Itaboraí Formation

The Itaboraí Formation (Portuguese: Formaçao Itaboraí)[1] is a highly fossiliferous geologic formation and Lagerstätte[2] of the Itaboraí Basin in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. The formation reaching a thickness of 100 metres (330 ft) is the defining unit for the Itaboraian South American land mammal age (SALMA), dating to the Early Eocene, approximately 53 to 50 Ma.

Itaboraí Formation Stratigraphic range: Early Eocene (Itaboraian) ~53–50 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Sub-units	See text
Underlies	Early Eocene basalt & Late Eocene to Early Oligocene conglomerates (Rio Frio Formation)
Overlies	Precambrian basement
Area	1 km^2 (0.39 sq mi)
Thickness	up to 100 m (330 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Limestone, marl
Other	Travertine, lignite
Location
Coordinates	22.1°S 41.6°W / -22.1; -41.6
Approximate paleocoordinates	25.0°S 30.0°W / -25.0; -30.0
Region	Rio de Janeiro
Country	Brazil
Extent	Itaboraí Basin
Type section
Named for	Itaboraí
Named by	Leinz
Year defined	1938
Itaboraí Formation (Brazil)

The formation is restricted to the Itaboraí Basin, a minibasin of 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi) around the city of Itaboraí, 34 kilometres (21 mi) northeast of Rio de Janeiro, and comprises limestones, marls and lignites, deposited in an alluvial to lacustrine environment, dominated by heavy rainfall. The formation overlies Precambrian basement and is overlain by Early Eocene basalts and Late Eocene to Early Oligocene conglomerates.

The up to 100 metres (330 ft) thick formation has provided many fossil mammals of various groups among which the marsupials and related metatherians dominate, birds, snakes, crocodiles, amphibians, and several species of gastropods. Several genera and species were named after the formation; the marsupials Itaboraidelphys camposi and Carolopaulacoutoia itaboraiensis, the birds Itaboravis elaphrocnemoides, Eutreptodactylus itaboraiensis and Eutreptodactylus itaboraiensis, the snake Itaboraiophis depressus and crocodile Eocaiman itaboraiensis and the gastropods Itaborahia lamegoi, Biomphalaria itaboraiensis and Gastrocopta itaboraiensis.

The formation is the richest Cenozoic fossiliferous formation of Brazil, leading to the establishment of the Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí ("São José de Itaboraí Paleontological Park") in 1995. The site is a candidate for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Etymology

The word "Itaboraí" is of Tupi origin, and has two possible etymologies:

• "River of beautiful stones", a combination of the words itá (stone), porã (beautiful) and y (river)[3]
• "River of brilliant stones", derived from the words itá (stone), berab (brilliant) and y (river)[4]

Description

Early Eocene (50 Ma)

The Itaboraí Formation is restricted to the Itaboraí Basin, a minibasin stretching across an area of 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi) of 1,400 by 500 metres (4,600 ft × 1,600 ft), in the vicinity of Itaboraí 34 kilometres (21 mi) northeast of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil.[5] Between 1933 and 1984, a local cement company exploited the rocks in the area and their workers discovered the first fossil remains in the formation.[6] The now abandoned and largely inaccessible limestone quarries of this locality have yielded a diverse mammalian fauna from early late Paleocene fissure fillings.[7] The sediments of the formation were described by Leinz in 1938.[8] Presently, the basin is filled up with water impeding any collecting activity.[9]

Basin history

The small basin, a small half-graben, is the oldest[10] and smallest[11] of several Cenozoic rift basins stretching across 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) along a west-southwest to east-northeast trend between the Paraná Basin to the northwest and the Santos Basin to the southeast, separated by the Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar respectively. This Continental Rift of Southern Brazil (CRSB) comprises the Curitiba, São Paulo, Taubaté, Resende, Volta Redonda, Macacu, Barra de São João and Itaboraí Basins.[12]

