Captain Singleton

The Life, Adventures and Piracies of the Famous Captain Singleton is a novel by Daniel Defoe, originally published in 1720. It has been re-published multiple times since, some of which times were in 1840[2] 1927,[3] 1972[4] and 2008.[5] Captain Singleton is believed to have been partly inspired by the exploits of the English pirate Henry Every,[6][7] who operated in the late 17th century.

Title page from the 1972 reprint of Captain Singleton.[1]

The narrative describes the life of the Englishman, Singleton, stolen from a well-to-do family as a child and raised by Gypsies, eventually making his way to sea. The former half of the book concerns Singleton's crossing of Africa, the latter half concerning his life as a pirate in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. Defoe's description of piracy focuses for the most part on matters of economics and logistics, and Singleton's pirate behaves more like a merchant adventurer, perhaps Defoe's comment on the mercantilism of his day.

Characters
  • Captain Bob Singleton
  • William Walters, a Quaker
  • Captain Wilmot
  • Captain Avery

Major themes
  • Piracy – The novel is not as concerned with piracy itself as it may appear in relation to its title. The concept of piracy allows Singleton a justification for his voyage, but upon reaching the novel's end, he discards the concept in favour of a merchant's identity.[8]
  • Mercantilism
  • Exploration – Singleton makes an immense sweep geographically, covering areas such as Southampton, Lisbon, the East Indies, Cabo de bona Speranza, Madagascar, Africa, the West Indies, Black Sea and the Asian Archipelagos. His voyages mirror and celebrate those of Christopher Columbus, Magellan and Vasco de Gama.[9]
  • Conquest
  • Slavery – Captain Singleton's abduction and sale as a young boy is a part of Defoe's exploration of slavery within the novel. Some studies have focused on Captain Singleton in relation to its 'commentary on African slavery', even suggesting that it might be read as a narrative of slavery. There is discussion of the 'Plantation' within the novel; 'a site of unfree, hard labor', and 'by invoking the "Plantation", Defoe demonstrates the elision between slavery and servitude practiced in the North American colonies and the Caribbean. [...] The notion that an English child can be "sold" (and invoked by the author in a casual manner as though it is not an unusual occurrence) indicates that slavery in the New World had not settled into racialized dichotomies.'[10] The novel explores many different kinds of slavery, and 'Defoe's character operates in a context where he is both capable of enslaving as well as being enslaved. This duality of experience forms a recurring theme in the novel that illustrates many forms of enslavement and beliefs about enslavement.' The text represents 'anxiety about the many slaveries to which man was prey during the eighteenth century. The enslavements expressed both physically and metaphorically demonstrate concepts in flux as ideas of trade, nationality, and the nature of man clashed. [...] Defoe, through Singleton, comments extensively about different forms of enslavement (as both master and slave), albeit filtered through a very Eurocentric perspective.'[10]

Plot summary

The Life, Adventures, and Pyracies, of the Famous Captain Singleton (1720) covers both land and sea in one volume, in two neatly composed halves. The first half of the novel includes a remarkable overland trek across Africa after the characters are stranded in Madagascar, and the second half is almost entirely at sea, involving piratical heists in the East Indies. Eventually, Captain Bob and his close friend William Walters return to England with their spoils via Venice, disguised as Armenians.'[11]

Plot

At the beginning of the novel, Singleton, as a young boy, is kidnapped and sold to a gypsy by a beggar-woman. He is raised as a ward of a parish, and sent to sea at age twelve. Soon he is captured by Turkish pirates, rescued by sailors from Portugal, and after a two-year stay in that country, sails for the East Indies. By his own account, young Singleton is a rogue who steals from the ship's captain and harbors the desire to kill his master. Nearly hanged for his part in an attempted mutiny, Singleton is set ashore with four companions on the coast of Madagascar. A score of other sailors from the ship join them and the ensuing narrative relates their efforts to survive on the island.[12] The sailors find and rebuild an abandoned boat and eventually decide to pursue a journey through Africa. In their encounters with African natives, the Europeans prove resourceful but brutal.[13]

During the hazardous trip Singleton becomes the leader of the group by virtue of his fearlessness and ingenuity. He is a cold pragmatist whose lack of compassion is exceeded only by his talent for survival. When they find a wounded native, Singleton makes a decision based purely on expediency.[14] Singleton makes the decision, after considering to let the native die, that they might find the man useful to them - as is written "I found the man had some respect showed him, it presently occurred to my thoughts that we might bring him to be useful to us, and perhaps make him a kind of commander over them", they than take to call the native 'prince'. During the arduous march through lands teeming with leopards, elephants, crocodiles, and snakes, the travellers avoid catastrophe because of their modern weaponry and their European belief in reason rather than in magic. The marchers meet an English merchant who has been living with the natives and who persuades Singleton and his companions to stop awhile in order to dig for gold. Having loaded themselves down with gold and elephant tusks, the adventurers finally reach a Dutch settlement, where they divide the spoils and immediately go their separate ways.[15]

