, like the gold in the Klondike), who had declared himself the "Black Heavyweight Champ", won on a technical knockout (TKO) in the fifth round of a scheduled six-rounder. The two fighters met twice again in 1900, with the first rematch resulting in a draw as both fighters were on their feet at the end of 20 rounds. Johnson won the third fight by a TKO when Klondike refused to come out for the 14th round. Johnson did not claim Klondike's unrecognized title.

Joe Choynski
Johnson standing behind Choynski in Chicago in 1909

On February 25, 1901, Johnson fought Joe Choynski in Galveston. Choynski, a popular and experienced heavyweight, knocked out Johnson in the third round. Prizefighting was illegal in Texas at the time and they were both arrested. Bail was set at $5,000 which neither could afford. The sheriff permitted both fighters to go home at night so long as they agreed to spar in the jail cell. Large crowds gathered to watch the sessions. After 23 days in jail, their bail was reduced to an affordable level and a grand jury refused to indict either man. However, Johnson later stated that he learned his boxing skills during that jail time. The two would remain friends.[19]

Johnson attested that his success in boxing came from the coaching he received from Choynski.[20][21] The aging Choynski saw natural talent and determination in Johnson and taught him the nuances of defense, stating "A man who can move like you should never have to take a punch".[6]

Boxing style

Throughout his career Johnson built a unique fighting style of his own, which was not customary to boxing during this time. Though he would typically strike first, he would fight defensively, waiting for his opponents to tire out, while becoming more aggressive as the rounds went on. He often fought to punish his opponents through the rounds rather than knocking them out, and would continuously dodge their punches. He would then quickly strike back with a blow of his own. Johnson often made his fights look effortless, and as if he had much more to offer, but when pushed he could also display some powerful moves and punches. There are films of his fights in which he can be seen holding up his opponent, who otherwise might have fallen, until he recovered.[22][23]

Top contender

Johnson beat former black heavyweight champ Frank Childs on October 21, 1902. Childs had twice won the black heavyweight title and continued to claim himself the true black champ despite having lost his title in a bout with George Byers and then, after retaking the title from Byers, losing it again to Denver Ed Martin. He still made pretence to being the black champ and claimed the unrecognized black heavyweight title as well. Johnson won by a TKO in the 12th round of the scheduled 20-rounder, when Childs's seconds signaled he couldn't go on. (He claimed he had dislocated his elbow.) The defeat by Johnson forever ended Childs's pretensions to the black heavyweight crown.

World colored heavyweight champ
Johnson in 1908 in a photograph by Otto Sarony

By 1903, though Johnson's official record showed him with nine wins against three losses, five draws and two no contests, he had won at least 50 fights against both white and black opponents. Johnson won his first title on February 3, 1903, beating Denver Ed Martin on points in a 20-round match for the World Colored Heavyweight Championship. Johnson held the title until it was vacated when he won the world heavyweight title from Tommy Burns in Sydney, Australia on Boxing Day 1908. His reign of 2,151 days was the third longest in the 60-year-long history of the colored heavyweight title. Only Harry Wills at 3,103 days and Peter Jackson at 3,041 days held the title longer. A three-time colored heavyweight champion, Wills held the title for a total of 3,351 days.

Johnson defended the colored heavyweight title 17 times, which was second only to the 26 times Wills defended the title. While colored champ, he defeated ex-colored champs Denver Ed Martin and Frank Childs again and beat future colored heavyweight champs Sam McVey three times and Sam Langford once. He beat Langford on points in a 15-rounder and never gave him another shot at the title, either when he was colored champ or the world heavyweight champ.

Johnson, Jeanette and Langford

Johnson fought Joe Jeanette a total of seven times, all during his reign as colored champ before he became the world's heavyweight champion, winning four times and drawing twice (three of the victories and one draw were newspaper decisions). In their first match in 1905, they had fought to a draw, but in their second match on November 25, 1905, Johnson lost as he was disqualified in the second round of a scheduled six-round fight. Johnson continued to claim the title because of the disqualification.

After Johnson became the first African-American Heavyweight Champion of the World on December 26, 1908, his World Colored Heavyweight Championship was vacated. Jeanette fought Sam McVey for the title in Paris on February 20, 1909 and was beaten, but later took the title from McVey in a 49-round bout on April 17 of that year in Paris for a $6,000 purse. Sam Langford subsequently claimed the title during Jeanette's reign after Johnson refused to defend the World Heavyweight Championship against him. Eighteen months later, Jeanette lost the title to Langford.

During his reign as world champ, Johnson never again fought Jeanette despite numerous challenges and avoided Langford, who won the colored title a record five times. In 1906 Jack Johnson fought Sam Langford. Langford took severe punishment and was knocked down 3 times; however, he lasted the 15 round distance.[24]

On November 27, 1945, Johnson finally stepped back into the ring with Joe Jeanette. The 67-year-old Johnson squared off against the 66-year-old Jeanette in an exhibition held at a New York City rally to sell war bonds. Fellow former colored heavyweight champ Harry Wills also participated in the exhibition.

World heavyweight champion

Johnson's efforts to win the world heavyweight title were initially thwarted, as at the time world heavyweight champion James J. Jeffries refused to face him, and retired instead.[25] However, Johnson did fight former champion Bob Fitzsimmons in July 1907, and knocked him out in two rounds.[5]

Johnson finally won the world heavyweight title on December 26, 1908, a full six years after lightweight champion Joe Gans became the first African American boxing champion. Johnson's victory over the reigning world champion, Canadian Tommy Burns, at the Sydney Stadium in Australia, came after following Burns around the world for two years and taunting him in the press for a match.[26] Burns agreed to fight Johnson only after promoters guaranteed him $30,000.[27] The fight lasted fourteen rounds before being stopped by the police in front of over 20,000 spectators, and Johnson was named the winner.[27][28]

Jack Johnson arriving in Vancouver, B.C., on March 9, 1909 as World Heavyweight Champion

After Johnson's victory over Burns, racial animosity among whites ran so deep that some called for a "Great White Hope" to take the title away from Johnson.[29] While Johnson was heavyweight champion, he was covered more in the press than all other notable black men combined.[30][31] The lead-up to the bout was peppered with racist press against Johnson. Even the New York Times wrote of the event, "If the black man wins, thousands and thousands of his ignorant brothers will misinterpret his victory as justifying claims to much more than mere physical equality with their white neighbors." As title holder, Johnson thus had to face a series of fighters each billed by boxing promoters as a "great white hope", often in exhibition matches. In 1909, he beat Tony Ross, Al Kaufman, and the middleweight champion Stanley Ketchel.

