Brockville

Brockville, formerly Elizabethtown, is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada in the Thousand Islands region. Although it is the seat of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, it is politically independent of the county. It is included with Leeds and Grenville for census purposes only.

This article is about Brockville, the city in Eastern Ontario, Canada. For other uses, see Brockville (disambiguation).

Brockville
City (single-tier)
City of Brockville
Nickname(s): 
“City of 1000 Islands”
Motto(s): 
Industria, Intelligentia, Prosperitas (Latin: 'Industry, Intelligence, Prosperity')
Brockville
Coordinates: 44°35′N 75°41′W
CountryCanada
ProvinceOntario
CountyLeeds and Grenville (independent)
Settled1785
Incorporated1832
Government
 • TypeCity
 • MayorJason Baker
 • Federal ridingLeeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes
 • Prov. ridingLeeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes
Area
 • Land20.90 km2 (8.07 sq mi)
 • Metro
893.44 km2 (344.96 sq mi)
Population
 (2016)[1][2]
 • City (single-tier)21,854[3]
 • Metro
38,553[4]
 • Metro density43.7/km2 (113/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Postal code FSA
K6T to K6V
Area code(s)613, 343
Websitewww.brockville.com

Known as the "City of the 1000 Islands", Brockville is located on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River, about halfway between Kingston to the west and Cornwall to the east. It is 115 km (71 mi) south of the national capital Ottawa.

The city faces Morristown, New York, which is located on the other side of the river. It is one of Ontario's oldest communities first established by Euro-Canadians and is named after the British general Sir Isaac Brock.

The city notably features the Brockville Tunnel, Canada's first railway tunnel, finished in December 1860, and closed in 1970.[5] It was acquired by the City of Brockville in 1982, and the tunnel reopened in August 2017 as an LED illuminated pedestrian tunnel with music. Alongside the Fulford Place and the Aquatarium, it has since become one of the most famous tourist attractions in the city, and even all of Ontario.[6]

History

Indigenous peoples lived along both sides of the Saint Lawrence River for thousands of years. The first people known to have encountered the Europeans in the area were the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, a group distinct from and preceding the Iroquois nations of the Haudenosaunee, based further to the south. While the explorer Cartier recorded about 200 words in their Laurentian language and the names of two villages, the people had disappeared from the area by the late 16th century. Anthropologists believe they may have been driven out or defeated by the powerful Mohawk people of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee), who by then reserved the Saint Lawrence Valley as a hunting ground.

Victoria Hall, now the site of Brockville's City Hall, was built in 1862–64 as a concert hall in front and a butchers' market in the rear.
Court House Avenue and the War Memorial, 1925

This area of Ontario was first settled by English speakers in 1784, when thousands of American refugees arrived from the American colonies after the American Revolutionary War. They were later called United Empire Loyalists because of their continued allegiance to King George III. The struggle between Britain and the 13 American colonies occurred in the years 1776 to 1783, and seriously divided loyalties among people in some colonies such as New York and Vermont. In many areas traders and merchants, especially in the coastal cities or the northern border regions, had stronger business ties and allegiance to the Crown than did the frontiersmen of the interior. During the 6-year war, which ended with the capitulation of the British in 1782, many colonists who remained loyal to the crown were frequently subject to harsh reprisals and unfair dispossession of their property by their countrymen. Many Loyalists chose to flee north to the British colony of Quebec. Great Britain opened the western region of Canada (first known as Upper Canada and now Ontario), purchasing land from First Nations to allocate to the mostly English-speaking Loyalists in compensation for their losses, and helping them with some supplies as they founded new settlements. The first years were very harsh as they struggled on the frontier. Some exiles returned to the United States.

The Saint Lawrence River was named by French explorers in the 18th century to honour the martyred Roman Christian, Saint Laurentis. In 1785, the first U.E. Loyalist to take up land, where Brockville is now located, was William Buell Sr. (1751–1832), an ensign disbanded from the King's Rangers, from the state of New York. Residents commonly called the first settlement Buell's Bay. Around 1810, government officials of Upper Canada assigned the name Elizabethtown for the developing village. However, as this was the name of the surrounding township, the villagers were not satisfied.