An erosional surface, correlated with a 55 Ma sea-level lowstand representing the Paleocene-Eocene transition and associated with magmatism, has been recorded in the various Atlantic marginal basins along the Brazilian coast; Pelotas, Santos, Campos, Espírito Santo, Cumuruxatiba, Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Basins.[13]

Stratigraphy

Map and stratigraphic column of the Itaboraí Basin

The Itaboraí Formation rests unconformably on top of the Precambrian Paraíba do Sul Group, part of the Meso- to Neoproterozoic Paraíba do Sul Complex.[14] The Paleogene succession of the minibasin reaches a thickness of 100 metres (330 ft) and consists of three depositional sequences, with the Itaboraí Formation representing the first two;[15]

• Sequence 1 (S1) - clastic limestones with travertine, grey carbonates and oolitic limestones, carbonatic shales and lignites, deposited in a lacustrine environment, originating from debris flows in a tectonic lake. From this sequence gastropods are abundant, while woods, reptiles and mammals are scarce.[11]
• Sequence 2 (S2) - carbonates filling caverns and dissolution cracks on a karstic surface of Sequence 1, comprising fossiliferous marls, deposited in an alluvial to lacustrine environment, transported into these cavities by heavy rains and gravitational flows[11]
• Sequence 3 (S3) - terrestrial siliciclastic sediments, including mudstones, sandstones and sandy conglomerates of Late Eocene to Early Oligocene age, derived from the surrounding basement gneisses, deposited by mudflows in a subaerial alluvial fan environment. These sediments, referred to as the Rio Frio Formation,[1] have been correlated with the Eocene to Oligocene Resende Formation of the eponymous basin.[13]

The Itaboraí Formation is separated from Sequence 3 by basaltic volcanic rocks, formed in the Early Eocene.[16]

Thin section analysis suggests the travertine sequence went through a series of diagenetic processes: firstly, the deposition of the primary carbonate, followed by a set of percolating iron oxide enriched fluids and lastly a set of silica-rich fluids leading to the silica chalcedony and micro-crystalline deposition.[17]

Age

The formation was deposited during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, here indicated as "Eocene hyperthermal"

The Itaboraí Formation, defining the Itaboraian SALMA, was first thought to be early to mid Paleocene in age, until dating performed by Woodburne et al. in 2014 suggested as a more probable early Eocene age (53–50 Ma),[18][19] spanning polarity chron 23.[20] The overlying basalts have been dated to the Early Eocene (52.6 ± 2.4 Ma). Another very important source of data is palynological analysis of a coal-bearing horizon (lignite) interlayered with alluvial fan deposits at the northern border of the Itaboraí Basin, suggesting a Paleocene to Eocene age.[21] During this time, a biogeographical connection existed with Antarctica and, though separated by the developing South Atlantic, with Africa.[22] The deposits of the formation were formed during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), just after the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.[23]

Paleontological significance

The xenungulate Carodnia comes from the Itaboraí Formation

The Itaboraí Formation is the richest and one of few formations in Brazil providing Paleogene mammal faunas, between the older Tiupampan Maria Farinha Formation of the Parnaíba Basin and the younger Divisaderan Guabirotuba Formation of the Curitiba Basin, the Tinguirirican Entre-Córregos Formation of the Aiuruoca Basin and the Deseadan Tremembé Formation of the Taubaté Basin.[24]

Despite its relatively small size, the São José de Itaboraí Basin comprises a diversified fossil assemblage. Among the groups found there, fossil birds are very rare, mainly due to their pneumatized bones. Only three bird species have been described up to this moment from the Itaboraí Basin. Diogenornis fragilis, a probable ratite ancestor, stands out for its good preservation and the number of specimens preserved.[25] In the Paleocene of the southern hemisphere, small terrestrial birds have only been discovered in the late Paleocene fissure fillings of the Itaboraí Formation.[7]

