History of Luzon

The history of Luzon covers events that happened in the largest island of the Philippine Archipelago, Luzon. Luzon wrested the record of having the oldest man ever discovered in the Philippines with discovery of the Callao Man in 2007, which predated the Tabon Man by around 20,000 years.[1] The written history of Luzon began in around 900 AD with the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription in 1989. After that, Luzon began to appear in the annals of the Chinese and Japanese. One example would be the Ming Shilu, wherein Luzon appeared in 22 records.[2] Luzon was split among Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, Muslim principalities, and ethnoreligious tribes, who had trading connections with Borneo, Malaya, Java, Indochina, India, Okinawa, Japan and China before the Spanish established their rule. As a result of the Spanish–American War, Luzon became American territory. In the Second World War, Luzon saw one of the fiercest battles during the Japanese occupation. Luzon, apart from being the largest island, had been the economic and political center of the Philippines ever since the country entered the Western Calendar, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, and the country's largest metropolis, Metro Manila.

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Prehistory of Luzon
Pre-Colonial History of the Philippines
Barangay government
Ruling class (Maginoo): Datu (Lakan, Raja, Sultan)
Middle class: Timawa, Maharlika
Serfs, commoners and slaves (Alipin): Horohan, Alipin Namamahay, Alipin sa gigilid, Bulisik, Bulislis
The book of Maragtas
States in Luzon
Caboloan (Pangasinan)
Ma-i
Rajahnate of Maynila
Namayan
Tondo
States in the Visayas
Kedatuan of Madja-as
Kedatuan of Dapitan
Kingdom of Mactan
Rajahnate of Cebu
States in Mindanao
Rajahnate of Butuan
Sultanate of Sulu
Sultanate of Maguindanao
Sultanates of Lanao
Key figures
Religion in pre-colonial Philippines
History of the Philippines
Portal: Philippines
Further information: Prehistory of the Philippines
Map showing Luzon in red shade.

The first evidence of the systematic use of Stone-Age technologies in the Philippines is estimated to have dated back to about 50,000 BC,[3] and this phase in the development of proto-Philippine societies is considered to end with the rise of metal tools in about 500 BC, although stone tools continued to be used past that date.[4] However, new discoveries in Luzon, particularly in Liwan, Kalinga, found stone tools that were dated through potassium argon test at most 920,000 years old, and at least 750,000 years old.[5]

The earliest human remains known in the Philippines are the fossilized remains discovered in 2007 by Armand Salvador Mijares in Callao Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan. The find was of a 67,000-year-old remains that predate the Tabon Man, which was discovered in 1962 by Robert Bradford Fox.[6] Specifically, the find consisted of a single 61 millimeter metatarsal which, when dated using uranium series ablation, was found to be at least about 67,000 years old.[1] If definitively proven to be remains of Homo sapiens, since there was a certainty that the Callao Man could be a Homo floresiensis, it would antedate the 47,000-year-old remains of Tabon Man to become the earliest human remains known in the Philippines, and one of the oldest human remains in the Asia Pacific.[7][8]

The primary theory surrounding the migration of Callao Man and his contemporaries to Luzon from what is believed to be the present-day Indonesia is that they came by raft. It is notable that the approximate time this happened is, according to experts, prior to the point when human beings were thought to be capable of making long voyages across the sea. It has also been noted that Callao Man could have crossed into the Philippines by a land bridge. This is because at the time Callao Man lived, it was the period known as Ice age and the sea level was lower. Because of lower sea levels, there could have been an Isthmus between the Philippines and the rest of Southeast Asia.[9]

Cultural and technological achievements in Luzon
Further information: Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines

Mining in the Philippines began around 1000 BC. However, the discovery of a brass needle in Musang Cave, Cagayan pushed back the date to 2160 BC, the date the needle was made.[10] Metal smiths from this era had already developed a crude version of modern metallurgical processes, notably the hardening of soft iron through carburization. However, unlike the typical pattern, there had been no shift to copper or bronze implements before iron implements, it had been from stone to iron.[11]

History of Luzon during the Classical Period

Luzon in early world maps
Ptolemy's 1st projection, redrawn under Maximus Planudes around 1300
Further information: Early world maps

Greeks may have reached the Visayan Islands around AD 21[12] and some scholars conflate accounts of the Golden Island (Sumatra) and Golden Chersonese (Malaysia) by classical writers such as Josephus, Pomponius Mela, and Ptolemy with locations in the Philippines. Gold jewelry of Philippine origin has been found in 1st-century Egypt.[13][14][15]

Laguna Copperplate Inscription
Main article: Laguna Copperplate Inscription
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (circa AD 900) is inscribed with small writing hammered into its surface. It shows heavy Indian cultural influence (by way of Srivijaya) present in the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century.