The match with Ketchel was originally thought to have been an exhibition, and in fact it was fought by both men that way, until the 12th round, when Ketchel threw a right to Johnson's head, knocking him down. Quickly regaining his feet, and very annoyed, Johnson immediately dashed straight at Ketchell and threw a single punch, an uppercut, a punch for which he was famous, to Ketchel's jaw, knocking him out. The punch knocked out Ketchell's front teeth; Johnson can be seen on film removing them from his glove, where they had been embedded.[32]

"Fight of the Century"

In 1910, former undefeated heavyweight champion James J. Jeffries came out of retirement to challenge Johnson, saying "I am going into this fight for the sole purpose of proving that a white man is better than a Negro".[33] He had not fought in six years and had to lose well over 100 pounds to get back to his championship fighting weight. Initially Jeffries had no interest in the fight, being quite happy as an alfalfa farmer. But those who wanted to see Johnson defeated badgered Jeffries mercilessly for months, and offered him an unheard sum of money, reputed to be about $120,000 (equivalent to $3.3 million in 2019) which he finally accepted.[34]

James J. Jeffries fights Johnson in 1910

Jeffries remained mostly hidden from media attention until the day of the fight, while Johnson soaked up the spotlight. John L. Sullivan, who made boxing championships a popular and esteemed spectacle, stated that Johnson was in such good physical shape compared to Jeffries that he could lose only if he had a lack of skill on the day. Before the fight, Jeffries remarked, "It is my intention to go right after my opponent and knock him out as soon as possible." While his wife added, "I'm not interested in prizefighting but I am interested in my husband's welfare, I do hope this will be his last fight." Johnson's words were "May the best man win."[34]

Racial tension was brewing leading up to the fight and to prevent any harm to either boxer, guns were prohibited within the arena as were the sale of alcohol and anyone under the effects of alcohol. Apples were also banned as well as any weapon whatsoever. Behind the racial attitudes being instigated by the media was a major investment in gambling for the fight, with 10–7 odds in favor of Jeffries.[34]

The fight took place on July 4, 1910, in front of 20,000 people, at a ring built just for the occasion in downtown Reno, Nevada. Jeffries proved unable to impose his will on the younger champion and Johnson dominated the fight. By the 15th round, after Jeffries had been knocked down twice for the first time in his career, Jeffries' corner threw in the towel to end the fight and prevent Jeffries from having a knockout on his record. Johnson later remarked he knew the fight was over in the 4th round when he landed an uppercut and saw the look on Jeffries face, stating, "I knew what that look meant. The old ship was sinking." Afterwards, Jeffries was humbled by the loss and what he'd seen of Johnson in their match. "I could never have whipped Johnson at my best", Jeffries said. "I couldn't have hit him. No, I couldn't have reached him in 1,000 years."[27]

The "Fight of the Century" earned Johnson $65,000 (over $1.8 million in 2019 dollars) and silenced the critics, who had belittled Johnson's previous victory over Tommy Burns as "empty", claiming that Burns was a false champion since Jeffries had retired undefeated. John L. Sullivan commented after the fight that Johnson won deservedly, fairly, and convincingly:

The fight of the century is over and a black man is the undisputed champion of the world. It was a poor fight as fights go, this less than 15-round affair between James J. Jeffries and Jack Johnson. Scarcely has there ever been a championship contest that was so one-sided. All of Jeffries much-vaunted condition amounted to nothing. He wasn't in it from the first bell tap to the last ... The negro had few friends, but there was little demonstration against him. (Spectators) could not help but admire Johnson because he is the type of prizefighter that is admired by sportsmen. He played fairly at all times and fought fairly. ... What a crafty, powerful, cunning left hand (Johnson) has. He is one of the craftiest, cunningest boxers that ever stepped into the ring. ... They both fought closely all during the 15 rounds. It was just the sort of fight that Jeffries wanted. There was no running or ducking like Corbett did with me in New Orleans (1892). Jeffries did not miss so many blows, because he hardly started any. Johnson was on top of him all the time.... (Johnson) didn't get gay at all with Jeffries in the beginning, and it was always the white man who clinched, but Johnson was very careful, and he backed away and took no chances, and was good-natured with it all ... The best man won, and I was one of the first to congratulate him, and also one of the first to extend my heartfelt sympathy to the beaten man.[4]

Riots and aftermath
The LA Times noted the explosive nature of Johnson's victory by featuring this cartoon in which a stick of dynamite suggests that it would not have caused as much violence as the fight did.

The outcome of the fight triggered race riots that evening—the Fourth of July—all across the United States, from Texas and Colorado to New York and Washington, D.C. Johnson's victory over Jeffries had dashed white dreams of finding a "great white hope" to defeat him. Many whites felt humiliated by the defeat of Jeffries.[5]

Blacks, on the other hand, were jubilant, and celebrated Johnson's great victory as a victory for racial advancement. Black poet William Waring Cuney later highlighted the black reaction to the fight in his poem "My Lord, What a Morning".[35] Around the country, blacks held spontaneous parades and gathered in prayer meetings.