The relative fossil diversity of the Itaboraí Formation at family level consists of 44% mammals, 23% mollusks, 14% reptiles (lizards, chelonians, crocodyliforms), 7% birds, 5% amphibians and 7% plants.[26] Fish are one of the few groups not found to date in the lacustrine formation.[27] The formation has provided many marsupials and related metatheres. The species Lamegoia conodonta is the largest "condylarth" at Itaboraí and approximates the size of a wolf. Ricardocifellia protocenica, originally described as Paulacoutoia protocenica, is the smallest of the "condylarth" species of Itaboraí, but the most abundant.[28] The most abundant litoptern found in the formation is Protolipterna ellipsodontoides.[29]

Sequence 1 of the formation has provided many land snails, among which several new species. The records of Itaboraí are the oldest for the genera Austrodiscus, Brachypodella, Bulimulus, Cecilioides, Cyclodontina, Eoborus, Gastrocopta, Leiostracus, Plagiodontes and Temesa. Also, the formation contains the oldest record for the families Orthalicidae, Gastrocoptidae, Ferussaciidae and Strophocheilidae.[30]

Several genera and species were named after the formation; the marsupials Itaboraidelphys camposi and Carolopaulacoutoia itaboraiensis, the birds Itaboravis elaphrocnemoides, Eutreptodactylus itaboraiensis and Eutreptodactylus itaboraiensis, the snake Itaboraiophis depressus and crocodile Eocaiman itaboraiensis and the gastropods Itaborahia lamegoi, Biomphalaria itaboraiensis and Gastrocopta itaboraiensis.

Because of its paleontological importance, the Itaboraí Basin area was designated as a paleontological park in 1995: Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí ("São José de Itaboraí Paleontological Park").[31] The park was established to preserve the geology and highlight the importance of the paleontological richness of the area.[32]

The formation is named as one of the fossil sites of potential World Heritage Value by the IUCN in 1996.[33]

Fossil content

Fossils recovered from the formation include:[34][35][36][37]

