Homophobic propaganda

Homophobic propaganda (or anti-gay propaganda) is propaganda based on homonegativity and homophobia towards homosexual and sometimes other non-heterosexual people. Such propaganda supports anti-gay prejudices and stereotypes, and promotes social stigmatization or discrimination. The term homophobic propaganda was used by the historian Stefan Micheler in his work Homophobic Propaganda and the Denunciation of Same-Sex-Desiring Men under National Socialism,[2] as well as other works treating the topic.[3]

The Trump-Putin gay jokes have been criticized by some LGBT people as homophobic.[1]

In some countries, some forms of homophobic propaganda are considered hate speech and are prohibited by law.

History

Nazi Germany

Political attitudes towards homosexuals in Nazi Germany were based on the assumption that homosexuals were destroying the German nation as "sexual degenerates". Historian Erwin J. Haeberle dates the first appearance of this political attitude to 14 May 1928.[4]

Categorized as a ‘biocracy’ by Maastricht University professor Harry Oosterheis, the Nazi regime was primarily concerned with the fact that homosexual men could not bear offspring—and therefore could not ultimately contribute to the spread of the Aryan race. Though homosexuals in Nazi Germany were not persecuted systematically, researchers estimate that around 50,000 homosexual men were convicted for ‘unnatural vice’, and between 10 and 30% of this proportion were ultimately sent to concentration camps.[5]

Law

Russia
See also: LGBT rights in Russia
  Anti-LGBT laws restricting freedom of expression and association

In Russia, it is illegal to commit crimes against someone based on their social group, and LGBT people are considered a separate social group by law. Responsibility for it is established item 136 and item 282 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation.[6]

However, on June 30, 2013, President Vladimir Putin signed into law a bill banning the "propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations" among minors, and prohibits the equation of same-sex and straight marital relationships.[7] Vice News claims that many LGBT rights groups have been transformed "from being a stigmatized fringe group to full-blown enemies of the state" in Russia following the introduction of this law, and that openly homophobic and neo-Nazi groups such as Occupy Paedophilia have been described by Russian authorities as "civil movements fighting the sins of society".

Norway

In 1981, Norway became the first country to establish a criminal penalty (a fine or imprisonment for up to two years) for public threats, defamations, expressions of hate, or agitation for discrimination towards the LGBT community.[8]

The Netherlands

On July 1, 1987 in the Netherlands joined the Dutch Penal code, which established punishment for public defamations on the basis of sexual orientation as fees or imprisonment for up to two years.[9]

Ireland

In 1989 in Ireland a resolution against anti-gay hate speech came into effect. It establishes penalty in the form of fees or imprisonment for up to two years for publication or distribution of materials which contain defamations, threats, hate speech or offenses for LGBT people. The law is occasionally taken into effect.[9]

Australia

On 2 March 1993 in New South Wales, Australia, an amendment to the antidiscrimination law came into effect which prohibits public hate speech, despisement or ridiculing of homosexuals. A legal exclusion is any information which is distributed for educational, religious, scientific or social purposes.[10]

On 10 December 1999 an analogous amendment was accepted by Tasmanian parliament, which permits no exclusion.[11]

South Africa

In February 2000 the South African Parliament enacted the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, which prohibits hate speech based on any of the constitutionally prohibited grounds, including sexual orientation. The definition of hate speech includes speech which is intended to "promote or propagate hatred".[12]

United Kingdom
See also: Section 28 and LGBT rights in the United Kingdom

Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988 added section 2A to the Local Government Act 1986, which forbade local authorities from being allowed to "promote homosexuality", or "promote the teaching in any maintained school the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship".[13]

It was repealed on 21 June 2000 in Scotland as one of the first pieces of legislation enacted by the new Scottish Parliament, and on 18 November 2003 in the rest of the United Kingdom by section 122 of the Local Government Act 2003.[14]

Spain

Spain's antidiscrimination laws ban hate speech in regards to sexual orientation and gender identity since 1995. Discrimination, hate, or violence on the premise of either of the aforementioned factors is punishable by up to three years in prison.[15]

Other Countries

Other countries which ban anti-LGBT discrimination include Albania, Andora, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Kosovo, Malta, Northern Cyprus, Portugal, Serbia, Belgium, France, Guernsey, Ireland, Isle of Man, Jersey, Luxembourg, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, Fiji, New Caledonia, Micronesia, Easter Island, French Polynesia, Pitcairn Islands, and Wallis and Futuna.

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See also

References
  1. "Depicting Trump and Putin in a romantic relationship isn't funny – it just makes you a homophobe". The Independent. 17 July 2018.
  2. Micheler, Stefan (2002). "Homophobic Propaganda and the Denunciation of Same-Sex-Desiring Men under National Socialism". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 11 (1–2): 105–130. doi:10.1353/sex.2002.0011.
  3. Mookas, Ioannis (February–March 1995). "Faultlines: homophobic innovation in Gay Rights, Special Rights - Special Issue: Fundamentalist Media". Afterimage.
  4. Haeberle, Erwin J. (1981). "Swastika, Pink Triangle and Yellow Star: The Destruction of Sexology and the Persecution of Homosexuals in Nazi Germany". Journal of Sex Research. 17 (3): 270–87. doi:10.1080/00224498109551120.
  5. Oosterhuis, Harry (1997). "Medicine, Male Bonding and Homosezxuality in Nazi Germany". Journal of Contemporary History. doi:10.1177/002200949703200204.
  6. "The Constitution of Russian Federation". Az-libr.ru. 2009-04-11. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  7. The Guardian: Russia passes law banning gay 'propaganda'. June 11, 2013.
  8. "Norway General Civil Penal Code, §135 a". European Public Prosecutors. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  9. "Equality for lesbians and gay men". ILGA-Europe. June 1998. Archived from the original on 2007-12-19. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  10. "ANTI-DISCRIMINATION ACT 1977 - SECT 49ZT. Homosexual vilification unlawful". Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  11. Rodney Croome (14 January 1999). "Tasmania - Changing Hearts and Laws". Sydney Star Observer. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  12. Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000, section 10.
  13. "Local Government Act 1988 Chapter 9" (PDF). Parliament of the United Kingdom. 1988. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  14. Local Government Act 2003 (c. 26) – Statute Law Database
  15. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2018". www.state.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-15.

Bibliography
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