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the earliest known written document found in the Philippines. The plate was found in 1989 by a sand labourer near the mouth of the Lumbang River in Barangay Wawa, Lumban, Laguna. The inscription on the plate was first deciphered by Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma.[16][17]

The inscription is on a thin copper plate measuring less than 20 × 30 cm (8 × 12 inches) in size with words directly embossed onto the plate. It differs in manufacture from other Javanese scrolls of the period, which had the words inscribed onto a heated, softened scroll of metal.[18]

Inscribed on it the Saka era date year of Saka 822, month of Waisaka, the fourth day of the waning moon, which corresponds to Monday, 21 April 900 AD in the Gregorian calendar.[19] The writing system used is the Kawi Script, while the language is a variety of Old Malay, and contains numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is between Old Tagalog and Old Javanese.[20] The document states that it releases its bearers, the children of Namwaran, from a debt in gold amounting to 1 kati and 8 suwarnas (865 grams).[18][19] The original text was written with an English translation below. (Place names are in bold.)

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, among other recent finds such as the Golden Tara of Butuan and 14th century pottery and gold jewellery in Cebu, is significant in revising precolonial Philippine history, which was until then considered by some Western historians to be culturally isolated from the rest of Asia, as no evident pre-Hispanic written records were found at the time. Noted Philippine historian William Henry Scott debunked these theories in 1968 with his Prehispanic Source materials for the Study of Philippine History which was subsequently published in 1984.[22]

The Barangay government
Tagalog royalty and his wife, wearing the distinctive color of his class (red), an illustration from the Boxer Codex.

The barangay government emerged in around 200 AD, which owed the name from the Malay boat balangay. In more developed barangays in the Visayas (e.g. Cebu, Bohol, and Panay) which were the first to be conquered by Spain by means of pacts, peace treaties, and reciprocal alliances,[23] the datu was at the top of the social order in a sakop or haop (elsewhere referred to as barangay).[24] In Luzon, the social structure had been less stable and more complex as compared to the barangays in the Visayas. Enjoying a more extensive commerce than those in Visayas, having the influence of Bornean political contacts, and engaging in farming wet rice for a living, the Tagalogs, who had established the dominant pre-colonial barangays in Luzon, were described by the Spanish Augustinian friar Martin de Rada as more traders than warriors.[25]

The more complex social structure of the Luzon barangays was less stable because it was still in a process of differentiating. A Jesuit priest Francisco Colin made an attempt to give an approximate comparison of it with the Visayan social structure in the middle of the 17th century. The term datu or lakan, or apo refers to the chief, but the noble class to which the datu belonged to was known as the maginoo class. Any male member of the maginoo class can become a datu by personal achievement.[26]

The Yongle Emperor instituted a Chinese Governor on Luzon during Zheng He's voyages and appointed Ko Ch'a-lao to that position in 1405.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66] China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago.[67][68] China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongle's reign.[69]

In circa 1595, the Spanish made a manuscript known as the Boxer Codex which contained illustrations of Filipinos during the early Spanish era. Aside from a description of, and historical allusions to the Philippines and various other Far Eastern countries, it also contains seventy-five colored drawings of the inhabitants of these regions and their distinctive costumes. At least fifteen illustrations deal with the natives of the Philippine Archipelago.[70]

In the period between the 7th century to the beginning of the 15th century, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the three city-states that formed in what is now Metro Manila,[71] Cebu, Iloilo,[72] Butuan, the Kingdom of Luyag na Caboloan situated in Pangasinan, the Kingdoms of Zabag and Wak-Wak situated in Pampanga and Aparri (which specialized in trade with Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa).

Ma-i
Main article: Ma-i
Chinese porcelain-ware, Kangxi era (1662–1722), Qing Dynasty. Ancient Chinese porcelain excavated in Mindoro, Philippines; proves the existence of trade between the island and Imperial China. This consequently validates Chinese historical records of the area.