Class	Group	Fossils	Images	Notes
Mammals	Marsupials	Bergqvistherium primigenia		[38]
		Carolocoutoia ferigoloi		[39]
		Carolopaulacoutoia itaboraiensis		[21]
		Derorhynchus singularis		[21]
		Didelphopsis cabrerai		[21][40]
		Eobrasilia coutoi		[41][40]
		Gashternia carioca		[21][42]
		Gaylordia macrocynodonta		[43][40]
		Gaylordia mater		[44][40]
		Guggenheimia brasiliensis		[21][40]
		Guggenheimia crocheti		[21][40]
		Itaboraidelphys camposi		[40]
		Marmosopsis juradoi		[21]
		Minusculodelphis minimus		[45][40]
		Minusculodelphis modicum		[45][40]
		Mirandatherium alipioi		[21][40]
		Monodelphopsis travassosi		[21][46]
		Periprotodidelphis bergqvistae		[47]
		Protodidelphis mastodontoides		[48]
		Protodidelphis vanzolinii		[49]
		Riolestes capricornicus		[50]
		Xenodelphis doelloi		[36]
		Australidelphia indet., Didelphidae indet., Didolodontidae indet., Microbiotheriidae indet., Paucituberculata indet., Pediomyidae indet., Protodidelphidae indet.		[51][52]
	Hatcheriformes	Zeusdelphys complicatus		[53][40]
	Metatheria	Austropediomys marshalli		[54]
		Herpetotheriidae indet.		[36]
		Peradectidae indet.		[51]
	Armadillos	Riostegotherium yanei		[55][56]
	Astrapotheres	Tetragonostylops apthomasi		[57]
	Didolodontidae	Lamegoia conodonta		[58][59]
		Ricardocifellia protocenica syn. Paulacoutoia protocenica		[60][61]
	Litopterns	Asmithwoodwardia scotti		[21]
		Miguelsoria parayirunhor		[62]
		Paranisolambda prodromus		[63]
		Protolipterna ellipsodontoides		[64]
		Victorlemoinea prototypica		[21][65]
	Notoungulata	Camargomendesia pristina		[21]
		Colbertia magellanica		[21]
		Homalostylops atavus		[66]
		Henricosbornia sp.		[21]
		Notoungulata indet.		[36]
	Sparassodonts	Palaeocladosictis mosesi		[36]
		Patene simpsoni		[50]
		?Arminiheringia sp.		[36]
		Hathlyacininae indet.		[51]
		Borhyaenidae indet.		[51]
	Polydolopimorphia	Bobbschaefferia fluminensis		[21][40]
		Epidolops ameghinoi		[21][67]
		Polydolopidae indet.		[51][52]
	Simpsonitheria	Procaroloameghinia pricei		[21][40]
	Xenungulata	Carodnia vieirai		[66]
Birds	Rheidae	Diogenornis fragilis		[7]
	Cuculidae	Eutreptodactylus itaboraiensis		[68]
	Cariamae	Itaboravis elaphrocnemoides		[69]
	Psilopteridae	Paleopsilopterus itaboraiensis		[7]
Snakes	Aniliidae	Hoffstetterella brasiliensis		[70]
		Coniophis cf. precedens		[71]
	Boidae	Corallus priscus		[72]
		Hechtophis austrinus		[73]
		Itaboraiophis depressus		[74]
		Paraungaliophis pricei		[75]
		Paulacoutophis perplexus		[76]
		Waincophis cameratus		[77]
		Waincophis pressulus		[78]
	Madtsoiidae	Madtsoia camposi		[79]
	Russellophiidae	?Russellophiidae indet.		[80]
Crocodyliforms	Crocodiles	Sahitisuchus fluminensis		[81]
		Eocaiman itaboraiensis		[82]
Amphibians	Caecilians	Apodops pricei		[35]
	Frogs	Xenopus romeri		[35]
Mollusks	Gastropods	Austrodiscus lopesi		[83]
		Biomphalaria itaboraiensis		[84][85]
		"Brachypodella" britoi		[86][85]
		Brasilennea arethusae		[87]
		Brasilennea guttula		[88]
		Brasilennea minor		[88]
		Bulimulus fazendicus		[89][85]
		Bulimulus trindadeae		[90][85]
		Cecilioides sommeri		[91][85]
		Cortana carvalhoi		[92][85]
		Cyclodontina coelhoi		[93]
		Eoborus fusiforme		[94][85]
		Eoborus rotundus		[95][85]
		Eoborus sanctijosephi		[96][85]
		Gastrocopta itaboraiensis		[84][85]
		Gastrocopta mezzalirai		[97][85]
		Itaborahia lamegoi		[98][85]
		Leiostracus ferreirai		[85]
		Plagiodontes aff. dentatus		[99][85]
		Temesa magalhaesi		[100]
		Strophocheilus sp.		[37]
Flora	Pollen	Echitricolpites polaris, Foveotriletes margaritae, Verrutriporites lunduensis		[21]

See also

• South American land mammal ages
• Iguape Formation, contemporaneous formation of the Santos Basin
• Laguna del Hunco Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of the Cañadón Asfalto Basin, Argentina
• Bogotá Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of central Colombia
• Green River Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Colorado, Wyoming and Utah
• Klondike Mountain Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Washington State
• La Meseta Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Antarctica

