Cold war (general term)

A cold war is a state of conflict between nations that does not involve direct military action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions, propaganda, acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates. This term is most commonly used to refer to the Soviet–American Cold War of 1947–1991. The surrogates are typically states that are satellites of the conflicting nations, i.e., nations allied to them or under their political influence. Opponents in a cold war will often provide economic or military aid, such as weapons, tactical support or military advisors, to lesser nations involved in conflicts with the opposing country.

This article is about the general term for a type of international conflict. For the specific conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States, see Cold War.
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Origins of the term

The expression "cold war" was rarely used before 1945. Some writers credit the fourteenth century Spaniard Don Juan Manuel for first using the term (in Spanish), when dealing with the conflict between Christianity and Islam as a "cold war". However he used the term "tepid" not "cold". The word "cold" first appeared in a faulty translation of his work in the 19th century.[1]

At the end of World War II, George Orwell used the term in the essay "You and the Atomic Bomb" published October 19, 1945, in the British newspaper Tribune. Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear war, he warned of a "peace that is no peace", which he called a permanent "cold war".[2] Orwell directly referred to that war as the ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and the Western powers.[3] Moreover, in The Observer of March 10, 1946, Orwell wrote that "[a]fter the Moscow conference last December, Russia began to make a 'cold war' on Britain and the British Empire."[4]

The definition which has now become fixed is of a war waged through indirect conflict. The first use of the term in this sense, to describe the post–World War II geopolitical tensions between the USSR and its satellites and the United States and its western European allies (which in practice acted as satellites of the opposing force) is attributed to Bernard Baruch, an American financier and presidential advisor.[5] In South Carolina, on April 16, 1947, he delivered a speech (by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope)[6] saying, "Let us not be deceived: we are today in the midst of a cold war."[7] Newspaper reporter-columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency, with the book Cold War (1947).[8]

Tensions labeled a cold war

Since the U.S.–USSR Cold War (1947–1991), a number of global and regional tensions have also been called a cold war.

Second Cold War
Main article: Second Cold War

The Second Cold War,[9][10][11] also called Cold War II,[12][13] Cold War 2.0,[14][15] or the New Cold War[16][17] refers to a renewed state of political and military tension between opposing geopolitical power blocs, with one bloc typically reported as being led by Russia or China,[18] and the other led by the United States or NATO. This is akin to the original Cold War that saw a global confrontation between the Western Bloc led by the United States and the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union, Russia's predecessor.

Middle East
See also: Arab Cold War, Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Qatar–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, and Iran–Israel proxy conflict

An Atlantic Council member Bilal Y. Saab,[19] an About.com writer Primoz Manfreda,[20] an Iranian scholar Seyyed Hossein Mousavian and a Princeton University scholar Sina Toossi,[21] journalist Kim Ghattas,[22] Foreign Policy journalist Yochi Dreazen,[23] Brookings Institution researcher Sultan Barakat,[24] and Newsweek journalist Jonathan Broder[25] use the term "cold war" to refer to tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. In February 2016, a University of Isfahan professor Ali Omidi dismissed the assumptions that the conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia would grow tense.[26]

South Asia

A commentator Ehsan Ahrari,[27] a writer Bruce Riedel,[28] a political commentator Sanjaya Baru[29] and a Princeton University academic Zia Mian[30] have used the term "cold war" since 2002 to refer to long-term tensions between India and Pakistan, which were part of the British India until its partition in 1947.

East Asia
See also: Korean conflict

A Naval Postgraduate School academic Edward A. Olsen,[31][32] a British politician David Alton,[33] a York University professor Hyun Ok Park,[34] and a University of Southern California professor David C. Kang[35] used the term to refer to tensions between North Korea and South Korea, which have been divided since the end of World War II in 1945. They interchangeably called it the "Korean Cold War". In August 2019, North Korean government said that further US–South Korean military cooperation would prompt North Korea to "trigger a new cold war on the Korean Peninsula and in the region."[36]

Similarly, the relationship between China and the Soviet Union after the Sino-Soviet split have been termed a "cold war".[37]

China's Defense Ministry spokesman Geng Yansheng,[38] The Diplomat editor Shannon Tiezzi,[39] and The Guardian columnist Simon Tisdall[40] used the term to refer to tensions between China and Japan. China's state-run newspaper Global Times says that China and Japan "are stuck in a state of 'cold peace' and [m]ust avoid sliding into a cold war".[41]

China and India

Imran Ali Sandano of the University of Sindh,[42] Arup K. Chatterjee of the Jindal Global Law School,[43] journalist Bertil Lintner,[44] writer Bruno Maçães,[45] politician-lawyer P. Chidambaram,[46] and some others[47][48] use the terms like "new cold war" to refer to growing tensions between China and India.

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References
  1. Simon Dalby; Gearoid O.u Tuathail (2002). Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 9781134692132.
  2. Kort, Michael (2001). The Columbia Guide to the Cold War. Columbia University Press. p. 3.
  3. Geiger, Till (2004). Britain and the Economic Problem of the Cold War. Ashgate Publishing. p. 7.
  4. Orwell, George, The Observer, March 10, 1946
  5. Gaddis 2005, p. 54
  6. Safire, William (October 1, 2006). "Islamofascism Anyone?". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
  7. History.com Staff (2009). "This Day on History - April 16, 1947: Bernard Baruch coins the term "Cold War"". A+E Networks. Retrieved August 23, 2016. Full quote in the context of industrial labor problems in the United States of America in 1947 which could only solved, according to Bernard Baruch, through "unity" between labor and management which in return would give the United States the power to play its role as the major force by which, in the words of Baruch, "the world can renew itself physically or spiritually.": "Let us not be deceived-we are today in the midst of a cold war. Our enemies are to be found abroad and at home. Let us never forget this: Our unrest is the heart of their success. The peace of the world is the hope and the goal of our political system; it is the despair and defeat of those who stand against us. We can depend only on ourselves."
  8. Lippmann, Walter (1947). Cold War. Harper. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
  9. Mackenzie, Ryan (3 October 2015). "Rubio: U.S. 'barreling toward a second Cold War'". The Des Moines Register. USA Today. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  10. Bovt, George (31 March 2015). "Who Will Win the New Cold War?". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
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  13. As Cold War II Looms, Washington Courts Nationalist, Rightwing, Catholic, Xenophobic Poland, Huffington Post, 15 October 2015.
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  23. Dreazen, Yochi (27 March 2015). "In Yemen, the Middle East's cold war could get hot". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  24. Barakat, Sultan (22 June 2016). "Is the Iranian-Saudi 'cold war' heating up? How to reduce the temperature". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
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  28. Riedel, Bruce (26 May 2014). "Indian and Pakistani Leaders Seek to End Their Cold War, but Will the 'Deep State' Allow Peace?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
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  30. Mian, Zia (7 December 2016). "Kashmir, climate change, and nuclear war". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
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  42. Sandano, Imran Ali (29 October 2017). "Threat of new cold war looms". Asia Times. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  43. Chatterjee, Arup K. (29 June 2017). "Are India and China heading towards a cold war over railways?". Jindal Global Law School. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  44. Lintner, Bertil (December 2017). "India, China Conflict Is New Cold War in the Indian Ocean". Businessworld (Interview). Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  45. Maçães, Bruno (14 February 2018). "India and China's dangerous tug-of-war for the top of the world". Politico. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  46. Chidambaram, P. (1 April 2018). "Across the Aisle: One-man band cannot make music". The Indian Express. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
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