Gratian
Gratian (/ˈɡreɪʃən/; Latin: Flavius Gratianus; Greek: Γρατιανός, Gratianós; 18 April/23 May 359 – 25 August 383) was Roman emperor from 367 to 383. The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian accompanied, during his youth, his father on several campaigns along the Rhine and Danube frontiers. Upon the death of Valentinian in 375, Gratian's brother Valentinian II was declared emperor by his father's soldiers. In 378, Gratian's generals won a decisive victory over the Lentienses, a branch of the Alamanni, at the Battle of Argentovaria. Gratian subsequently led a campaign across the Rhine, the last emperor to do so, and attacked the Lentienses, forcing the tribe to surrender. That same year, his uncle Valens was killed in the Battle of Adrianople against the Goths. He favoured Christianity over traditional Roman religion, refusing the office of Pontifex maximus and removing the Altar of Victory from the Roman Senate.
| Gratian | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Solidus depicting Gratian | |||||
| Roman emperor | |||||
| Reign | 24 August 367 – 17 November 375 (under Valentinian I) 17 November 375 – 25 August 383 (senior Augustus) | ||||
| Predecessor | Valentinian I | ||||
| Successor | Magnus Maximus Theodosius I Valentinian II | ||||
| Co-emperors | Valens (East, 375–378) Valentinian II Theodosius I (East, 379–383) | ||||
| Born | 18 April or 23 May 359 Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) | ||||
| Died | 25 August 383 (aged 24) Lyon | ||||
| Spouse | Flavia Maxima Constantia Laeta | ||||
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| Dynasty | Valentinian | ||||
| Father | Valentinian I | ||||
| Mother | Marina Severa | ||||
| Religion | Christianity | ||||
Life
Gratian was the son of Emperor Valentinian I[2] by Marina Severa,[3] and was born at Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) in Pannonia.[4] He was named after his grandfather Gratian the Elder. Gratian was first married to Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Constantius II.[3] His second wife was Laeta.[5] Both marriages remained childless.
On 24 August 367 he received from his father the title of Augustus.[6] When his father died on 17 November 375, Gratian began his actual reign at the age of sixteen. Days later, Gratian's half brother Valentinian II, Valentinian's four-year old son, was also proclaimed Emperor by troops in Pannonia.[7]
Gratian prudently acquiesced in their choice; reserving for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, to command the forces responsible for the frontier, while handing over the peaceful Italy, Illyricum and Africa to Valentinian and his mother, who fixed their residence at Mediolanum. The division, however, was merely nominal, and the real authority even in those provinces remained in the hands of Gratian.
Gratian, with the aid of his capable generals Mallobaudes, a king of the Franks, and Naniemus, completely defeated the Lentienses, the southernmost branch of the Alamanni, in May 378 at the Battle of Argentovaria. Next, Gratian personally led a campaign across the Upper Rhine into the territory of the Lentienses. After initial trouble facing the Lentienses on high ground, Gratian blockaded the enemy instead and received their surrender. The Lentienses were forced to supply young men to be levied into the Roman army, while the remainder were allowed to return home.
Later that year, Gratian's uncle Valens met his death in the Battle of Adrianople against a coalition of hostile Gothic and Hunnic tribes who had rebelled after being settled in Thrace by the eastern emperor. Valens refused to wait for Gratian, who had promised to march to his aid as soon as the Alemanni threat was contained; as a result, two-thirds of Valens men, to the number of 40,000 dead, fell in the battle along with the emperor and some of his top staff. By the time Gratian arrived in the east, the Gothic war had spiraled out of control; the provinces south of the Danube were daily being devastated by barbarians, and Roman authority as well as military prestige was all but annihilated. Hearing that the Germans were planning a new invasion in Gaul now that Gratian had departed from the province, and convinced that one emperor alone was incapable of repelling the inundation of foes on several different fronts, Gratian appointed the Spaniard Theodosius I Augustus on 19 January 379 to govern the east. During the ensuing four years Theodosius would take advantage of the internal discord and disorder of the Goths to destroy the more intractable of the barbarians and settle the rest by a peaceful treaty in the provinces of Thrace and Asia Minor.
