Altar of Victory

The Altar of Victory (Latin: Ara Victoriae) was located in the Roman Senate House (the Curia) and bore a gold statue of the goddess Victory. The altar was established by Octavian (later Augustus) in 29 BC to commemorate the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium.

The statue of Victory on a coin issued under Augustus, matching its description by Prudentius.[1]

History

The statue had been captured in 272 BC during the Pyrrhic War and was originally a representation of Nike. It depicted a winged goddess, holding a palm branch and descending to present a laurel wreath.

A modern historian reflects on the importance of the altar and the statue:

At this Altar of Victory senators burned incense, offered prayers annually for the welfare of the empire, took their oaths and pledged on the accession of each new emperor. Thus the statue became one of the most vital links between the Roman state and Roman religion and also a tangible reminder of Rome's great past and her hopes for the future.[2]

Removal

The altar was removed from the curia by the Christian emperor Constantius II in 357. It was later restored by the emperor Julian, who was the only emperor after the conversion of Constantine I to reject Christianity. The altar was again removed by Gratian in 382.

After Gratian's death, Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, a senator and Prefect of Rome who sought to preserve Rome's religious traditions, in 384 wrote to the new emperor Valentinian II requesting the restoration of the altar.[3] His request was met with strong resistance from Ambrose, Bishop of Milan.[4] The imperial court at that time resided at Milan, and Ambrose held a great deal of influence over the young emperor. The request was denied.

Further petitions to restore the altar were deflected in 391 by an edict of the Christian emperor Theodosius I as part of his efforts to ensure that Christianity was the only religion practiced in the Empire. The altar was restored by the usurper Eugenius during his short-lived rule (392-394), according to Paulinus of Milan in his Life of Ambrose.

Writing in A.D. 403, Claudian mentions that the statue (if not the altar) was then in the Senate House[5]. "Some think that removals and restorations refer to both the Altar of Victory and the Statue of Victory. Others think that the Statue was never removed from its place. There is no statement in the ancient authors as to what happened to the Statue when the Altar was removed and certainty on this point is unattainable."[6]

Sheridan further suggests that "the fate of the Altar and Statue of Victory was finally sealed by the law of 408 against heathen statues," citing Codex Theodosianus XVI,10, 19.[7]

Notes
  1. Prudentius, Contra Symmachum 2.
  2. Rev. James J. Sheridan, "The Altar of Victory—Paganism's Last Battle" (hereafter Sheridan), p 187.
  3. Symmachus, Relation III
  4. Ambrose, Epistles XVII and XVIII
  5. Claud. VI Cons. Hon. 636.
  6. Sheridan, p. 206.
  7. Sheridan, p. 206.

Sources
  • Rev. James J. Sheridan: "The Altar of Victory—Paganism's Last Battle", L'Antiquité Classique, Année 1966 35-1, pp. 186-206.
  • Richard Klein: Symmachus. Eine tragische Gestalt des ausgehenden Heidentums. Darmstadt (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft [Impulse der Forschung, Band 2]) 1971, ISBN 3-534-04928-4.
  • Richard Klein: Der Streit um den Victoriaaltar. Die dritte Relatio des Symmachus und die Briefe 17, 18 und 57 des Mailänder Bischofs Ambrosius. Darmstadt (WBG [Texte zur Forschung Band 7]) 1972, ISBN 3-534-05169-6.

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