Typha

Typha /ˈtaɪfə/ is a genus of about 30 species of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family Typhaceae. These plants have a variety of common names, in British English as bulrush or reedmace,[2] in American English as reed, cattail[3], or punks, in Australia as cumbungi or bulrush, in Canada as bulrush or cattail, and in New Zealand as raupo. Other taxa of plants may be known as bulrush, including some sedges in Scirpus and related genera.

"Cattail" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Catstail.

Typha
Typha latifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Typhaceae
Genus: Typha
L.
Synonyms[1]
  • Massula Dulac
  • Rohrbachia (Kronf. ex Riedl) Mavrodiev
Cattail, narrow leaf shoots
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy106 kJ (25 kcal)
5.14 g
Sugars0.22 g
Dietary fiber4.5 g
0.00 g
1.18 g
VitaminsQuantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
0%
1 μg
0%
6 μg
Thiamine (B1)
2%
0.023 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.025 mg
Niacin (B3)
3%
0.440 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
5%
0.234 mg
Vitamin B6
9%
0.123 mg
Folate (B9)
1%
3 μg
Choline
5%
23.7 mg
Vitamin C
1%
0.7 mg
Vitamin K
22%
22.8 μg
MineralsQuantity %DV†
Calcium
5%
54 mg
Copper
2%
0.041 mg
Iron
7%
0.91 mg
Magnesium
18%
63 mg
Manganese
36%
0.760 mg
Phosphorus
6%
45 mg
Potassium
7%
309 mg
Selenium
1%
0.6 μg
Sodium
7%
109 mg
Zinc
3%
0.24 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water92.65 g
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

The genus is largely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, where it is found in a variety of wetland habitats.

The rhizomes are edible. Evidence of preserved starch grains on grinding stones suggests they were already eaten in Europe 30,000 years ago.[4]

Description

Typha are aquatic or semi-aquatic, rhizomatous, herbaceous perennial plants.[5]:925 The leaves are glabrous (hairless), linear, alternate and mostly basal on a simple, jointless stem that bears the flowering spikes. The plants are monoecious, with unisexual flowers that develop in dense racemes. The numerous male flowers form a narrow spike at the top of the vertical stem. Each male (staminate) flower is reduced to a pair of stamens and hairs, and withers once the pollen is shed. Large numbers of tiny female flowers form a dense, sausage-shaped spike on the stem below the male spike. In larger species this can be up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long and 1 to 4 centimetres (0.4 to 2 in) thick. The seeds are minute, 0.2 millimetres (0.008 in) long, and attached to fine hairs. When ripe, the heads disintegrate into a cottony fluff from which the seeds disperse by wind.

General ecology

Typha are often among the first wetland plants to colonize areas of newly exposed wet mud, with their abundant wind-dispersed seeds. Buried seeds can survive in the soil for long periods of time.[6] They germinate best with sunlight and fluctuating temperatures, which is typical of many wetland plants that regenerate on mud flats.[7] The plants also spread by rhizomes, forming large, interconnected stands.

Typha are considered to be dominant competitors in wetlands in many areas, and they often exclude other plants with their dense canopy.[8] In the bays of the Great Lakes, for example, they are among the most abundant wetland plants. Different species of cattails are adapted to different water depths.[9]

Well-developed aerenchyma make the plants tolerant of submersion. Even the dead stalks are capable of transmitting oxygen to the rooting zone.

Although Typha are native wetland plants, they can be aggressive in their competition with other native species.[10] They have been problematic in many regions in North America, from the Great Lakes to the Everglades.[8] Native sedges are displaced and wet meadows shrink, likely as a response to altered hydrology of the wetlands and increased nutrient levels. An introduced or hybrid species may be contributing to the problem.[11] Control is difficult. The most successful strategy appears to be mowing or burning to remove the aerenchymous stalks, followed by prolonged flooding.[12] It may be more important to prevent invasion by preserving water level fluctuations, including periods of drought, and to maintain infertile conditions.[8]

Typha are frequently eaten by wetland mammals such as muskrats, which also use them to construct feeding platforms and dens, thereby also providing nesting and resting places for waterfowl.[13]

Accepted species and natural hybrids

The following names are currently accepted:[14]

Typha at the edge of a small wetland in Indiana
Typha latifolia (蒲, gama) in Japan
Typha at the edge of a reservoir in Croatia

The most widespread species is Typha latifolia, which is distributed across the entire temperate northern hemisphere. It has also been introduced to Australia. T. angustifolia is nearly as widespread, but does not extend as far north; it may be introduced and invasive in North America. T. domingensis has a more southern American distribution, and it occurs in Australia. T. orientalis is widespread in Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. T. laxmannii, T. minima, and T. shuttleworthii are largely restricted to Asia and southern Europe.