For some years Gratian governed the Empire with energy and success, earning the esteem of the army and people by his personal courage and justice,[8] but at length, being deprived by death of some of his abler counselors, the promising young emperor neglected public affairs, and occupied himself chiefly with the hunting.[9] He alienated the army and German auxiliaries by his favoritism towards his Frankish general Merobaudes and a body of Scythian archers whom he made his body-guard and companions in the hunt.[10] His tutor Ausonius, who had worked on religious tolerance, gradually lost influence over Gratian to the bishop Ambrose. This resulted in protests from the Senate and a fall in the emperor's popularity. [11]
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By appearing in public in the dress of a Scythian warrior, after the disaster of the Battle of Adrianople, he finally exasperated his army. One of his generals, Magnus Maximus, took advantage of this feeling to raise the standard of revolt in Britain and invaded Gaul with a large army. From Paris, Gratian, having been deserted by his troops, fled to Lyon. There, through the treachery of the governor, Gratian was delivered over to one of the rebel generals, Andragathius, and assassinated on 25 August 383.
Empire and Christianity
The reign of Gratian forms an important epoch in church history, since during that period Nicene Christianity for the first time became dominant throughout the empire. In his reign, his co-Emperor Theodosius I also published an edict that all their subjects should profess the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria (i.e., the Nicene faith). The move was mainly thrust at the various beliefs that had arisen out of Arianism, but smaller dissident sects, such as the Macedonians, were also prohibited.
Gratian, under the influence of Ambrose, Bishop of Milan,[12][13] took active steps against pagan worship.[14][15] This brought to an end a period of widespread religious tolerance that had existed since the death of Julian.[16][17][18]
In 382, Gratian appropriated the income of the pagan priests and Vestal Virgins, forbade legacies of real property to them and abolished other privileges belonging to the Vestals and to the pontiffs. He confiscated the personal possessions of the colleges of pagan priests, which also lost all their privileges and immunities. Gratian declared that all of the pagan temples and shrines were to be confiscated by the government and that their revenues were to be joined to the property of the royal treasury.[19] According to Zosimus, Gratian was the first Emperor to reject the insignia of the Pontifex Maximus in 381.[20] He ordered another removal of the Altar of Victory from the Senate House at Rome, despite protests of the pagan members of the Senate, and confiscated its revenues.[21][22]
See also
References
- Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge University Press. p. 505. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2.
- Sivan 2011, p. 182.
- Lenski 2002, p. 103.
- Lenski 2002, p. 50.
- Bond & Nicholson 2018, p. 678.
- Lenski 2002, p. 90.
- Lenski 2002, p. 357.
- Gibbon, p. 934; chap. XXVII., p. 956
- Gibbon, p. 957
- Gibbon, p. 958
- Flavius Gratianus
- "Gratian", Catholic Encyclopedia, 1909
- "Letter of Gratian to Ambrose", The Letters of Ambrose Bishop of Milan, 379 AD.
- R. MacMullen, "Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D.100–400, Yale University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-300-03642-6
- Theodosian Code 2.8.18–2.8.25, 16.7.1–16.7.5
- Zosimus (4.35) indicated that change occurred in Gratian's character when he fell under the influence of evil courtiers.
- R. Kirsch, God Against the Gods, Viking Compass, 2004.
- Samuel Dill, Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire, 2d rev ed., Meridian New York, 1958, p. 26.
- Theodosian Code 16.10.20; Symmachus Relationes 1–3; Ambrose Epistles 17–18.
- Zosimus, New History 4.36.3.; Pontifex Maximus Livius.org article by Jona Lendering retrieved August 21, 2011
- Sheridan, J.J., "The Altar of Victory – Paganism's Last Battle." L'Antiquite Classique 35 (1966): 187.
- Ambrose Epistles 17–18; Symmachus Relationes 1–3.
Sources
- Sivan, Hagith (2011). Galla Placidia: The Last Roman Empress. Oxford University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hughes, Ian (2013). Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople. Pen & Sword.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). Failure of empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23332-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Bond, Sarah E.; Nicholson, Oliver (2018). "Gratian". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. I. Oxford University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2013). Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, A.D. 367-455. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
External links
- Flavius Gratianus (AD 359 – AD 383)
- This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Gratian relating to Christianity.
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