Asturian language

Asturian (/æˈstjʊəriən/; asturianu [astuˈɾjanʊ],[4] formerly also known as bable [ˈbaβlɪ]) is a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Asturian is part of a wider linguistic group, the Astur-Leonese languages. The number of speakers is estimated at 100,000 (native) and 450,000 (second language).[5] There are three main variants in the Astur-Leonese language family: Western, Central, and Eastern. For historical and demographic reasons, the standard is based on Central Asturian. Asturian has a distinct grammar, dictionary, and orthography. It is regulated by the Academy of the Asturian Language. Although it is not an official language of Spain[6] it is protected under the Statute of Autonomy and is an elective language in schools.[7]

Asturian
asturianu
Native toSpain
RegionAsturias
Native speakers
351,791[1] (2017)
641,502 L1 + L2 speakers (2017)
Indo-European
Latin
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byAcademia de la Llingua Asturiana
Language codes
ISO 639-2ast
ISO 639-3ast
Glottologastu1245[3]
Linguasphere51-AAA-ca
Linguistic area of Astur-Leonese, including Asturian

History
Kingdom of Asturias about 910 AD, after the reign of King Alfonso III of Asturias (848–910)

Asturian is the historical language of Asturias, portions of the Spanish provinces of León and Zamora and the area surrounding Miranda do Douro in northeastern Portugal.[8] Like the other Romance languages of the Iberian peninsula, it evolved from Vulgar Latin during the early Middle Ages. Asturian was closely linked with the Kingdom of Asturias (718–910) and the ensuing Leonese kingdom. The language had contributions from pre-Roman languages spoken by the Astures, an Iberian Celtic tribe, and the post-Roman Germanic languages of the Visigoths and Suevi.

The transition from Latin to Asturian was slow and gradual; for a long time they co-existed in a diglossic relationship, first in the Kingdom of Asturias and later in that of Asturias and Leon. During the 12th, 13th and part of the 14th centuries Astur-Leonese was used in the kingdom's official documents, with many examples of agreements, donations, wills and commercial contracts from that period onwards. Although there are no extant literary works written in Asturian from this period, some books (such as the Llibru d'Alexandre and the 1155 Fueru d'Avilés)[9][10] had Asturian sources.

Castilian Spanish arrived in the area during the 14th century, when the central administration sent emissaries and functionaries to political and ecclesiastical offices. Asturian codification of the Astur-Leonese spoken in the Asturian Autonomous Community became a modern language with the founding of the Academy of the Asturian Language (Academia Asturiana de la Llingua) in 1980. The Leonese dialects and Mirandese are linguistically close to Asturian.

Status and legislation

Efforts have been made since the end of the Francoist period in 1974 to protect and promote Asturian.[11] In 1994, there were 100,000 native speakers and 450,000[12] second-language speakers able to speak (or understand) Asturian.[13] However, the language is endangered; there has been a steep decline in the number of speakers over the last century. Law 1/93 of 23 March on the Use and Promotion of the Asturian Language addresses the issue, and according to article four of the Asturias Statute of Autonomy:[4] "The Asturian language will enjoy protection. Its use, teaching and diffusion in the media will be furthered, whilst its local dialects and voluntary apprenticeship will always be respected".

Asturian, however, is in a legally hazy position. The Spanish Constitution has not been fully applied regarding the official recognition of languages in the autonomous communities. The ambiguity of the Statute of Autonomy, which recognises the existence of Asturian but does not give it the same status as Spanish, leaves the door open to benign neglect. However, since 1 August 2001 Asturian has been covered under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages' "safeguard and promote" clause.[2]

A 1983 survey[14] indicated 100,000 native Asturian speakers (12 percent of the Asturian population) and 250,000 who could speak or understand Asturian as a second language. A similar survey in 1991 found that 44 percent of the population (about 450,000 people) could speak Asturian, with from 60,000 to 80,000 able to read and write it. An additional 24 percent of the Asturian population said that they understood the language, for a total of about 68 percent of the Asturian population.[15]

At the end of the 20th century, the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (Academy of the Asturian Language) attempted to provide the language with tools needed to enhance its survival: a grammar, a dictionary and periodicals; a new generation of Asturian writers have also championed the language.