Race riots erupted in New York, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, New Orleans, Atlanta, St. Louis, Little Rock and Houston. In all, riots occurred in more than 25 states and 50 cities. At least twenty people were killed across the US from the riots,[36] and hundreds more were injured.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]

Film of the bout

The Johnson-Jeffries Fight film received more public attention in the United States than any other film to date and for the next five years, until the release of The Birth of a Nation.[46]

In the United States, many states and cities banned the exhibition of the Johnson-Jeffries film. The movement to censor Johnson's victory took over the country within three days after the fight.[47] It was a spontaneous movement. Two weeks after the match former President Theodore Roosevelt, an avid boxer and fan, wrote an article for The Outlook in which he supported banning not just moving pictures of boxing matches, but a complete ban on all prize fights in the US. He cited the "crookedness" and gambling that surrounded such contests and that moving pictures have "introduced a new method of money getting and of demoralization".[47] The controversy surrounding the film directly[46] motivated Congress to ban distribution of all prizefight films across state lines in 1912; the ban was lifted in 1940.

In 2005, the film of the Jeffries-Johnson "Fight of the Century" was entered into the United States National Film Registry as being worthy of preservation.[48]

The six fights for which the major films were made, starring Johnson, were:[46]

  • Johnson-Burns (film released in 1908)[46]
  • Johnson-Ketchel (film released in 1909)[46]
  • Johnson-Jeffries (film released in 1910)[46]
  • Johnson-Flynn (film released in 1912)[46]
  • Johnson-Moran (film released in 1914)[46]
  • Johnson-Willard (film released in 1915)[46]

Maintaining the color bar

The color bar remained in force even under Johnson. Once he was the world's heavyweight champ, Johnson did not fight a black opponent for the first five years of his reign. He denied matches to black heavyweights Joe Jeanette (one of his successors as colored heavyweight champ), Sam Langford (who beat Jeanette for the colored title), and the young Harry Wills, who was colored heavyweight champ during the last year of Johnson's reign as world's heavyweight champ.

Blacks were not given a chance at the title allegedly because Johnson felt that he could make more money fighting white boxers. In August 1913, as Johnson neared the end of his troubled reign as world heavyweight champ, there were rumors that he had agreed to fight Langford in Paris for the title, but it came to nought. Johnson said that Langford was unable to raise $30,000 for his guarantee.

Because black boxers with the exception of Johnson had been barred from fighting for the heavyweight championship because of racism, Johnson's refusal to fight African-Americans offended the African-American community, since the opportunity to fight top white boxers was rare. Jeanette criticized Johnson, saying, "Jack forgot about his old friends after he became champion and drew the color line against his own people."[49]

Johnson v. Johnson

When Johnson finally did agree to take on a black opponent in late 1913, it was not to Sam Langford, the current colored heavyweight champ, that he gave the title shot. Instead, Johnson chose Battling Jim Johnson, a lesser boxer who, in 1910, had lost to Langford and had a draw and loss via KO to Sam McVey, the former colored champ. Battling Jim fought former colored champ Joe Jeanette four times between July 19, 1912 and January 21, 1913 and lost all four fights. The only fighter of note he did beat in that period was future colored champ Big Bill Tate, whom he KO-ed in the second round of a scheduled 10-round bout. It was Tate's third pro fight.

In November 1913, the International Boxing Union had declared the world heavyweight title held by Jack Johnson to be vacant. The fight, scheduled for 10 rounds, was held on December 19, 1913 in Paris. It was the first time in history that two blacks had fought for the world heavyweight championship.

While the Johnson v. Johnson fight had been billed as a world heavyweight title match, in many ways, it resembled an exhibition. A sportswriter from the Indianapolis Star at the fight reported that the crowd became unruly when it was apparent that neither boxer was putting up a fight.

Jack Johnson, the heavyweight champion, and Battling Jim Johnson, another colored pugilist, of Galveston, Texas, met in a 10-round contest here tonight, which ended in a draw. The spectators loudly protested throughout that the men were not fighting, and demanded their money back. Many of them left the hall. The organizers of the fight explained the fiasco by asserting that Jack Johnson's left arm was broken in the third round. There is no confirmation of a report that Jack Johnson had been stabbed and no evidence at the ringside of such an accident. During the first three rounds he was obviously playing with his opponent. After that it was observed that he was only using his right hand. When the fight was over he complained that his arm had been injured. Doctors who made an examination, certified to a slight fracture of the radius of the left arm. The general opinion is that his arm was injured in a wrestling match early in the week, and that a blow tonight caused the fracture of the bone.[50]

Because of the draw, Jack Johnson kept his championship. After the fight, he explained that his left arm was injured in the third round and he could not use it.

Title loss
Panorama of Willard - Johnson fight, Havana, Cuba

On April 5, 1915, Johnson lost his title to Jess Willard, a working cowboy from Kansas who started boxing when he was twenty-seven years old. With a crowd of 25,000 at Oriental Park Racetrack in Havana, Cuba, Johnson was knocked out in the 26th round of the scheduled 45 round fight. Johnson, although having won almost every round, began to tire after the 20th round, and was visibly hurt by heavy body punches from Willard in rounds preceding the 26th-round knockout.