During the Summer of 1812, the Hon. Charles Jones, and other leading residents of the village, then known by the misleading name, Elizabethtown, started to refer to the village as Brockville in their correspondence. The commanding British General in Upper Canada and temporary administrator of the province was Major-General Isaac Brock. He was celebrated as the "Hero and Saviour" of Upper Canada because of his recent success in securing the surrender by Americans of Fort Detroit during the first months of the War of 1812–14.

After the surrender of Fort Detroit, General Brock was next involved in other battles on the Niagara Peninsula. On October 13, 1812, he was fatally wounded while leading troops up the heights near the village of Queenston, then temporarily held by American militia.

A raid on Elizabethtown occurred on the early morning of February 7, 1813, when Benjamin Forsyth and 200 of his American forces crossed the frozen Saint Lawrence River occupied the settlement, seized military and public stores, freed American prisoners, and captured local militia soldiers and leading citizens.[7]

General Brock had learned of the honour being offered by the residents of Elizabethtown but had no chance to give it his official blessing before his death. It took quite a few years for Provincial officials to officially accept the new name, but it became the new name of the village, as far as residents were concerned.

By 1830, the population of Brockville had exceeded the 1000 mark. This entitled it to be represented by its own elected member in the House of Assembly. Henry Jones, the village postmaster, was elected in October 1830 to the 11th Parliament of the Province.

Brockville became Ontario's first incorporated self-governing town on January 28, 1832, two years before the town of Toronto. By means of the Brockville Police Act passed by the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, Brockville was granted the right to govern its own affairs, pass laws, and raise taxes. The first elections for the new Board of Police were held on April 2, 1832, when four male citizens were elected to the Police Board. These four, in turn, chose a fifth member, Daniel Jones, who became the first Police Board President (or Mayor) of Brockville. In March 1836, he became the first native Upper Canadian to receive a knighthood for services to the Crown; from which point he was known as "Sir Daniel Jones".

By 1846, the population was 2,111, and there were many buildings made of stone and brick. There was a County Court House and Jail, six churches or chapels, and a steamboat pier for travel to and from Montreal and Kingston. Two newspapers were published, there were two bank agencies and the post office received mail daily. Several court and government departments had offices here. The first industries consisted of one grist mill, four tanneries, two asheries and four wagon makers, in addition to tradesmen of various types.[8]

Later in the 19th century, the town developed as a local centre of industry, including shipbuilding, saddleries, tanneries, tinsmiths, a foundry, a brewery, and several hotels. By 1854, a patent medicine industry had sprung up in Brockville and in Morristown, New York, across the Saint Lawrence River, featuring such products as Dr Morse's Indian Root Pills, Dr. McKenzie's Worm Tablets, and later, Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People.

The south portal of the Brockville Tunnel, Canada's first railway tunnel, opened in 1860.

In 1855, Brockville was chosen as a divisional point of the new Grand Trunk Railway between Montreal and Toronto. This contributed to its growth, as it could offer jobs in railway maintenance and related fields. At the same time, the north–south line of the Brockville and Ottawa Railway was built to join the timber trade of the Ottawa Valley with the Saint Lawrence River ship route. A well-engineered tunnel for this railway was dug and blasted underneath the middle of Brockville. The Brockville Tunnel was the first railway tunnel built in Canada.

Brockville and many other towns in Canada West were targets of the threatened Fenian invasion after the American Civil War ended in 1865. In June 1866, the Irish-American Brotherhood of Fenians invaded Canada. They launched raids across the Niagara River into Canada West (Ontario) and from Vermont into Canada East (Quebec). Canadian Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald called upon the volunteer militia companies in every town to protect Canada. The Brockville Infantry Company and the Brockville Rifle Company (now The Brockville Rifles) were mobilized. The unsuccessful Fenian Raids were a catalyst that contributed to the creation of the new confederated Canada in 1867.

By 1869, Brockville had a population of 5000 and a passenger station on the Grand Trunk Railway. It was the County Town of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville and a Port of Entry. Steamboats stopped in Brockville daily while plying among Montreal, Kingston, Toronto and Hamilton. The Brockville and Ottawa Railway connected Brockville with Smith's Falls, Perth, Almonte, Carleton Place and Sandy Point. During the summer, a steam ferry plied every half-hour between Brockville and Morristown, New York.[9]

In 1962, Brockville was granted official status as a city. Its coat of arms featured a beehive surrounded by a golden chain and bears the motto Industria, Intelligentia, Prosperitas. This is an official heraldic design. Brockville is one of the few Canadian cities to have a recognized heraldic flag.

