Cape Canaveral

Cape Canaveral (Spanish: Cabo Cañaveral) is a prominent cape in Brevard County, Florida, in the United States, near the center of the state's Atlantic coast. Officially Cape Kennedy from 1963 to 1973, it lies east of Merritt Island, separated from it by the Banana River.

This article is about the area of Florida. For the city, see Cape Canaveral, Florida. For the port, see Port Canaveral. For the rocket launch sites, see Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Kennedy Space Center.
Cape Canaveral
Spanish: Cabo Cañaveral
View of Cape Canaveral from space in 1991
Location in Florida
Cape Canaveral (the United States)
LocationFlorida, United States
Coordinates28°28′N 80°32′W
Offshore water bodiesAtlantic Ocean
Elevation10 ft (3 m)[1]

It is part of a region known as the Space Coast, and is the site of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Since many U.S. spacecraft have been launched from both the station and the Kennedy Space Center on adjacent Merritt Island, the two are sometimes conflated with each other.

Other features of the cape include Port Canaveral, one of the busiest cruise ports in the world, and the Cape Canaveral Lighthouse. The city of Cape Canaveral lies just south of the Port Canaveral District.[2] Mosquito Lagoon, the Indian River, Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and Canaveral National Seashore are also features of this area.

History
See also: Cape Canaveral, Florida
A section of a map from the 1584 edition of Abraham Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Additamentum III showing the name C. de Cañareal

Humans have occupied the area for at least 12,000 years.[3]

During the middle Archaic period, from 5000 BC to 2000 BC, the Mount Taylor period culture region covered northeast Florida, including the area around Cape Canaveral. Late in the Archaic period, from 2000 BC to 500 BC, the Mount Taylor culture was succeeded by the Orange culture, which was among the earliest cultures in North America to produce pottery. The Orange culture was followed by the St. Johns culture, from 500 BC until after European contact. The area around the Indian River was in the Indian River variant of the St. Johns culture, with influences from the Belle Glade culture to the south.[4]

During the first Spanish colonial period the area around the Indian River, to the south of Cape Canaveral, was occupied by the Ais people, while the area around the Mosquito Lagoon, to the north of the Cape, was occupied by the Surruque people. The Surruque were allied with the Ais, but it is not clear whether the Surruque spoke a Timucua language, or a language related to the Ais language.[5]

In the early 16th century, Cape Canaveral was noted on maps, although without being named. It was named by Spanish explorers in the first half of the 16th century as Cabo Cañaveral. The name "Canaveral" (Cañaveral in Spanish, meaning "reed bed" or "sugarcane plantation") is the third oldest surviving European place name in the US.[note 1] The first application of the name, according to the Smithsonian Institution, was from the 1521–1525 explorations of Spanish explorer Francisco Gordillo.[7] A point of land jutting out into an area of the Atlantic Ocean with swift currents, it became a landing spot for many shipwrecked sailors. An early alternative name was "Cape of Currents". By at least 1564, the name appeared on maps.[7]

English privateer John Hawkins and his journalist John Sparke gave an account of their landing at Cape Canaveral in the 16th century.[8] A Presbyterian missionary was wrecked here and lived among the Indians.[9] Other histories tell of French survivors from Jean Ribault's colony at Fort Caroline, whose ship the Trinité wrecked on the shores of Cape Canaveral in 1565, and built a fort from its timbers.[10]

In December 1571, Pedro Menéndez was wrecked off the Coast of Cape Canaveral and encountered the Ais Indians.[11] From 1605 to 1606, the Spanish Governor of Florida Pedro de Ibarra sent Alvaro Mexia on a diplomatic mission to the Ais Indian nation. The mission was a success; diplomatic ties were made and an agreement for the Ais to receive ransoms for all the shipwrecked sailors they returned.[11]

The first Cape Canaveral Lighthouse was completed in January 1848 to warn ships of the coral shoals off the coast.[12]

The hurricane of August 1885, pushed a "wall of water" over the barrier island (elevation, 10 feet (3.0 m)) devastating Cape Canaveral and adjacent areas. The ocean waves flooded the homesteaders and discouraged further settlement in the area. The beach near the lighthouse was severely eroded prompting its relocation one mile (1.6 km) west inland.[13]

The 1890 graduating class of Harvard University started a gun club called the "Canaveral Club" at the Cape.[note 2] This was founded by C. B. Horton of Boston and George H. Reed. A number of distinguished visitors including presidents Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison were reported to have stayed here. In the 1920s, the grand building fell in disrepair and later burned to the ground.[14]