Johnson is said by many to have spread rumors that he took a dive,[51] but Willard is widely regarded as having won the fight outright. Many people thought Johnson purposely threw the fight because Willard was white, in an effort to have his Mann Act charges dropped. Willard said, "If he was going to throw the fight, I wish he'd done it sooner. It was hotter than hell out there."[52]

Post-championship

After losing his world heavyweight championship, Johnson never again fought for the colored heavyweight crown. His popularity remained strong enough that he recorded for Ajax Records in the 1920s.[53] Johnson continued fighting, but age was catching up with him. He fought professionally until 1938 at age 60 when he lost 7 of his last 9 bouts, losing his final fight to Walter Price by a 7th-round TKO. It is often suggested that any bouts after the age of 40—which was a very venerable age for boxing in those days—not be counted on his actual record, since he was performing in order to make a living. He also indulged in what was known as "cellar" fighting, where the bouts, unadvertised, were fought for private audiences, usually in cellars, or other unrecognized places. There are photographs existing of one of these fights. Johnson made his final ring appearance at age 67 on November 27, 1945, fighting three one-minute exhibition rounds against two opponents, Joe Jeanette and John Ballcort, in a benefit fight card for U.S. War Bonds.[54][55]

Personal life
Jack Johnson, circa 1910-1915

Johnson earned considerable sums endorsing various products, including patent medicines, and had several expensive hobbies such as automobile racing and tailored clothing, as well as purchasing jewelry and furs for his wives.[56] He challenged champion racer Barney Oldfield to a match auto race at the Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn dirt track. Oldfield easily out-distanced Johnson.[57] Once, when he was pulled over for a $50 speeding ticket, he gave the officer a $100 bill; when the officer protested that he couldn't make change for that much, Johnson told him to keep the change as he was going to make his return trip at the same speed.[5] In 1920, Johnson opened a night club in Harlem; he sold it three years later to a gangster, Owney Madden, who renamed it the Cotton Club.

Johnson's behavior was looked down upon by the African-American community, especially by the black scholar Booker T. Washington who said it "is unfortunate that a man with money should use it in a way to injure his own people, in the eyes of those who are seeking to uplift his race and improve its conditions, I wish to say emphatically that Jack Johnson's actions did not meet my personal approval and I am sure they do not meet with the approval of the colored race."

Johnson flouted conventions regarding the social and economic "place" of blacks in American society. As a black man, he broke a powerful taboo in consorting with white women and would verbally taunt men (both white and black) inside and outside the ring. Asked the secret of his staying power by a reporter who had watched a succession of women parade into, and out of, the champion's hotel room, Johnson supposedly said "Eat jellied eels and think distant thoughts".[58]

In 1911 Johnson, through an acquaintance, attempted to become a Freemason in Dundee. Although he was admitted as a member of the Forfar and Kincardine Lodge No 225 in the city, there was considerable opposition to his membership, principally on the grounds of his race, and the Forfarshire Lodge was suspended by the Grand Lodge of Scotland. Johnson's fees were returned to him and his admission was ruled illegal.[59]

In July 1912, Johnson opened an interracial nightclub in Chicago called Café de Champion.[60]

Johnson wrote two memoirs of his life: Mes combats in 1914 and Jack Johnson in the Ring and Out in 1927.[61]

In 1943, Johnson attended at least one service at the Angelus Temple in Los Angeles, California. In a public conversion, while Detroit, Michigan, burned in race riots, he professed his faith to Christ in a service conducted by evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson. She embraced him as "he raised his hand in worship".[62][63]

Marriages
Johnson with his wife Etta, who killed herself in 1912

Johnson engaged in various relationships including three documented marriages. All of his wives were white. At the height of his career, Johnson was excoriated by the press for his flashy lifestyle and for having married white women.[64]

According to Johnson's 1927 autobiography, he married Mary Austin, a black woman from Galveston, Texas. No record exists of this marriage.[65]

While in Philadelphia in 1903, Johnson met Clara Kerr, a black prostitute. According to Johnson's autobiography, Kerr left him for Johnson's friend, a racehorse trainer named William Bryant. They took Johnson's jewelry and clothing when they left. Johnson tracked the couple down and had Kerr arrested on burglary charges. Johnson and Kerr reconciled for a while before she left him again.[65]

During a three-month tour of Australia in 1907, Johnson had a brief affair with Alma "Lola" Toy, a white woman from Sydney. Johnson confirmed to an American journalist that he intended to marry Toy. When The Referee printed Johnson's plans to marry Toy, it caused controversy in Sydney. Toy demanded a retraction and later won a libel lawsuit from the newspaper.[66]

After returning from Australia, Johnson said that "the heartaches which Mary Austin and Clara Kerr caused me led me to forswear colored women and to determine that my lot henceforth would be cast only with white women."[65]

Johnson met Etta Terry Duryea, a Brooklyn socialite and former wife of Clarence Duryea, at a car race in 1909. In 1910, Johnson hired a private investigator to follow Duryea after suspecting she was having an affair with his chauffeur. On Christmas Day, Johnson confronted Duryea and beat her to the point of hospitalization.[65] They reconciled and were married on January 18, 1911.[67] Prone to depression, her condition worsened due to Johnson's abuse and infidelity in addition to the hostile reaction to their interracial relationship.[9] Duryea attempted suicide twice before she died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound on September 11, 1912.[68][69]

In the summer of 1912 Johnson met Lucille Cameron, an 18-year-old prostitute from Minneapolis who relocated to Chicago, at his nightclub Café de Champion.[9] Johnson hired her as his stenographer, but shortly after Duryea's funeral they were out in public as a couple. They married on December 4, 1912. Cameron filed for divorce in 1924 due to his infidelity.[65]

Johnson met Irene Pineau at the race track in Aurora, Illinois in 1924. After she divorced her husband the following year, they were married in Waukegan in August 1925. Johnson and Pineau were together until his death in 1946. When asked by a reporter at Johnson's funeral what she had loved about him, she replied: "I loved him because of his courage. He faced the world unafraid. There wasn't anybody or anything he feared."[65]

Prison sentence
Johnson with his wife Lucille in 1921. Their relationship led to Johnson's first 1912 arrest.

On October 18, 1912, Johnson was arrested on the grounds that his relationship with Lucille Cameron violated the Mann Act against "transporting women across state lines for immoral purposes" due to her being an alleged prostitute. Her mother also swore that her daughter was insane.[70] Cameron, soon to become his second wife, refused to cooperate and the case fell apart. Less than a month later, Johnson was arrested again on similar charges. This time, the woman, another alleged prostitute named Belle Schreiber,[71] with whom he had been involved in 1909 and 1910, testified against him. In the courtroom of Kenesaw Mountain Landis, the future Commissioner of Baseball who perpetuated the baseball color line until his death, Johnson was convicted by an all-white jury in June 1913,[72] despite the fact that the incidents used to convict him took place before passage of the Mann Act.[5] He was sentenced to a year and a day in prison.