Ma-i (also spelled Ma'i, Mai, Ma-yi or Mayi; Chinese: 麻逸; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: má it) was a Prehispanic Philippine state whose existence was recorded in the Chinese Imperial annals Zhu Fan Zhi and History of Song.[73][74] It is also recorded in the Sultanate of Brunei's royal records as the nation of Maidh.[75] This state was said to have been centered on the island of Mindoro.[73][76]

In Zhao Rugua's account, Zhu fan zhi, Liu-sin (刘罪) was one of the islands in the country known as Ma-i. This is presumed to be Luzon (吕宋).[77]

Traders from Ma-i (麻逸, present-day Mait in northern Mindoro) came to Canton as early as 971 during the Northern Song dynasty (960‒1127). Their activities received the attention of officials at the Chinese Bureau of Maritime Trade. The traders came again in 982. During the Southern Song dynasty, officials at the Chinese Bureau of Maritime Trade in Fujian reported the arrival of more merchants from various Philippine islands: Ma-i, Baipuer 白蒲邇 (present-day Babuyan Islands), and Sandao 三嶋, which was known also as Sanyu 三嶼, a term that was used collectively to refer to the following three islands: Jamayan 加麻延 (present-day Calamian), Balaoyou 巴姥酉 (present-day Palawan),and Pulihuan 蒲裏喚 (perhaps Tuliahan River, near present-day Manila). Their trading activities, especially those by merchants from Sanyu, continued well into the Yuan dynasty (1271‒1368).[78]

The country of Mai is to the north of Borneo. The natives live in large villages on the opposite banks of a stream and cover themselves with a cloth like a sheet or hide their bodies with a loin cloth. There are metal images (Buddhas) of unknown origin scattered about in the tangled wilds. Few pirates reach these shores. When trading ships enter the harbor, they stop in front of the official plaza, for the official plaza is that country's place for barter and trade and once the ship is registered, they mix freely. Since the local officials make a habit of using white umbrellas, the merchants must present them as gifts.

— [79]
gollark: Right. Call the President of Science. We need to warn them!
gollark: <@261243340752814085> PotatOS.
gollark: * GNU/Heretic, or GNU *plus* Heretic.
gollark: <@319753218592866315> = heretic.
gollark: Besides, it's actually quite good.