In the 20th century, several communities sprang up in Cape Canaveral with names like Canaveral, Canaveral Harbor, Artesia and De Soto Beach. While the area was predominantly a farming and fishing community, some visionaries saw its potential as a resort for vacationers. However, the stock market crash of 1929 hampered its development.[15]

In the 1930s, a group of wealthy journalists started a community called "Journalista Beach", now called Avon by the Sea. The Brossier brothers built houses in this area and started a publication entitled the Evening Star Reporter that was the forerunner of the Orlando Sentinel.[16]

Construction of Port Canaveral for military and commercial purposes was started in July 1950 and dedicated on November 4, 1953.[17] Congress approved the construction of a deep-water port in 1929, half a century after it was first petitioned by the U.S. Navy in 1878. It is now the major deep-water port of Central Florida.[18]

Rocket launch site
Cape Canaveral with Kennedy Space Center shown in white; Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in green
Main article: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station

Cape Canaveral became the test site for missiles when the legislation for the Joint Long Range Proving Ground was passed by the 81st Congress and signed by President Harry Truman on May 11, 1949. Work began on May 9, 1950, under a contract with the Duval Engineering Company of Jacksonville, Florida, to build the Cape's first paved access road and its first permanent launch site.[17]

The first rocket launched at the Cape was a V-2 rocket named Bumper 8 from Launch Complex 3 on July 24, 1950. On February 6, 1959, the first successful test firing of a Titan intercontinental ballistic missile was accomplished. NASA's Project Mercury and Gemini space flights were launched from Cape Canaveral, as were Apollo flights using the Saturn I and Saturn IB rockets.[19]

Cape Canaveral was chosen for rocket launches to take advantage of the Earth's rotation. The linear velocity of the Earth's surface is greatest towards the equator; the relatively southerly location of the cape allows rockets to take advantage of this by launching eastward, in the same direction as the Earth's rotation. It is also highly desirable to have the downrange area sparsely populated, in case of accidents; an ocean is ideal for this.[20] The east coast of Florida has logistical advantages over potential competing sites.[17] The Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 46 of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is the easternmost near the tip of the cape.[20]

Name changes

A post office in the area was built and listed in the U.S. Post Office application as "Artesia" and retained this name from 1893 to 1954.[21] It was "Port Canaveral" from 1954 to 1962, and lastly the City of Cape Canaveral from 1962 to 1963, when a larger post office was built.

Cape Kennedy

From 1963 to 1973, the area had a different name when President Lyndon Johnson by executive order renamed the area "Cape Kennedy" after President John F. Kennedy, who had set the goal of landing on the moon. After Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, his widow, Jacqueline Kennedy, suggested to President Johnson that renaming the Cape Canaveral facility would be an appropriate memorial. Johnson recommended the renaming of the entire cape, announced in a televised address six days after the assassination, on Thanksgiving evening.[22][23][24][25] Accordingly, Cape Canaveral was officially renamed Cape Kennedy.[20][26] Kennedy's last visit to the space facility was on November 16, six days before his death;[27][28] [29] the final Mercury mission had concluded six months earlier.

Although the name change was approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names of the Department of the Interior in December 1963,[30] it was not popular in Florida from the outset,[26][31][32] especially in the bordering city of Cape Canaveral. In May, 1973, the Florida Legislature passed a law restoring the former 400-year-old name,[33][34] and the Board went along. The name restoration to Cape Canaveral became official on October 9, 1973.[35] Senator Ted Kennedy had stated in 1970 that it was a matter to be decided by the citizens of Florida.[32] The Kennedy family issued a letter stating they "understood the decision", and NASA's Kennedy Space Center retains the "Kennedy" name.[20]

The Gemini,[36] Apollo,[37] and first Skylab missions were all launched from "Cape Kennedy".[38] The first manned launch under the restored name of "Cape Canaveral" was the final Skylab mission, on November 16, 1973.[39][40]

In 1999, the North American Numbering Plan Administration allocated telephone area code 321 (as in a launch countdown) to the Cape Canaveral area in homage to its spacefaring heritage.[41]