Johnson skipped bail and left the country, joining Lucille in Montreal on June 25, before fleeing to France. To flee to Canada, Johnson posed as a member of a black baseball team. For the next seven years, they lived in exile in Europe, South America and Mexico. Johnson returned to the U.S. on July 20, 1920. He surrendered to federal agents at the Mexican border and was sent to the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth to serve his sentence in September 1920.[73] He was released on July 9, 1921.[5]

Presidential pardon

There have been recurring proposals to grant Johnson a posthumous presidential pardon. A bill requesting President George W. Bush to pardon Johnson in 2008 passed the House,[74] but failed to pass in the Senate.[75] In April 2009, Senator John McCain, along with Representative Peter King, film maker Ken Burns and Johnson's great-niece, Linda Haywood, requested a presidential pardon for Johnson from President Barack Obama.[76] In July of that year, Congress passed a resolution calling on President Obama to issue a pardon.[77] In 2016, another petition for Johnson's pardon was issued by McCain, King, Senator Harry Reid and Congressman Gregory Meeks to President Obama, marking the 70th anniversary since the boxer's death.[78] This time citing a provision of the Every Student Succeeds Act, signed by the president in December 2015, in which Congress expressed that this boxing great should receive a posthumous pardon, and a vote by the United States Commission on Civil Rights passed unanimously a week earlier in June 2016 to "right this century-old wrong."[79]

Mike Tyson, Harry Reid and John McCain lent their support to the campaign, starting a Change.org petition asking President Obama to posthumously pardon the world's first African-American boxing champion of his racially motivated 1913 felony conviction.[80]

After various attempts from WBC former president, Jose Sulaiman, who reached out to different presidential administrations dating back to Ronald Reagan, President Donald Trump announced in April 2018, that he was considering a full pardon of Johnson after speaking with a World Boxing Council committee, along with actor Sylvester Stallone.[81] Trump pardoned Johnson on May 24, 2018, 105 years after his conviction during a ceremony which included special guests Mauricio Sulaiman (WBC President), Hector Sulaiman (President of the Board of Advisors of Scholas Occurrentes), Sylvester Stallone (actor), Deontay Wilder (WBC Champion at the moment) and Lennox Lewis (WBC Former Champion). [7][82]

Monkey wrench

A persistent hoax on social media claims Johnson invented the monkey wrench and it was named a monkey wrench as a racial slur. Johnson did receive a patent for improvements to the monkey wrench, but the first patent for a monkey wrench was awarded in the 1840s, around 30 years before he was born.[83]

Death
Graves of boxer Jack Johnson and Etta

On June 10, 1946, Johnson died in a car crash on U.S. Highway 1 near Franklinton, North Carolina after racing angrily from a diner that refused to serve him.[10] He was taken to the closest black hospital, Saint Agnes Hospital in Raleigh. He was 68 years old at the time of his death. He was buried next to his wife, Etta Duryea Johnson who committed suicide in 1912, at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. His grave was initially unmarked, and then marked with a large stone that bore only the name "Johnson." This changed after 2005 and the film by Ken Burns. Johnson's (new, smaller) stone reads [top] "Jack / John A. Johnson / 1878-1946" [front] "First black heavyweight / champion of the world". Johnson's signature is on the back of the stone.[84][85]

Legacy
Jack Johnson Park -- Galveston
Jack Johnson Bronze Statue in Jack Johnson Park -- Galveston

Johnson was an inaugural 1954 inductee to The Ring magazine's Boxing Hall of Fame (disbanded in 1987), and was inducted to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1993. In 2005, the United States National Film Preservation Board deemed the film of the 1910 Johnson-Jeffries fight "historically significant" and put it in the National Film Registry.

During his boxing career, Jack Johnson fought 114 fights, winning 80 matches, 45 by knockouts.[61]

In the short term, the boxing world reacted against Johnson's legacy. But Johnson foreshadowed one of the most famous boxers of all time, Muhammad Ali. In fact, Ali often spoke of how he was influenced by Jack Johnson. Ali identified with Johnson because he felt America ostracized him in the same manner because of his opposition to the Vietnam War and affiliation with the Nation of Islam.[86]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Jack Johnson on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[87]

In 2012, the City of Galveston dedicated a park in Johnson's memory as Galveston Island's most famous native son. The park, called Jack Johnson Park, includes a life-size, bronze statue of Johnson.[88]

The first filmed fight of Johnson's career was his bout with Tommy Burns, which was turned into a contemporary documentary The Burns-Johnson Fight in 1908.

Folksinger and blues singer Lead Belly referenced Johnson in a song about the Titanic: "Jack Johnson wanna get on board, Captain said I ain't hauling no coal. Fare thee, Titanic, fare thee well. When Jack Johnson heard that mighty shock, mighta seen the man do the Eagle rock. Fare thee, Titanic, fare thee well" (The Eagle Rock was a popular dance at the time). In 1969, American folk singer Jaime Brockett reworked the Lead Belly song into a satirical talking blues called "The Legend of the S.S. Titanic." There is no convincing evidence that Johnson was in fact refused passage on the Titanic because of his race, as these songs allege.

Johnson's story is the basis of the play and subsequent 1970 movie The Great White Hope, starring James Earl Jones as Johnson (known as Jack Jefferson in the movie), and Jane Alexander as his love interest. Both Jones and Alexander were nominated for Oscars. (Retrieved from the sleeve. "The Great White Hope." Netflix DVD. 1970.)

Also in 1970, Jimmy Jacobs and Bill Cayton brought together much of the rare archive footage of Johnson which they had saved and restored, and made the film Jack Johnson, with Johnson's words voiced by Brock Peters, and music by Miles Davis. Davis' score later became the 1971 album named after the boxer. It features the actor Peters (as Johnson) saying:

I'm Jack Johnson. Heavyweight champion of the world.
I'm black. They never let me forget it.
I'm black all right! I'll never let them forget it!