Climate

Brockville experiences a Humid continental climate (Dfb). The highest temperature ever recorded in Brockville was 39.4 °C (102.9 °F) on July 31, 1917 and June 4, 1919.[10] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F) on February 4, 1886 and January 28, 1925.[10]

Transportation and communications

Brockville is midway between Toronto and Montreal (340 km (210 mi) northeast of Toronto and 210 km (130 mi) southwest of Montreal) and less than one hour from Ottawa. Highway 401 runs through Brockville, with exits at Leeds & Grenville County Road 29 and North Augusta Road. There are several daily Via Rail connections at Brockville station to Montreal, Toronto and Ottawa along the Corridor.

The town has a municipal airport (Brockville Regional Tackaberry Airport) in the neighbouring Elizabethtown-Kitley Township. The Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport is approximately 100 km away.

The Thousand Islands Bridge and the Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge, both of which cross the Saint Lawrence River into New York, are 35 km (22 mi) south-west and 25 km (16 mi) north-east from Brockville, respectively.

Brockville Transit is the city-operated public transit system which covers the urban area, providing three regular scheduled bus routes and paratransit services, from Monday to Saturday.

Economy

Brockville is home to several large industrial manufacturers. 3M operates three factories in Brockville, manufacturing tape and occupational health and safety products. Procter & Gamble manufactures dryer sheets and cleaning products employing 600 people, but is set to wind down operations and close the location in 2020. Other industries include ceiling fan manufacturer Canarm, pharmaceutical manufacturer Trillium Canada, and the oil-blending plant of Shell Canada. Canadian retailer Giant Tiger has also opened a distribution centre for frozen food in Brockville. Some area residents are employed at the Invista Canada facility (formerly DuPont Canada Ltd.) in Maitland, just east of Brockville.

Brockville is also the main administrative, health-care and commercial centre for Leeds—Grenville county. The Upper Canada District School Board, has its headquarters in Brockville. The Brockville General Hospital is embarking on a major expansion project. The Brockville Mental Health Centre is located east of Brockville.

Demographics
Canada census – Brockville community profile
2016 2011 2006
Population: 21,854 (-0.1% from 2011) 21,870 (-0.4% from 2006) 21,957 (2.7% from 2001)
Land area: 18.71 km2 (7.22 sq mi) 20.90 km2 (8.07 sq mi) 20.74 km2 (8.01 sq mi)
Population density: 1,167.8/km2 (3,025/sq mi) 1,046.2/km2 (2,710/sq mi) 1,058.8/km2 (2,742/sq mi)
Median age: 50.3 (M: 47.8, F: 52.3) 44.2 (M: 42.7, F: 45.6)
Total private dwellings: 10,893 10,645 10,394
Median household income: $51,219 $46,071
References: 2016[12] 2011[13] 2006[14] earlier[15]
Historical populations
YearPop.±%
18715,102—    
18817,609+49.1%
18918,791+15.5%
19018,940+1.7%
19119,374+4.9%
192110,043+7.1%
19319,736−3.1%
194111,342+16.5%
195112,301+8.5%
196117,744+44.2%
198119,896+12.1%
198620,880+4.9%
199121,582+3.4%
199621,752+0.8%
200121,375−1.7%
200621,957+2.7%
201121,870−0.4%
201621,854−0.1%
[16][17][18][19][19][20][21][3]
Visible minority and Aboriginal population (Canada 2006 Census)
Population groupPopulation% of total population
White20,67095%
Visible minority group
Source:[22]		South Asian700.3%
Chinese1500.7%
Black550.3%
Filipino950.4%
Latin American500.2%
Arab00%
Southeast Asian1250.6%
West Asian200.1%
Korean150.1%
Japanese100%
Visible minority, n.i.e.450.2%
Multiple visible minority500.2%
Total visible minority population6853.1%
Aboriginal group
Source:[23]		First Nations2301.1%
Métis1500.7%
Inuit00%
Aboriginal, n.i.e.200.1%
Multiple Aboriginal identity100%
Total Aboriginal population4101.9%
Total population21,765100%

Tourism
Tour boat on the Saint Lawrence River with Morristown visible on the opposite shore. This major river was named by French explorers in the 1700s to commemorate the martyred Christian Lawrence of Rome.