References

1. Riccomini et al., 2004, p.401
2. Kellner & Campos, 1999, p.399
3. Bragança Júnior, 1992
4. Carvalho, 1987, p.47
5. Riccomini et al., 2004, p.390
6. Santos & Carvalho, 2012, p.332
7. Mayr et al., 2011, p.679
8. Riccomini, 1990, p.68
9. Kellner & Campos, 1999, p.246
10. Riccomini et al., 2004, p.384
11. Oliveira & Goin, 2011, p.107
12. Modenesi-Gauttieri et al., 2002, p.258
13. Oliveira & Goin, 2011, p.108
14. Torres Tiago, 2017, p.25
15. Torres Tiago, 2017, p.26
16. Torres Tiago, 2017, p.27
17. Valente et al., 2017, p.227
18. Oliveira et al., 2016, p.2
19. Woodburne et al., 2014, p.116
20. Woodburne et al., 2014, p.112
21. Oliveira & Goin, 2011, p.109
22. Ezcurra & Agnolín, 2012, p.560
23. Woodburne et al., 2013, p.7
24. Sedor, 2017, p.39
25. De Taranto et al., 2011, p.R58
26. Pinheiro et al., 2013, p.328
27. Bergqvist & Bastos, 2011, p.370
28. Bergqvist, 2008, p.107
29. Bergqvist, 2008, p.108
30. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.42
31. Pinheiro et al., 2013, p.329
32. Bergqvist & Bastos, 2011, p.367
33. Wells, 1996, p.35
34. Itaboraí snakes at Fossilworks.org
35. Portland Quarry at Fossilworks.org
36. São José de Itaboraí at Fossilworks.org
37. São José 700 m at Fossilworks.org
38. Carneiro, 2019, p.5
39. Oliveira, 1998, p.148
40. Ladevèze & De Muizon, 2010, p.759
41. Carneiro & Oliveira, 2017a, p.357
42. Goin & Oliveira, 2007, p.310
43. Oliveira & Goin, 2015, p.99
44. Oliveira & Goin, 2015, p.101
45. Oliveira et al., 2016, p.4
46. Carneiro et al., 2018, p.121
47. Goin et al., 2016, p.85
48. Oliveira & Goin, 2011, p.114
49. Oliveira & Goin, 2011, p.112
50. Goin et al., 2016, p.86
51. Ladevèze, 2004, p.202
52. Ladevèze & De Muizon, 2010, p.747
53. Carneiro & Oliveira, 2017b, p.499
54. Carneiro et al., 2018, p.122
55. Bergqvist et al., 2004, p.325
56. Oliveira & Bergqvist, 1998, p.36
57. Bergqvist, 2010, p.858
58. Goin et al., 2016, p.87
59. Bergqvist, 2008, p.119
60. Bergqvist, 2008, p.113
61. Mones, 2015, p.1
62. Bergqvist, 2010, p.860
63. Bergqvist, 2010, p.861
64. Bergqvist, 2010, p.859
65. Bergqvist, 2008, p.124
66. Goin et al., 2016, p.89
67. Beck, 2016, p.8
68. Mayr et al., 2011, p.682
69. Mayr et al., 2011, p.680
70. Rage, 1998, p.133
71. Rage, 1998, p.131
72. Rage, 2001, p.122
73. Rage, 2001, p.116
74. Rage, 2008, p.46
75. Rage, 2008, p.41
76. Rage, 2008, p.52
77. Rage, 2001, p.130
78. Rage, 2001, p.126
79. Rage, 1998, p.116
80. Rage, 2008, p.58
81. Kellner et al., 2014, p.2
82. Pinheiro et al., 2013, p.330
83. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.12
84. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.28
85. Salvador & Simone, 2013b, p.4
86. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.26
87. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.9
88. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.11
89. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.15
90. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.16
91. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.14
92. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.17
93. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.21
94. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.25
95. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.23
96. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.24
97. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.27
98. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.19
99. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.22
100. Salvador & Simone, 2013a, p.13

Bibliography

General

• Bergqvist, Lílian Paglarelli, and Ana Carolina Fortes Bastos. 2011. A utilização de atividades lúdicas na divulgação da importância do Parque Paleontológico de São José, Itaboraí/RJ. Revista Brasileira de Geociências 41. 366–374. Accessed 2019-04-04. (in Portuguese)
• Bragança Júnior, Álvaro Alfredo. 1992. A morfologia sufixal indígena na formação de topônimos do estado do Rio de Janeiro (M.A. thesis), 1. Universidade de Rio de Janeiro. Accessed 2019-04-04. (in Portuguese)
• Carvalho, Moacyr Ribeiro de. 1987. Dicionário tupi (antiguo)-portugues, 1–314. _. Accessed 2019-04-04. (in Portuguese)
• Dos Santos, Wellington Francisco Sá, and Ismar de Souza Carvalho. 2012. Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí (Brasil): Propostas para a Preservação do Patrimônio a partir das Opiniões da População de Cabuçu in Para Aprender com a Terra, 331–340. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. Accessed 2019-04-04. (in Portuguese)
• Valente, Brenda Da Silva; Gustavo C.R. Pereira; Emiliano Castro Oliveira, and Sergio Bergamaschi. 2017. Petrographic Study of Silica-rich Continental Carbonates from São José de Itaboraí Basin (Brazil). Journal of Sedimentary Environments 2. 219–228. Accessed 2019-04-04.