Notes
  1. Florida was named earlier, April 2, 1513, by Ponce de Leon, whose men also named Las Tortugas, now Dry Tortugas. From the account by Spanish historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, published in 1601.[6]
  2. The 1865 Jules Verne novel From the Earth to the Moon located its "Baltimore Gun Club" which sent the mission to the Moon about 100 miles away. Mike Gruntman (2004). Blazing the Trail: The Early History Spacecraft and Rocketry. Library of Flight. Reston, Virginia: International Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 302. ISBN 978-1563477058.
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References
  1. "Cape Canaveral Map (FL)". Yellow Maps. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  2. "Cargo Destinations Locator Map" (PDF). Port Canaveral Official Website. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  3. Zimmerman, Vera. "The First Settlers, 10,000 BC to 1820" Archived December 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on August 11, 2007
  4. Milanich, Jerald T. (1994). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 887–95, 244–247. ISBN 0-8130-1273-2.
  5. Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida 1513–1763. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. p. 6. ISBN 0-8130-2645-8.
  6. Stewart, George (1945). Names on the Land: An Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: Random House. pp. 11–13.
  7. "The History of Cape Canaveral, Chapter 1: Cape Canaveral Before Rockets (B.C.–1948)". Spaceline, Inc. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
  8. Chatelain, Verne E (1941), The defenses of Spanish Florida: 1565 to 1763, Carnegie Institution of Washington publication, Nr. 511, Carnegie Institution, p. 10, OCLC 603544979
  9. Ranson, Robert (1989), East Coast Florida Memoirs 1837 to 1886 (reprint ed.), Florida Classics Library, ISBN 9780912451091
  10. Osborne 2008, p. 3.
  11. Rouse, Irving. Survey of Indian River Archaeology. Yale University Publications in Anthropology 45. ISBN 978-0-404-15668-8.
  12. "Img_0338 (Cape Canaveral Lighthouse Florida heritage marker)" Archived June 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Cape Canaveral Lighthouse Foundation. Retrieved on November 10, 2012.
  13. Williams, John M. and Duedall, Iver W. "Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, Revised Edition" (from National Sea Grant Digital Library) Archived April 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, pg. 7. University Press of Florida.
  14. Osborne 2008, pp. 18–20.
  15. Osborne 2008, pp. 39–42.
  16. Osborne 2008, p. 40.
  17. "Evolution of the 45th Space Wing" Archived June 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Patrick Air Force Base Official Website. Retrieved on October 13, 2013.
  18. "A Proud History" Archived October 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Port Canaveral Official Website. Retrieved on October 13, 2013.
  19. Lethbridge, Clifford J. (2013). "Cape Canaveral Launch Chronology, From July 1950 to September 2013". Spaceline.org. Retrieved on October 13, 2013.
  20. "Historical Programs – Cape Canaveral – The Cape Canaveral Name". Kennedy Space Center official website. Retrieved on October 13, 2013. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013.
  21. Osborne 2008, p. 42
  22. "It's Cape Kennedy now". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. (Florida). Associated Press. November 29, 1963. p. 1.
  23. Webb, Alvin B. Jr. (November 29, 1963). "Cape Canaveral now Cape Kennedy". Eugene Register-Guard. (Florida). UPI. p. 4A.
  24. Warden, Philip (November 29, 1963). "Canaveral renamed for John F. Kennedy". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 1.
  25. "Cape's space center named for Kennedy". Chicago Tribune. November 30, 1963. p. 3, sec. 1.
  26. "Cape Kennedy remains despite the opposition". Victoria Advocate. (Texas). Associated Press. December 8, 1963. p. 7A.
  27. "JFK views test firing of Polaris". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. November 16, 1963. p. 1A.
  28. "Kennedy watches firing". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. (Florida). UPI. November 17, 1963. p. 1.
  29. Young, Robert (November 17, 1963). "Stage missile show at Cape for Kennedy". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 1.
  30. Osborne 2008, p. 88.
  31. "Canaveral's name change isn't simple". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. November 30, 1963. p. 3, sec. 1.
  32. "Senators ask for Canaveral". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. (Florida). Associated Press. November 26, 1970. p. 17.
  33. "House approves renaming Cape Kennedy". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. (Florida). May 19, 1973. p. 2A.
  34. Fla. S.B. 217, ch. 73-369 (1973)
  35. Lethbridge, Clifford J. Spaceline.org "Cape History". Spaceline.org. Retrieved on March 23, 2011.
  36. "Gemini success spurs space hopes". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. April 9, 1964. p. 2A.
  37. "Astronaut says: 'Little late, but good show!'". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. December 7, 1972. p. 1A.
  38. "Skylab linkup due today". Eugene-Register-Guard. (Oregon). wire services. July 28, 1973. p. 1A.
  39. "Skylab astronauts set for 9:01 launch today". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. (Florida). November 16, 1973. p. 1A.
  40. "Third Skylab crew fired aloft". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. November 16, 1973. p. 1.
  41. "3-2-1, Call Cape Canaveral". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. November 23, 1999. p. 6. Retrieved October 13, 2013.

Sources
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