In 2005, filmmaker Ken Burns produced a two-part documentary about Johnson's life, Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson, based on the 2004 nonfiction book of the same name by Geoffrey C. Ward, and with music by Wynton Marsalis. The book won the William Hill Sports Book of the Year (2006).[89][90]

Jack Johnson's life was the subject of a three-part series of the podcast History on Fire by historian Daniele Bolelli.[91]

Several hip-hop activists have also reflected on Johnson's legacy, most notably in the album The New Danger, by Mos Def, in which songs like "Zimzallabim" and "Blue Black Jack" are devoted to the artist's pugilistic hero. Additionally, both Southern punk rock band This Bike is a Pipe Bomb and alternative country performer Tom Russell have songs dedicated to Johnson. Russell's piece is both a tribute and a biting indictment of the racism Johnson faced: "here comes Jack Johnson, like he owns the town, there's a lot of white Americans like to see a man go down ... like to see a black man drown."

In the trenches of World War One, Johnson's name was used by British troops to describe the impact of German 150 mm heavy artillery shells which had a black color.[92] In his letters home to his wife, Rupert Edward Inglis (1863–1916), a former rugby international who was a Forces Chaplain, describes passing through the town of Albert:

We went through the place today (2 October 1915) where the Virgin Statue at the top of the Church was hit by a shell in January. The statue was knocked over, but has never fallen, I sent you a picture of it. It really is a wonderful sight. It is incomprehensible how it can have stayed there, but I think it is now lower than when the photograph was taken, and no doubt will come down with the next gale. The Church and village are wrecked, there's a huge hole made by a Jack Johnson just outside the west door of the Church.[93]

Jack Johnson was painted several times by Raymond Saunders.

In Joe R. Lansdale's short story The Big Blow, Johnson is featured fighting a white boxer brought in by Galveston, Texas's boxing fans to defeat the African American fighter during the 1900 Galveston Hurricane. The story won a Bram Stoker Award and was expanded into a novel.[94]

Johnson is a major character in the novel The Killings of Stanley Ketchel (2005), by James Carlos Blake.

The Royale, a play by Marco Ramirez, uses the life of Jack Johnson as inspiration for its main character, Jay Jackson. It premiered in March 2016 at Lincoln Center Theater directed by Rachel Chavkin,[95] and was nominated for a Drama Desk Awards for Outstanding Play, Outstanding Director of a Play, and a Special Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Ensemble.[96]