Brockville, known as The City of the Thousand Islands, is located on the shore of the Saint Lawrence River. The city has revitalized its downtown area, enhancing a waterfront open to the public with parks and walking trails, and numerous shopping locations are found throughout the city. The city is a virtual outdoor museum of architecture, with hundreds of fine buildings on its streets, from all historical periods.

The Brockville & Area Chamber of Commerce, operates the Tourism Office or Visitor Information Centre at 10 W. Market Street, 12 months a year, along with a small outlet on Blockhouse Island during the Summer season. Each is close to the south end of the famous Brockville Tunnel, Canada's first railway tunnel.

The classically designed Brockville Court House, built in 1842–43, and set in its surrounding central Court House Square, stands as the most impressive of all Brockville's 19th Century architectural structures. It was designed by Toronto architect, John G. Howard. Howard is known to have designed 3 buildings in Brockville.

The Fulford Place house museum was built in 1899-1901 for Senator George Taylor Fulford at 287 King Street East in Brockville's east end. His palatial home was built on his success in marketing patent medicines, including Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People around the world. He was one of the area's richest industrialists before his untimely death in 1905. The house owned and operated by the Ontario Heritage Trust is open for public tours on a seasonal schedule.

The Brockville Museum, situated in the historic downtown core, at 5 Henry Street, features exhibits and artifacts related to Brockville's rich history and the city's development as a waterfront community.[24]

The Aquatarium, an interactive museum about the ecology and history of the 1000 Islands region, opened in March 2016. It is located at the bottom of Broad Street next to the Tall Ships Landing, a condominium project. Both overlook the Saint Lawrence River.

The John H. Fulford Memorial Fountain was erected in 1917.

1000 Islands Cruises out of Brockville are offered by 1000 Islands and Seaway Cruises offering scenic cruises on the Saint Lawrence River.

The Brockville area is the launching point for underwater wreck diving on sunken ships discovered in the Saint Lawrence, and a number of dive operators take divers to these sites. In 2014, the City of Brockville started a collaboration with S.O.S. (Save Ontario Shipwrecks) to launch an underwater Sculpture Park off of Centeen Park. New sculptures are added annually. (Since the early 1990s underwater visibility had increased, due to effects of the invasive species zebra mussels.)[25]

Brockville was named one of Canada's safest communities by the World Health Organization.[26]

Brockville boating

Brockville's boating resources include a Municipal Harbour and public marina, a Yacht Club and several commercial marinas. Upstream is the Brockville-owned Islands group, which contain some city island parks, as well as an island park belonging to the Thousand Islands National Park system.

Brockville is at the downstream end of the Thousand Islands region, which extends to Kingston, Ontario (at the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River at Lake Ontario), 80 km (50 mi) away.

The next closest commercial boating facilities are each about a half-day boat-trip away (at displacement speeds), downstream at Prescott, Ontario and upstream at Rockport, Ontario.

Culture
Looking south on Court House Avenue

The city has several music, art and dance organizations, such as the Brockville Artists Studio Association, the Brockville Community Choir, the Brockville Concert Association, the Brockville Musicians' Association, the Brockville Operatic Society, the Brockville Theatre Guild, the Uppity Improv Society the City of Brockville Pipes & Drums, and the Thousand Islanders Chorus.

The Brockville Concert Band arises from a long tradition of community and military bands in Brockville. Civic bands provided entertainment at public venues such as community picnics and outdoor skating rinks. The Brockville Rifles Reserve Band entertained "on the green" in the 1930s and 40s.

Military band members returning from the Second World War formed the Brockville Civic Band. Re-organized as the Brockville Concert Band in 1974, it inherited a musical tradition (and sheet music) from civic and military bands dating back to the turn of the 20th century. The Brockville Concert Band plays a series of summer concerts every second Tuesday in Hardy Park in Brockville within view of the Saint Lawrence River. The band also plays for various civic functions and entertains at charitable fundraising events. Since 1995, the band's musical director and conductor has been trumpeter and retired music teacher Lance Besharah.

St. Lawrence College in Brockville is home to the Music Theatre - Performance Program which trains students to enter the professional world of musical theatre. SLC Stage produces three professional-quality musicals each season at the Brockville Arts Centre. The Brockville Arts Centre is a 700-seat theatre venue with a full season of entertainment offerings.[27]

Several festivals occur each year.

Local media

Print

The city's main daily newspaper is The Recorder & Times.