Geology

• Ezcurra, Martín D., and Federico Agnolín. 2011. A New Global Palaeobiogeographical Model for the Late Mesozoic and Early Tertiary. Systematic Biology 61. 553–566. Accessed 2019-04-04.
• Modenesi-Gauttieri, May Christine; Silvio Takashi Hiruma, and Claudio Riccomini. 2002. Morphotectonics of a high plateau on the northwestern flank of the Continental Rift of southeastern Brazil. Geomorphology 43. 257–271. Accessed 2019-04-04.
• Riccomini, Claudio; Lucy Gomes Sant'Anna, and André Luiz Ferrari. 2004. Evolução geológica do rift continental do sudeste do Brasil in Geologia do continente Sul-Americano: evolução da obra de Fernando Flávio de Almeida, 383–406. Beca. Accessed 2019-04-04. (in Portuguese)
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• Torres Tiago, Nina. 2017. Caracterização mineralógica e petrológica das ocorrências de ankaramito nas Bacias de Itaboraí Volta Redonda - RJ (BS thesis), 1–76. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Accessed 2019-04-04. (in Portuguese)

Paleontology

• Beck, Robin M. 2016. The Skull of Epidolops ameghinoi from the Early Eocene Itaboraí Fauna, Southeastern Brazil, and the Affinities of the Extinct Marsupialiform Order Polydolopimorphia. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 1–43. Accessed 2019-04-04.
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• Bergqvist, Lílian Paglarelli. 2008. Postcranial Skeleton of the Upper Paleocene (Itaboraian) "Condylarthra" (Mammalia) of Itaboraí Basin, Brazil in Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology - a tribute to A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay, 107–133. Springer. Accessed 2019-04-04.
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• Carneiro, Leonardo M.. 2018. A new protodidelphid (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphimorphia) from the Itaboraí Basin and its implications for the evolution of the Protodidelphidae. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 91. e20180440. Accessed 2019-04-04.
• Carneiro, Leonardo M., and Édison V. Oliveira. 2017a. Systematic affinities of the extinct metatherian Eobrasilia coutoi Simpson, 1947, a South American Early Eocene Stagodontidae: implications for "Eobrasiliinae". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 20. 355–372. Accessed 2019-04-04.
• Carneiro, Leonardo M., and Édison Vicente Oliveira. 2017b. The Eocene South American metatherian Zeusdelphys complicatus is not a protodidelphid but a hatcheriform: Paleobiogeographic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62. 497–507. Accessed 2019-04-04.
• Goin, Francisco J.; Michael O. Woodburne; Ana Natalia Zimicz; Gabriel M. Martin, and Laura Chornogubsky. 2016. Dispersal of Vertebrates from Between the Americas, Antarctica, and Australia in the Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic in A Brief History of South American Metatherians: Evolutionary Contexts and Intercontinental Dispersals, 77–124. Springer. Accessed 2019-04-04. ISBN 978-94-017-7420-8
• Goin, Francisco J., and Édison V. Oliveira. 2007. A new species of Gashternia (Marsupialia) from Itaboraí (Brazil). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 245. 309–313. Accessed 2019-04-04.
• Goin, Francisco J.; Édison V. Oliveira, and Adriana M. Candela. 1998. Carolocoutoia ferigoloi nov. gen. and sp. (Protodidelphidae), a new Paleocene "opossum-like" marsupial from Brazil. Palaeovertebrata 27. 145–154. Accessed 2019-04-04.
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