Uses

Culinary

Many parts of the Typha plant are edible to humans. Before the plant flowers, the tender inside of the shoots can be squeezed out and eaten raw or cooked.[16] The starchy rhizomes are nutritious with a protein content comparable to that of maize or rice.[17] They can be processed into a flour with 266 kcal per 100 grams,[4] and are most often harvested from late autumn to early spring. They are fibrous, and the starch must be scraped or sucked from the tough fibers.[18] Baby shoots emerging from the rhizomes, which are sometimes subterranean, can be picked and eaten raw. Also underground is a carbohydrate lump which can be peeled and eaten raw or cooked like a potato.[19] Plants growing in polluted water can accumulate lead and pesticide residues in their rhizomes, and these should not be eaten.[18]

The outer portion of young plants can be peeled and the heart can be eaten raw or boiled and eaten like asparagus. This food has been popular among the Cossacks in Russia, and has been called "Cossack asparagus".[20] The leaf bases can be eaten raw or cooked, especially in late spring when they are young and tender. In early summer the sheath can be removed from the developing green flower spike, which can then be boiled and eaten like corn on the cob.[21] In mid-summer when the male flowers are mature, the pollen can be collected and used as a flour supplement or thickener.[22]

Agriculture

The seeds have a high linoleic acid content and can be used to feed cattle and chickens.[23] They can also be found in African countries like Ghana.

Harvesting cattail removes nutrients from the wetland that would otherwise return via the decomposition of decaying plant matter.[24] Floating mats of cattails remove nutrients from eutrophied bodies of freshwater.[25]

Building material

For local native tribes around Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia, Typha were among the most important plants and every part of the plant had multiple uses. For example, they were used to construct rafts and other boats.[17]

During World War II, the United States Navy used the down of Typha as a substitute for kapok in life vests and aviation jackets. Tests showed that even after 100 hours of submersion, the buoyancy was still effective.[26]

Typha are used as thermal insulation in buildings[27] as an organic alternative to conventional insulating materials such as glass wool or stone wool.

Paper

Typha stems and leaves can be used to make paper. It is strong with a heavy texture and it is hard to bleach, so it is not suitable for industrial production of graphical paper. In 1853, considerable amounts of cattail paper were produced in New York, due to a shortage of raw materials.[28] In 1948, French scientists tested methods for annual harvesting of the leaves. Because of the high cost these methods were abandoned and no further research was done.[17] Today Typha is used to make decorative paper.[29][30]

Fiber

Fibers up to 4 meters long can be obtained from the stems when they are mechanically or chemically treated with sodium hydroxide. The stem fibers resemble jute and can be used to produce raw textiles. The leaf fibers can be used as an alternative to cotton and linen in clothing. The yield of leaf fiber is 30 to 40 percent and Typha glauca can produce 7 to 10 tons per hectare annually.[17]

Biofuel

Typha can be used as a source of starch to produce ethanol. Because of their high productivity in northern latitudes, Typha are considered to be a bioenergy crop.[31]

Other

The seed hairs were used by some indigenous peoples of the Americas as tinder for starting fires. Some tribes also used Typha down to line moccasins, and for bedding, diapers, baby powder, and cradleboards. One Native American word for Typha meant "fruit for papoose's bed".[32] Typha down is still used in some areas to stuff clothing items and pillows. Typha can be dipped in wax or fat and then lit as a candle, the stem serving as a wick. Without the use of wax or fat it will smolder slowly, somewhat like incense, and may repel insects.

The flower stalks can be made into chopsticks. The leaves can be treated to weave into baskets, mats, or sandals.[19] The rushes are harvested and the leaves often dried for later use in chair seats. Re-wetted, the leaves are twisted and wrapped around the chair rungs to form a densely woven seat that is then stuffed (usually with the left over rush).

One informal experiment has indicated that Typha are able to remove arsenic from drinking water. The boiled rootstocks have been used as a diuretic for increasing urination, or mashed to make a jelly-like paste for sores, boils, wounds, burns, scabs, and smallpox pustules.[33]

Cattail pollen is used as a banker source of food for predatory insects and mites (such as Amblyseius swirskii) in greenhouses.[34]

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gollark: This is because the interpreter is only capable of tail call optimization and not arbitrary stack depth in general.
gollark: `qsort` takes a continuation parameter.
gollark: It is PROBABLY safe.