A free monthly magazine called Snapd 1000 Islands is also available around the city.

Radio stations licensed to operate in Brockville
Frequency Call sign Branding Format Owner Notes
FM 91.9 CBOB-FM CBC Radio One Talk radio, public radio Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Rebroadcaster of CBO-FM (Ottawa)
FM 94.5 CIIB-FM Information Radio Tourist information Instant Information Radio
FM 99.9 CKJJ-FM-2 UCB Radio Christian radio United Christian Broadcasters Canada Rebroadcaster of CKJJ-FM (Belleville)
FM 102.1 CBOF-FM-7 Ici Radio-Canada Première Talk radio, public radio Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Rebroadcaster of CBOF-FM (Ottawa)
FM 103.7 CJPT-FM 103.7 Bob FM Adult hits Bell Media Radio
FM 104.9 CFJR-FM 104.9 JRfm Adult contemporary Bell Media Radio

Television

Sports

Basketball

The Brockville youth basketball teams, the Brockville Blues and the Brockville Blazers, provide basketball coaching and training for boys and girls across the area. The Blues and Blazers have repeatedly placed in the Ontario Baseball Association (OBA) championships. A female basketball player, Stacey Dales (a graduate of Thousand Islands Secondary School), has gone on to play for the University of Oklahoma Sooners, coming in a close second for the NCAA title in her graduating year. She also has the highest Canadian woman's draft pick for the WNBA, where she has played for the Washington Mystics and Chicago Sky. She has worked for ESPN and the NFL Network.

Rowing

Several local clubs, organizations and high schools have achieved success on provincial, national, and international levels, such as the Brockville Rowing Club,[28] one of the oldest and most successful rowing clubs in Canada. The Rowing Club has captured the Royal Canadian Henley Championships several times. The club has also sent crews to London, England where they have won several Henley Women's Regatta titles. This success often comes by competition against clubs from much larger Canadian centers such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Close to 50 Brockville Area Youth are offered an opportunity to participate in a national level rowing program annually. The club has also sent athletes to cities across Europe and Asia to compete at international regattas as part of the Canadian National Team.

Track and field

Thousand Islands Secondary School is home to a strong high school track & field and cross-country running program. The Pirates have captured numerous Canadian championships and have won 5 straight overall provincial (OFSAA) Ontario championships in track & field and cross country running in an association of over 1000 schools since 2004. With over 15 former students on NCAA athletic track & field scholarships in the United States, TISS has been awarded over $1,000,000 in student athletic scholarships. The TISS team travels all over North America including Ohio, Florida, New Hampshire, and British Columbia, consistently winning major international championships. The accomplishments of the school have inspired the community to construct a $1.5 million athletic centre at the school.

Hockey

The Brockville Braves are a Tier I Junior "A" ice hockey team representing Brockville. They are a part of the Central Junior A Hockey League.

Founded in 1963, the Brockville Braves are the second oldest team that has never ceased operation in CJHL history—second only to Pembroke. In the 1979, the teams was the focus of national attention when they were left homeless due to their arena collapsing. This did not stop the Braves though, playing their home games out of Cardinal and Rockland, Ontario, the Braves did not miss a beat.

It took until 1986 for the Brockville Braves to win a CJHL championship. They clinched the Bogart Cup on a late April night, defeating their nemesis Pembroke Lumber Kings 8–7 in the finals. Braves' goalie Jacques Breault was the hero, as with 22 seconds to go in the game, turned away a penalty shot by the league's all-time leading scorers Luc Chabot. Although losing to Orillia, Ontario in the Ontario playdowns, the team was a memorable one. Notable members of this team were all-time Braves leading scorer Larry Mitchell, Breault, Paul Duford, Tim Dubas, Dan Nummikoski, Steve Rachwal, Chad Badawey and Rob White.

Since that championship, the team has experienced more bad times than good. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Braves failed to make the playoffs multiple times.

In 1997, times began to change for the better again. The Braves were given the duty of hosting the Fred Page Cup, the Eastern Canadian Junior "A" championship. This allowed their team to compete in the event and give them the experience they needed for the next season. The Braves regained their league title in 1998, bringing the club around full circle. The team will host the 2010 Fred Page Cup.

Star graduates Bryan Murray (Barry's Bay, Ontario) Mike Daoust (Brockville, Ontario) and Guy Come (Iroquois Falls, Ontario) of the Brockville Braves won the 2001 NCAA National Championship with the Plattsburgh Cardinals vs the RIT Tigers.