Professional boxing record
Professional record summary
96 fights 71 wins 11 losses
By knockout 35 6
By decision 30 4
By disqualification 6 1
Draws 11
No contests 3
No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
95 Win 70–11–11 (3) Brad Simmons KO 2 (10) 28 Apr 1931 Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
94 Loss 69–11–11 (3) Brad Simmons PTS 10 4 Mar 1931 Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
93 Win 69–10–11 (3) Rough House Wilson DQ 3 (10) 19 Jul 1928 Douglas Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.
92 Loss 68–10–11 (3) Bill Hartwell RTD 6 (10) 15 May 1928 Memorial Hall, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.
91 Loss 68–9–11 (3) Bearcat Wright KO 5 (10) 16 Apr 1928 Topeka, Kansas, U.S.
90 Loss 68–8–11 (3) Brad Simmons PTS 10 6 Sep 1926 101 Ranch Arena, Enid, Oklahoma, U.S.
89 Loss 68–7–11 (3) Bob Lawson RTD 7 (12) 30 May 1926 Coliseum, Ciudad Juarez, Mexico
88 Win 68–6–11 (3) Pat Lester PTS 15 2 May 1926 Plaza de Toros, Nogales, Sonora, Mexico
87 Win 67–6–11 (3) Homer Smith PTS 10 22 Feb 1924 Théâtre Saint-Denis, Montreal, Canada
86 Win 66–6–11 (3) Jack Thompson NWS 12 20 May 1923 Havana, Cuba
85 Win 65–6–11 (3) Farmer Lodge KO 4 6 May 1923 Havana, Cuba
84 Win 64–6–11 (3) George Roberts KO 3 17 May 1920 Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
83 Win 63–6–11 (3) Bob Wilson KO 3 18 Apr 1920 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
82 Win 62–6–11 (3) Marty Cutler KO 6 (25) 28 Sep 1919 Mexico City, Mexico
81 Win 61–6–11 (3) Tom Cowler PTS 15 10 Aug 1919 Plaza de Toros, Mexico City, Mexico
80 Win 60–6–11 (3) Bob Roper PTS 10 22 Jun 1919 Mexico City, Mexico
79 Win 59–6–11 (3) Bill Flint KO 2 (10) 12 Feb 1919 Teatro de la Gran Via, Madrid, Spain
78 Win 58–6–11 (3) Blink McCloskey RTD 6 (20) 5 Feb 1918 Teatro Circo Price, Madrid, Spain
77 Win 57–6–11 (3) Arthur Cravan KO 6 (20) 23 Apr 1916 Plaza de Toros Monumental, Barcelona, Spain
76 Win 56–6–11 (3) Frank Crozier TKO 7 (10) 23 Mar 1916 Gran Teatro de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
75 Loss 55–6–11 (3) Jess Willard KO 26 (45), 2:20 5 Apr 1915 Oriental Park, Havana, Cuba Lost lineal heavyweight title
74 Win 55–5–11 (3) Jack Murray KO 3 (10) 10 Jan 1915 Sociedad Sportiva Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
73 Win 54–5–11 (3) Frank Moran PTS 20 27 June 1914 Vélodrome d'Hiver, Paris, France Retained lineal heavyweight title
72 Draw 53–5–11 (3) Battling Jim Johnson PTS 10 19 Dec 1913 Élysée Montmartre, Paris, France Retained lineal heavyweight title
71 Win 53–5–10 (3) Fireman Jim Flynn DQ 9 (45) 4 Jul 1912 East Las Vegas, Las Vegas, New Mexico, U.S. Retained lineal heavyweight title
70 Win 52–5–10 (3) James J. Jeffries TKO 15 (45), 2:20 4 Jul 1910 Reno, Nevada, U.S. Retained lineal heavyweight title
69 Win 51–5–10 (3) Stanley Ketchel KO 12 (20) 16 Oct 1909 Mission Street Arena, Colma, California, U.S. Retained lineal heavyweight title
68 Win 50–5–10 (3) Al Kaufman NWS 10 9 Sep 1909 Coffroth's Arena, San Francisco, California, U.S. Retained lineal heavyweight title
67 Win 49–5–10 (3) Tony Ross NWS 6 30 Jun 1909 Duquesne Gardens, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. Retained lineal heavyweight title
66 Draw 48–5–10 (3) Philadelphia Jack O'Brien NWS 6 19 May 1909 National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. Retained lineal heavyweight title
65 Win 48–5–9 (3) Tommy Burns PTS 14 (20) 26 Dec 1908 Sydney Stadium, Sydney, Australia Won lineal heavyweight title
64 Win 47–5–9 (3) Ben Taylor TKO 8 (10) 31 Jul 1908 Cosmopolitan Gymnasium, Plymouth, England
63 Win 46–5–9 (3) Sailor Burke NWS 6 12 Sep 1907 Smith's Theater, Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.
62 Win 45–5–9 (3) Charles Cutler KO 1 (6) 28 Aug 1907 Lauer's Park, Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S.
61 Win 44–5–9 (3) Bob Fitzsimmons KO 2 (6) 17 Jul 1907 Washington Sports Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
60 Win 43–5–9 (3) Bill Lang TKO 9 (20) 4 Mar 1907 Richmond Race Course, Melbourne, Australia
59 Win 42–5–9 (3) Peter Felix KO 1 (10), 2:20 19 Feb 1907 Gaiety Athletic Hall, Sydney, Australia Retained World Colored heavyweight title
58 Draw 41–5–9 (3) Joe Jeanette NWS 10 26 Nov 1906 Auditorium, Portland, Maine, U.S. Retained World Colored heavyweight title
57 Win 41–5–8 (3) Jim Jeffords NWS 6 8 Nov 1906 Lancaster Athletic Club, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S.
56 Win 40–5–8 (3) Joe Jeanette NWS 60 20 Sep 1906 Broadway Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
55 Draw 39–5–8 (3) Billy Dunning NWS 10 3 Sep 1906 Millinocket, Maine, U.S.
54 Win 39–5–7 (3) Charlie Haghey KO 2 (12) 16 Jun 1906 Gloucester Athletic Club, Gloucester, Massachusetts, U.S.
53 Win 38–5–7 (3) Sam Langford PTS 15 26 Apr 1906 Lincoln Athletic Club, Chelsea, Massachusetts, U.S. Retained World Colored heavyweight title
52 Win 37–5–7 (3) Jim McCormick DQ 8 (10) 17 Apr 1906 Association Park, Topeka, Kansas, U.S.
51 Win 36–5–7 (3) Black Bill KO 7 (10) 16 Apr 1906 Peerless Athletic Club, Pittston, Pennsylvania, U.S.
50 Win 35–5–7 (3) Joe Jeanette PTS 15 14 Mar 1906 Germania Maennerchor Hall, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. Retained World Colored heavyweight title
49 Draw 34–5–7 (3) Jim McCormick PTS 10 8 Feb 1906 Grand Opera House, Topeka, Kansas, U.S.
48 Win 34–5–6 (3) Bob Kerns KO 1 (10), 1:30 26 Jan 1906 Metropolitan Hall, Topeka, Kansas, U.S.
47 Win 33–5–6 (3) Joe Jeanette NWS 3 16 Jan 1906 Sharkey Athletic Club, New York City, New York, U.S.
46 Win 32–5–6 (3) Joe Jeanette NWS 6 2 Dec 1905 National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
45 Win 31–5–6 (3) Young Peter Jackson NWS 12 1 Dec 1905 Germania Maennerchor Hall, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. Retained World Colored heavyweight title
44 Loss 30–5–6 (3) Joe Jeanette DQ 2 (6) 25 Nov 1905 National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
43 Win 30–4–6 (3) Joe Grim NWS 6 24 Jul 1905 National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
42 Win 29–4–6 (3) Sandy Ferguson DQ 7 (15) 18 Jul 1905 Douglas Athletic Club, Chelsea, Massachusetts, U.S.
41 Win 28–4–6 (3) Morris Harris KO 1 (3) 13 Jul 1905 Broadway Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
40 Win 27–4–6 (3) Black Bill NWS 3 13 Jul 1905 Broadway Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
39 Win 26–4–6 (3) Jack Munroe NWS 6 26 Jun 1905 National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
38 Win 25–4–6 (3) Walter Johnson KO 3 (3) 9 May 1905 Knickerbocker Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
37 Win 24–4–6 (3) Joe Jeanette NWS 3 9 May 1905 Knickerbocker Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