Once Singleton has spent his fortune in England, he sets out again, this time for the West Indies where, by his boastful admission, he quickly takes to piracy. Singleton's abilities bring him high command, although his piratical activities encourage the growth of a callousness so pervasive that at times it leads to cruelty. He denies that his men have committed certain atrocities, but calmly admits that "more was done than it is fit to speak of here" (p. 188). In this portion of the novel events pile up rapidly, and there are chases and sea battles in which Singleton proves himself an able, courageous, and imaginative leader. From the Indies the scene shifts to the East African coast and Madagascar where the pirates continue to plunder and sail restlessly in search of new conquests. Defoe draws a portrait of men whose love of gold is less urgent than their need for adventure. This lust for novelty takes Singleton and his men into the Pacific as far as the Philippines, before they trace their way back to the Indian Ocean and Ceylon.[16]

Friend William, a Quaker surgeon, becomes the center of the narrative as he outwits a Ceylonese King and rescues a Dutch slave. William displays further resourcefulness by succeeding in trade negotiations with English merchants in India. He serves Singleton loyally and bravely as a kind of man Friday: he is, moreover, a Christian humanist and healer who ultimately persuades his captain that a life of piracy leads nowhere. When Singleton contemplates suicide in the throes of repentance, William convinces him that the idea of taking one's life is the "Devil's Notion" (p. 332) and therefore must be ignored.[17]

When they return to England, they make the decision to stay together for the rest of their lives. Singleton marries William's sister, a widow, and the story ends rapidly on a note of domestic peace.[17]

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References
  1. F. Shugrue, Michael (1972). The Life, Adventures, and Pyracies of the Famous Captain Singleton: by Daniel Defoe. London: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 11.
  2. Defoe, Daniel (1840). The Life, Adventures, and Piracies of Captain Singleton. London: D.A.Talboys.
  3. Defoe, Daniel (1927). Captain Singleton: The Shakespeare Head Edition of the Novels and Selected Writings of Daniel Defoe. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishing.
  4. F. Shugrue, Michael (1972). The Life, Adventures, and Pyracies of the Famous Captain Singleton: by Daniel Defoe. London: Garland Publishing Inc.
  5. Owens, W.R. (2008). The Novels of Daniel Defoe, Volume 5: The Life, Adventures, And Pyracies, Of The Famous Captain Singleton (1720). London: Pickering & Chatto.
  6. Sherry, Frank (1986). Raiders and Rebels: The Golden Age of Piracy. New York, NY: Hearst Marine Books. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-688-04684-2.
  7. "John Avery | British pirate". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
  8. Benhayoun, Jamal Eddine (2006). Narration, Navigation and Colonialism: A Critical Account of Seventeenth- and Eighteenth- Century English Narratives of Adventure and Captivity. Brussels: P.I.E Peter Lang. p. 66.
  9. Ibid (Benhayoun, Jamal Eddine).
  10. Swaminathan, Srividhya and, R. Beach, Adam (2016). Invoking Slavery in the Eighteenth-Century British Imagination. New York: Routledge. ISBN 1409469980.
  11. Richetti, John (2008). The Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-521-67505-5.
  12. F. Shugrue, Michael (1972). The Life, Adventures, and Pyracies of the Famous Captain Singleton: by Daniel Defoe. London: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 5–6.
  13. F. Shugrue, Michael (1972). The Life, Adventures, and Pyracies of the Famous Captain Singleton: by Daniel Defoe. London: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 6.
  14. F. Shugrue, Michael (1972). The Life, Adventures, and Pyracies of the Famous Captain Singleton: by Daniel Defoe. London: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 6–7.
  15. F. Shugrue, Michael (1972). The Life, Adventures, and Pyracies of the Famous Captain Singleton: by Daniel Defoe. London: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 7.
  16. F.Shugrue, Michael (1972). The Life, Adventures, and Pyracies of the Famous Captain Singleton: by Daniel Defoe. London: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 8–9.
  17. F.Shugrue, Michael (1972). The Life, Adventures, and Pyracies of the Famous Captain Singleton: by Daniel Defoe. London: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 9.
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