Constans

Constans (Flavius Julius Constans; Greek: Κῶνστας, Kónstas; 320–350) or Constans I was Roman emperor from 337 to 350. He defeated his brother Constantine II in 340, but anger in the army over his personal life (homosexuality) and favouritism towards his barbarian bodyguards led the general Magnentius to rebel, resulting in the assassination of Constans in 350.

For other uses, see Constans (disambiguation).

Constans
Bust of Constans
Roman emperor
Augustus	9 September 337 – January 350
Predecessor	Constantine I
Successor	Magnentius and Vetranio
Co-emperors	Constantine II (Gaul, Hispania and Britain, 337–340) Constantius II (East)
Caesar	25 December 333 – 9 September 337
Born	c. 320
Died	January 350 (aged 30)[1] Vicus Helena, southwestern Gaul
Full name Flavius Iulius Constans[1] Regnal name Flavius Constans nobilissimus Caesar (333) Dominus Noster Flavius Constantinus Augustus (337)[2]
Dynasty	Constantinian
Father	Constantine I
Mother	Fausta

Career

Constans was probably born in 320.[1] He was the third and youngest son of Constantine the Great and Fausta, his father's second wife.[3] He was educated at the court of his father at Constantinople under the tutelage of the poet Aemilius Magnus Arborius.[1]

On 25 December 333, Constantine I elevated Constans to the rank of Caesar at Constantinople.[1] Constans became engaged to Olympias, the daughter of the Praetorian Prefect Ablabius, but the marriage never came to pass.[3] With Constantine’s death in 337, Constans and his two brothers, Constantine II and Constantius II, divided the Roman world among themselves[4] and disposed of virtually all relatives who could possibly have a claim to the throne.[5] The army proclaimed them Augusti on 9 September 337.[1] Almost immediately, Constans was required to deal with a Sarmatian invasion in late 337, in which he won a resounding victory.[3]

Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by Constantine I: from west to east, the territories of Constantine II, Constans, Dalmatius and Constantius II. After the death of Constantine I (May 337), this was the formal division of the Empire, until Dalmatius was killed and his territory divided between Constans and Constantius.

Constans was initially under the guardianship of Constantine II. The original settlement assigned Constans the praetorian prefecture of Italy, which included Northern Africa. Constans was unhappy with this division, so the brothers met at Viminacium in 338 to revise the boundaries. Constans managed to extract the prefecture of Illyricum and the diocese of Thrace, provinces that were originally to be ruled by his cousin Dalmatius, as per Constantine I’s proposed division after his death.[5] Constantine II soon complained that he had not received the amount of territory that was his due as the eldest son.[6]

Annoyed that Constans had received Thrace and Macedonia after the death of Dalmatius, Constantine demanded that Constans hand over the African provinces, which he agreed to do in order to maintain a fragile peace.[6][7] Soon, however, they began quarreling over which parts of the African provinces belonged to Carthage, and thus Constantine, and which belonged to Italy, and therefore Constans.[8] This led to growing tensions between the two brothers, which were only heightened by Constans finally coming of age and Constantine refusing to give up his guardianship. In 340 Constantine II invaded Italy.[7] Constans, at that time in Dacia, detached and sent a select and disciplined body of his Illyrian troops, stating that he would follow them in person with the remainder of his forces.[6] Constantine was eventually trapped at Aquileia, where he died, leaving Constans to inherit all of his brother’s former territories – Hispania, Britannia and Gaul.[4]

Gold medallion of Constans, equivalent to 9 solidi. Aquileia, 342 AD - Bode Museum

A Nummus of Constans
Obverse showing Constans portrait	Reverse showing Constans on a galley

Constans began his reign in an energetic fashion.[4] In 341-42, he led a successful campaign against the Franks, and in the early months of 343 he visited Britain.[3] The source for this visit, Julius Firmicus Maternus, does not provide a reason, but the quick movement and the danger involved in crossing the channel in the winter months suggests it was in response to a military emergency, possibly to repel the Picts and Scots.[3]

Regarding religion, Constans was tolerant of Judaism and promulgated an edict banning pagan sacrifices in 341.[3] He suppressed Donatism in Africa and supported Nicene orthodoxy against Arianism, which was championed by his brother Constantius. Although Constans called the Council of Serdica in 343 to settle the conflict,[9] it was a complete failure,[10] and by 346 the two emperors were on the point of open warfare over the dispute. The conflict was only resolved by an interim agreement which allowed each emperor to support their preferred clergy within their own spheres of influence.