Baseball

Brockville Bunnies Youth Baseball Program is also an elite level program that operates out of this small city, with provincial championships and several pro and Olympic graduates.

Golf

There are several golf courses in the Brockville area for a variety of skill levels. Sunnidel Golf is a par three course designed for an easy-going round. The Brockville Highlands is a full length 18 hole course. The course has a small membership and is open to patrons willing to pay green fees. The Brockville Country Club poses greater difficulty to the average golfer. The membership comprises an older demographic and is semi-private. The course is open to green fees however certain playing restrictions are imposed.

Motor-car racing

The Brockville Ontario Speedway (The BOS) is a clay oval track just north of the city on Highway 29 in Forthton. The track races every Saturday night from May to September. Classes that race every week include Rookies, Street Stock, Sportsman, Modified, and Vintage.

Rugby

The Brockville Privateers R.F.C. was formed in 1993, reestablishing a local rugby club in the area. Rugby has been played in Brockville area as far back as 1899. The original Brockville Rugby Football Club eventually became part of Brockville Collegiate Institute (BCI). Brockville Rugby now includes multiple men's and women's teams along with a strong junior age grade program.

Swimming

The Upper Canada Swim Club (The River Otters) runs competitive teams for children and young adults.

Education

Brockville has a community college, four high schools, and several elementary schools.

Community colleges

St. Lawrence College (Brockville Campus) has an enrolment of around 800. St. Lawrence College was recently ranked number one in Ontario for graduate employment rate.[29]

High schools

Académie catholique Ange-Gabriel is a French Catholic school (Grades JK-12) and has an enrolment of approximately 282 students.[30]

Brockville Collegiate Institute has an enrolment of approximately 560 and has strong academic, theatre, and sports programs. St. Mary Catholic High School is the English Catholic school and has around 600 students.

The Fulford Academy is a private boarding school for international students grades 7-10.[31]

Thousand Islands Secondary School has an enrolment of approximately 1000 and is both a university and college preparatory school with strong technology facilities. It is also known for its athletics programs including: track and field, women's basketball, men's soccer, and cross country running.

Elementary schools

Public elementary schools in the city include Commonwealth Public School, Prince of Wales Public School, Westminster Public School, Toniata Public School, and Vanier Public School.

The Catholic English elementary schools are St. Francis Xavier, St. John Bosco and James L. Jordan.

Académie Catholique Ange-Gabriel is a French-language Catholic school serving JK - Grade 12.[30]

Heritage Community Christian School, 20 minutes from downtown Brockville, is a privately funded Christian school offering pre-school through grade 8 in a Christian environment.[32]

Notable people
The wooden carved statue of Sally Grant atop the Brockville Court House

Sister city
gollark: In lessons.
gollark: I had enough free time to probably reread most of the book a few times.
gollark: We spent several months on 1984, a book I quite like, going over it in excruciating detail and doing essays, and it was SO BORING.
gollark: School can make *any* book extremely boring!
gollark: Many servers I'm on have Discord bridges, it's common.

References
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  6. "Oldest Railroad Tunnel: Light Show!". RoadsideAmerica.com. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  7. "Parks Canada - The War of 1812". pc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on September 9, 2005. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
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  9. The Province of Ontario Gazetteer and Directory. H. McEvoy Editor and Compiler, Toronto: Robertson & Cook, Publishers, 1869
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  19. , E-STAT Table
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  25. "Freshwater Scuba Diving". Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2015./
  26. "History of the Brockville Police Service". Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  27. "Information". Brockville Arts Centre. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  28. "Brockville Rowing Club". Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  29. "St. Lawrence College number one in the province with graduate employment rate of 90.5 per cent". St. Lawrence EMC. April 25, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  30. "Historique de l'école". Académie catholique Ange-Gabriel. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  31. "Academics: Grades 7 to 10". Fulford Academy. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  32. "HCCS--Official Website". Heritage Community Christian School. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  33. Gray, Jeff (January 13, 2014). "Maple Leaf Mastermind John Ross Matheson Served as MP, judge". Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  34. Scott, Shelley (September 8, 2019). "Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia - Thornton, Kelly". www.canadiantheatre.com. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  35. "Sister Cities - City of Ontario, California". www.ontarioca.gov. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
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