References
  1. "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". kew.org.
  2. Clegg, J. (1986). Observer's Book of Pond Life. Frederick Warne, London. 460 p.
  3. "Typha". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  4. Revedin, A.; et al. (2010). "Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (44): 18815–18819. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10718815R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006993107. PMC 2973873. PMID 20956317.
  5. Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
  6. van der Valk, A. G., and Davis, C. B. (1976). The seed banks of prairie glacial marshes. Canadian Journal of Botany 54, 1832–8.
  7. Shipley, B., et al. (1989). Regeneration and establishment strategies of emergent macrophytes. Journal of Ecology 77, 1093–1110.
  8. Keddy, P. A. (2010). Wetland Ecology: Principals and Conservation. Cambridge University Press. p. 497. ISBN 978-0-521-51940-3.
  9. Grace, J. B. and Wetzel, R. G. (1981). Habitat partitioning and competitive displacement in cattails (Typha): experimental field studies. The American Naturalist 118, 463–74.
  10. Oudhia, P. (1999). Allelopathic TEMPeffects of Typha angustata on germination and seedling vigour of winter maize and rice. Agric. Sci. Digest 19(4): 285-286
  11. Boers, A. M., et al. (2007). Typha × glauca dominance and extended hydroperiod constrain restoration of wetland diversity. Ecological Engineering 29, 232–44.
  12. Kaminski, R. M., et al. (1985). Control of cattail and bulrush by cutting and flooding. In: Coastal Wetlands, eds. H. H. Prince and F. M. D’Itri, pp. 253–62. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.
  13. Global Invasive Species Database: "Uses"- Retrieved 2017-03-20
  14. "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, genus Typha". Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  15. Selbo, S. M.; Snow, A. A. (2004). "The potential for hybridization between Typha angustifolia and Typha latifolia in a constructed wetland" (PDF). Aquatic Botany. 78 (4): 361–369. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.01.003.
  16. Nyerges, Christopher (2016). Foraging Wild Edible Plants of North America: More than 150 Delicious Recipes Using Nature's Edibles. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4930-1499-6.
  17. Morton, J. F. (January–March 1975). "Cattails (Typha spp.) – Weed Problem or Potential Crop?". Economic Botany. 29 (1): 7–29. doi:10.1007/bf02861252.
  18. Gore, A. B. (2007). Environmental Research at the Leading Edge. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p. 106.
  19. Nyerges, Christopher (2016). Foraging Wild Edible Plants of North America: More than 150 Delicious Recipes Using Nature's Edibles. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4930-1499-6.
  20. Marsh, L. C. (1959). "The Cattail Story". The Garden Journal. 5: 114–129.
  21. Elias, T. S.; Dykeman, P. A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants. New York, NY: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9.
  22. Raupo or Bulrush (Typha orientalis). Tai Awatea. Accessed 15 December 2011.
  23. Reed, E.; Marsh, L. C. (1955). "The Cattail Potential". Chemurgic Digest. 3. 14: 9, 18.
  24. Cicek, N.; Lambert, S.; Venema, H.D.; Snelgrove, K.R.; Bibeau, E.L.; Grosshans, R. (June 2006). "Nutrient removal and bio-energy production from Netley-Libau Marsh at Lake Winnipeg through annual biomass harvesting". Biomass and Bioenergy. 30 (6): 529–536. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.12.009. ISSN 0961-9534.
  25. "The Floating Bioplatforms of IISD-ELA". IISD Experimental Lakes Area. 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
  26. Miller, D. T. (1999). Edible and Useful Plants of Texas and the Southwest, Including Recipes, Harmful Plants, Natural Dyes, and Textile Fibers: A Practical Guide. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-292-78164-1.
  27. Dieye, Younouss; Sambou, Vincent; Faye, Mactar; Thiam, Ababacar; Adj, Mamadou; Azilinon, Dorothe (2017-01-01). "Thermo-mechanical characterization of a building material based on Typha Australis". Journal of Building Engineering. 9: 142–146. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2016.12.007. ISSN 2352-7102.
  28. Making Aquatic Weeds Useful: Some Perspectives for Developing Countries. Ottawa: National Research Council.: Books for Business. 1976. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-89499-180-6.
  29. Jahan, M. Sarwar; Islam, M. Khalidul; Chowdhury, D.A. Nasima; Moeiz, S.M. Iqbal; Arman, U. (October 2007). "Pulping and papermaking properties of pati (Typha)". Industrial Crops and Products. 26 (3): 259–264. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.03.014.
  30. Bidin, Nordiah; Zakaria, Muta Harah; Bujang, Japar Sidik; Abdul Aziz, Nur Aznadia (2015). "Suitability of Aquatic Plant Fibers for Handmade Papermaking". International Journal of Polymer Science. 2015: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2015/165868. ISSN 1687-9422.
  31. Dubbe, D.R.; Garver, E.G.; Pratt, D.C. (1988). "Production of cattail (Typha spp.) biomass in Minnesota, USA". Biomass. 17 (2): 79–104. doi:10.1016/0144-4565(88)90073-X.
  32. Moerman, Daniel (2010). Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary. Timber Press. p. 301.
  33. Maiden, J. H. (1889). Useful Native Plants of Australia (incl. Tasmania). Sydney: Technological Mus. New South Wales.
  34. Heidi Wollaeger (January 20, 2015). "Applying pollen over a crop as an alternative food source for predatory mites". Michigan State University.
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