Homosexuality

The Roman historian Eutropius says Constans "indulged in great vices," in reference to his homosexuality, and Aurelius Victor stated that Constans had a reputation for scandalous behaviour with "handsome barbarian hostages."[3] Nevertheless, Constans did sponsor a decree alongside Constantius II that ruled that marriage based on "unnatural" sex should be punished meticulously. John Boswell argues that the decree outlawed homosexual marriages only, rather than homosexual activity more generally. However, it was likely the case that Constans promulgated the legislation under pressure from the growing band of Christian leaders, in an attempt to placate public outrage at his own perceived indecencies.[11]

Death

In the final years of his reign, Constans developed a reputation for cruelty and misrule.[12] Dominated by favourites and openly preferring his select bodyguard, he lost the support of the legions.[6] In 350, the general Magnentius declared himself emperor at Augustodunum with the support of the troops on the Rhine frontier and, later, the western provinces of the Empire.[13] Constans was enjoying himself nearby when he was notified of the elevation of Magnentius.[6] Lacking any support beyond his immediate household,[6] he was forced to flee for his life. As he was trying to reach Hispania, supporters of Magnentius cornered him in a fortification in Helena (now Elne) in the eastern Pyrenees of southwestern Gaul,[14] where he was killed after seeking sanctuary in a temple. An alleged prophecy at his birth had said Constans would die in the arms of his grandmother. His place of death happens to have been named after Helena, mother of Constantine and his own grandmother, thus realizing the prophecy.[15]

See also

• Itineraries of the Roman emperors, 337–361

References

1. Jones, Martindale & Morris, p. 220.
2. Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge University Press. p. 504. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2.
3. DiMaio, Constans I (337–350 A.D.)
4. Eutropius, 10:9
5. Victor, 41:20
6. Gibbon, Ch. 18
7. Victor, 41:21
8. Zosimus, 2:41-42
9. Socrates Scholasticus, Church History, book 2, chapter 20.
10. Catholic Encyclopedia, 1930, Patrick J. Healy, Sardica
11. John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality, 1980
12. Zosimus, 2:42
13. Eutropius, 10:9:4
14. Victor, 41:21:23
15. Cárdenas, Fabricio (2014). 66 petites histoires du Pays Catalan [66 Little Stories of Catalan Country] (in French). Perpignan: Ultima Necat. ISBN 978-2-36771-006-8. OCLC 893847466.

Sources

Primary sources

• Zosimus, Historia Nova, Book 2 Historia Nova
• Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus
• Eutropius, Breviarium ab urbe condita

Secondary sources

• DiMaio, Michael; Frakes, Robert, Constans I (337–350 A.D.), in De Imperatoribus Romanis (D.I.R.), An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
• Jones, A.H.M.; J.R. Martindale & J. Morris (1971). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07233-6.
• Gibbon. Edward Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire (1888)

External links

• Media related to Constans at Wikimedia Commons

Constans Constantinian dynasty Born: 320 Died: 350
Regnal titles
Preceded by Constantine I	Roman emperor 337–350 With: Constantius II and Constantine II	Succeeded by Magnentius (usurper) Vetranio
Political offices
Preceded by Ursus Polemius	Consul of the Roman Empire 339 With: Constantius II	Succeeded by Septimius Acindynus L. Aradius Valerius Proculus
Preceded by Antonius Marcellinus Petronius Probinus	Consul of the Roman Empire 342 With: Constantius II	Succeeded by M. Maecius Memmius Furius Baburius Caecilianus Placidus Flavius Romulus
Preceded by Amantius M. Nummius Albinus	Consul of the Roman Empire 346 With: Constantius II	Succeeded by Vulcacius Rufinus Flavius Eusebius