See also

References
  1. Morella, Cecil. (August 3, 2010). 'Callao Man' Could Redraw Filipino History. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved October 21, 2010 from Discovery News.
  2. Wade, Geoff. "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Luzon search". Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  3. Jocano 2001, p. 108
  4. Jocano 2001, p. 120
  5. Ocampo, Ambeth (2012). Looking Back 6: Prehistoric Philippines. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-971-27-2767-2.
  6. Scott 1984, pp. 14–15.
  7. Severino, Howie G. (August 1, 2010). Researchers discover fossil of human older than Tabon Man Archived 2010-08-04 at the Wayback Machine. GMA News. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  8. "Archaeologists unearth 67,000-year-old human bone in Philippines". The Daily Telegraph.
  9. "Callao Man Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  10. Tan, Samuel (1987). A History of the Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines.
  11. Dizon 1983, p. 28
  12. Cebu, a Port City in Prehistoric and in Present Times. Accessed September 05, 2008, citing Regalado & Franco 1973, p. 78
  13. Legeza, Laszlo. "Tantric Elements in pre-Hispanic Philippines Gold Art," Arts of Asia, July–Aug. 1988, pp.129–136.
  14. Peralta, J.T. "Prehistoric gold ornaments from the Central Bank of the Philippines," Arts of Asia 1981, no.4, p.54.
  15. Villegas, Ramon N. Ginto: History Wrought in Gold, Manila: Bangko Central ng Pilipinas, 2004.
  16. (2010-05-07). "Laguna Copperplate Inscription". All Philippines. Retrieved on 2011-11-17.
  17. Tiongson, Jaime F. (2010-08-08). "Laguna Copperplate Inscription: A New Interpretation Using Early Tagalog Dictionaries" Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. Bayang Pinagpala. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.
  18. Morrow, Paul (2006-07-14). "Laguna Copperplate Inscription" Archived 2008-02-05 at the Wayback Machine. Sarisari etc.
  19. "The Laguna Copperplate Inscription Archived 2014-11-21 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed September 04, 2008.
  20. Postma, Antoon. (1992). The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary. Philippine Studies vol. 40, no. 2:183–203
  21. Ocampo, Ambeth (2012). Looking Back 6: Prehistoric Philippines. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil Publishing, Inc. pp. 51–56. ISBN 978-971-27-2767-2.
  22. William Henry Scott. Prehispanic Source materials for the Study of Philippine History. ISBN 971-10-0226-4.
  23. Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, p. 4. Also cf. Antonio Morga, Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas, 2nd ed., Paris: 1890, p. xxxiii.
  24. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 102 and 112
  25. Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 124–125.
  26. Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, p. 125.
  27. Ho 2009, p. 33.
  28. Karnow 2010,
  29. Antonio & Dallo & Imperial, & Samson & Soriano 2007, p. 113.
  30. Lucman 2000, p. 234.
  31. Philippines (Republic). Office of Cultural Affairs 1965, p. 14.
  32. Alip 1954, p. 278.
  33. Zaide 1957, p. 39.
  34. "University of Manila Journal Of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 7" 1959, p. 59.
  35. Agoncillo & Guerrero 1975, p. 27.
  36. Bishop 1942, p. 29.
  37. Bishop 1942, p. 29.
  38. Krieger 1942, p. 28.
  39. Philippine Chinese Historical Association 1975, p. 157.
  40. Sevilla & Balagtas 1997, p. 294.
  41. "Unitas, Volume 30, Issues 1-2" 1957, p. 135.
  42. Zaide 1979, p. 91.
  43. Liao 1964, p. 7.
  44. Manuel 1948, p. xiv.
  45. "The Philippines: A Handbook of Information" 1955, p. 10.
  46. Agoncillo 1962, p. 10.
  47. Del Castillo y Tuazon 1988, p. 97.
  48. Quirino 1963, p. 3.
  49. Spencer 1951, p. 14.
  50. Ravenholt 1962, p. 34.
  51. Yearbook 1965, p. 74.
  52. IAHA Conference 1962, p. 125.
  53. "The Researcher, Volume 2, Issue 2" 1970, pp. 135 & 149.
  54. "Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volumes 24-25" 1959, p. 123.
  55. Panganiban & Panganiban 1965, p. 14.
  56. Panganiban & Panganiban 1962, p. 14.
  57. "Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, Volume 24, Issues 1-2" 1959, p. 123.
  58. "Proceedings [of The] Second Biennial Conference, Held at Taiwan Provincial Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. Republic of China, October 6-9, 1962" 1963, p. 478.
  59. Demetrio 1981, p. 297.
  60. Farwell 1967, p. 31.
  61. "Studies in Public Administration, Issue 4" 1957, p. 1.
  62. Ostelius 1963, p. 24.
  63. Corpuz 1957, p. 1.
  64. Tan 1972, p. 17.
  65. Fitzgerald 1966, p. 262.
  66. International Institute of Differing Civilizations 1961, p. 432.
  67. Yust 1949, p. 75.
  68. Yust 1954, p. 75.
  69. "Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts" 1977, p. 59.
  70. Roces 1977, p. 1003.
  71. Huerta, Felix, de (1865). Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia.
  72. Remains of ancient barangays in many parts of Iloilo testify to the antiquity and richness of these pre-colonial settlements. Pre-Hispanic burial grounds are found in many towns of Iloilo. These burial grounds contained antique porcelain burial jars and coffins made of hard wood, where the dead were put to rest with abundance of gold, crystal beads, Chinese potteries, and golden masks. These Philippine national treasures are sheltered in Museo de Iloilo and in the collections of many Ilonngo old families. Early Spanish colonizers took note of the ancient civilizations in Iloilo and their organized social structure ruled by nobilities. In the late 16th Century, Fray Gaspar de San Agustin in his chronicles about the ancient settlements in Panay says: "También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut- que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas- con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín...Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay)...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida nobleza de toda aquella isla." Gaspar de San Agustin, O.S.A., Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565-1615), Manuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Madrid 1975, pp. 374–375.
  73. Patanne, E. P. (1996). The Philippines in the 6th to 16th Centuries. San Juan: LSA Press. ISBN 971-91666-0-6.
  74. Wang Zhenping (2008). "Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies. 1: 249–260. ISSN 1882-7756.
  75. Robert Nicholl, "Brunei rediscovered", Brunei Museum Journal, Volume 4 (1980)
  76. Scott, William Henry. (1984). "Societies in Prehispanic Philippines". Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 70. ISBN 971-10-0226-4.
  77. "Chau Ju-Kua: his work on the Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, entitled Chu-fanchi, page 172". Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  78. Zhenping, Wang. "Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines" (PDF). Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  79. "Prehispanic Source Materials: for the study of Philippine History" (Published by New Day Publishers, Copyright 1984) Written by William Henry Scott, Page 68.
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