36 Win 23–4–6 (3) Black Bill TKO 4 (6) 2 May 1905 Knickerbocker Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
35 Win 22–4–6 (3) Jim Jeffords KO 4 (6) 25 Apr 1905 Knickerbocker Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
34 Loss 21–4–6 (3) Marvin Hart PTS 20 28 Mar 1905 Woodward's Pavilion, San Francisco, California, U.S.
33 Win 21–3–6 (3) Denver Ed Martin KO 2 (20) 10 Oct 1904 Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Retained World Colored heavyweight title
32 Win 20–3–6 (3) Frank Childs PTS 6 2 Jun 1904 Apollo Hall, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Retained World Colored heavyweight title
31 Win 19–3–6 (3) Sam McVey KO 20 22 Apr 1904 Mechanic's Pavilion, San Francisco, California, U.S. Retained World Colored heavyweight title
30 Win 18–3–6 (3) Black Bill NWS 6 15 Feb 1904 Lenox Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
29 NC 17–3–6 (3) Sandy Ferguson NC 5 (6) 6 Feb 1904 National Athletic Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
28 Win 17–3–6 (2) Sandy Ferguson PTS 20 11 Dec 1903 Colma, California, U.S.
27 Win 16–3–6 (2) Sam McVey PTS 20 27 Oct 1903 Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Retained World Colored heavyweight title
26 Win 15–3–6 (2) Sandy Ferguson NWS 6 31 Jul 1903 Penn Art Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
25 Win 14–3–6 (2) Joe Butler KO 3 (6) 11 May 1903 Washington Sports Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
24 Win 13–3–6 (2) Sandy Ferguson PTS 10 16 Apr 1903 Essex Athletic Club, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
23 Win 12–3–6 (2) Sam McVey PTS 20 26 Feb 1903 Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Retained World Colored heavyweight title
22 Win 11–3–6 (2) Denver Ed Martin PTS 20 5 Feb 1903 Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Won World Colored heavyweight title
21 Win 10–3–6 (2) Fred Russell DQ 8 (20) 4 Dec 1902 Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
20 Win 9–3–6 (2) George Gardiner PTS 20 31 Oct 1902 Woodward's Pavilion, San Francisco, California, U.S.
19 Win 8–3–6 (2) Frank Childs TKO 12 (20) 21 Oct 1902 Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
18 Draw 7–3–6 (2) Hank Griffin PTS 20 20 Jun 1902 Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
17 Win 7–3–5 (2) Jack Jeffries KO 5 (20) 16 May 1902 Hazard's Pavilion, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
16 Win 6–3–5 (2) Joe Kennedy KO 4 (15) 7 Mar 1902 Reliance Athletic Club, Oakland, California, U.S.
15 Draw 5–3–5 (2) Hank Griffin PTS 15 27 Dec 1901 Reliance Athletic Club, Oakland, California, U.S.
14 Loss 5–3–4 (2) Hank Griffin PTS 20 4 Nov 1901 Armory Hall, Bakersfield, California, U.S.
13 Draw 5–2–4 (2) Mexican Pete Everett PTS 20 14 Aug 1901 Gold Coin Club, Victor, Colorado, U.S.
12 Draw 5–2–3 (2) Billy Stift PTS 10 26 Apr 1901 Colorado Athletic Club, Denver, Colorado, U.S.
11 Loss 5–2–2 (2) Joe Choynski KO 3 (20) 25 Feb 1901 Harmony Hall, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
10 Draw 5–1–2 (2) Jim Scanlon PTS 7 (20) 14 Jan 1901 Galveston Athletic Club, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
9 Win 5–1–1 (2) Klondike Haynes TKO 4 (20) 27 Dec 1900 Phoenix Athletic Club, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
8 Draw 4–1–1 (2) Klondike Haynes PTS 20 25 Jun 1900 Galveston Athletic Club, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
7 Win 4–1 (2) Jim McCormick DQ 6 (20) 20 Apr 1900 Galveston Athletic Club, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
6 NC 3–1 (2) William McNeill ND 4 9 Apr 1900 Galveston Athletic Club, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
5 NC 3–1 (1) Jim McCormick ND 15 21 Mar 1900 Galveston Athletic Club, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
4 Loss 3–1 Klondike Haynes TKO 5 (6) 6 May 1899 Howard Theatre, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
3 Win 3–0 Cherokee KO ? (6) 24 Jul 1898 Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.
2 Win 2–0 Ed Johnson KO 5 20 Nov 1897 Convention Hall, Galveston, Texas, U.S. Retained Texas State middleweight title
1 Win 1–0 Charley Brooks KO 2 (15) 1 Nov 1897 Prof. Bernau's Gymnasium, Galveston, Texas, U.S. Won Texas State middleweight title
gollark: Er, you need three diamonds.
gollark: Where it shines is in performing random useful tasks which there isn't dedicated hardware available for, linking together disparate systems (much more practically than redstone), working as a "microcontroller" to control something based on a bunch of input data, and entertainment-/decorative-type things (displaying stuff on monitors and whatnot, and music with Computronics).
gollark: For example, quarrying. CC has turtles. They can dig things. They can move. You can make a quarry out of this, and people have. But in practice, they're not hugely fast or efficient, and it's hard to make it work well in the face of stuff like server restarts, while a dedicated quarrying device from a mod will handle this fine and probably go faster if you can power it somehow.
gollark: I honestly don't think CC is particularly overpowered even with turtles. While it can technically do basically anything, most bigger packs will have special-purpose devices which are more expensive but do it way better, while CC is very annoying to have work.
gollark: Out of all the available APIs in _G the only ones I can see which allow I/O of some sort directly and don't just make some task you can technically already do more convenient are `fs`, `os`, `redstone`, `http`, and `term`. You can, at most, probably disable `http` and `redstone` without breaking everything horribly, and it would still be annoying.

See also

References
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Further reading
  • Ocania Chalk, Pioneers of Black Sport. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1975.
  • Henry Louis Gates and Cornel West, The African-American Century: How Black Americans have shaped our Country. New York: The Free Press, 2000.
  • Theresa Runstedtler, Jack Johnson, Rebel Sojourner: Boxing in the Shadow of the Global Color Line. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2012.
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Ed Martin		 World Colored Heavyweight Championship
February 5, 1903 – December 26, 1908		 Succeeded by
Sam McVey
Won vacant title
Preceded by
Tommy Burns		 World Heavyweight Champion
December 26, 1908 – April 5, 1915		 Succeeded by
Jess Willard
Records
Preceded by
Bob Fitzsimmons		 Oldest World Heavyweight Champion
April 14, 1914 – January 4, 1919		 Succeeded by
Jess Willard
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