Historical, social and cultural aspects

Literary history
19th-century sketch of 17th-century author Antón de Marirreguera
Jurist and neoclassical author Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744–1811), who envisaged the Academy of the Asturian Language
Main article: Asturian literature

Although some 10th-century documents have the linguistic features of Asturian, numerous examples (such as writings by notaries, contracts and wills) begin in the 13th century.[16][17] Early examples are the 1085 Fuero de Avilés (the oldest parchment preserved in Asturias)[18] and the 13th-century Fuero de Oviedo and the Leonese version of the Fueru Xulgu.

The 13th-century documents were the laws for towns, cities and the general population.[17] By the second half of the 16th century, documents were written in Castilian, backed by the Trastámara dynasty and making the civil and ecclesiastical arms of the principality Castilian. Although the Asturian language disappeared from written texts during the sieglos escuros (dark centuries), it survived orally. The only written mention during this time is from a 1555 work by Hernán Núñez about proverbs and adages: " ... in a large copy of rare languages, as Portuguese, Galician, Asturian, Catalan, Valencian, French, Tuscan ... ".[19]

Modern Asturian literature began in 1605 with the clergyman Antón González Reguera and continued until the 18th century (when it produced, according to Ruiz de la Peña in 1981, a literature comparable to that in Asturias in Castilian).[20] In 1744, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos wrote about the historic and cultural value of Asturian, urging the compilation of a dictionary and a grammar and the creation of a language academy. Notable writers included Francisco Bernaldo de Quirós Benavides (1675), Xosefa Xovellanos (1745), Xuan González Villar y Fuertes (1746), Xosé Caveda y Nava (1796), Xuan María Acebal (1815), Teodoro Cuesta (1829), Xosé Benigno García González, Marcos del Torniello (1853), Bernardo Acevedo y Huelves (1849), Pin de Pría (1864), Galo Fernández and Fernán Coronas (1884).

In 1974, a movement for the language's acceptance and use began in Asturias. Based on ideas of the Asturian association Conceyu Bable about Asturian language and culture, a plan was developed for the acceptance and modernization of the language that led to the 1980 creation of the Academy of the Asturian Language with the approval of the Asturias regional council. El Surdimientu (the Awakening) authors such as Manuel Asur (Cancios y poemes pa un riscar), Xuan Bello (El llibru vieyu), Adolfo Camilo Díaz (Añada pa un güeyu muertu), Pablo Antón Marín Estrada (Les hores), Xandru Fernández (Les ruines), Lourdes Álvarez, Martín López-Vega, Miguel Rojo and Lluis Antón González broke from the Asturian-Leonese tradition of rural themes, moral messages and dialogue-style writing. Currently, the Asturian language has about 150 annual publications.[21]

Use and distribution

Astur-Leonese's geographic area exceeds Asturias, and that the language known as Leonese in the autonomous community of Castile and León is basically the same as the Asturian spoken in Asturias. The Asturian-Leonese linguistic domain covers most of the principality of Asturias, the northern and western province of León, the northeastern province of Zamora (both in Castile and León), western Cantabria and the Miranda do Douro region in the eastern Bragança District of Portugal.

Toponymy
Asturian place-name status, 2017
  Conceyos (municipalities) whose traditional place names have been codified
  Conceyos which have applied for approval
  Conceyos which have not applied

Traditional, popular place names of the principality's towns are supported by the law on usage of Asturian, the principality’s 2003–07 plan for establishing the language[22] and the work of the Xunta Asesora de Toponimia,[23] which researches and confirms the Asturian names of requesting villages, towns, conceyos and cities (50 of 78 conceyos as of 2012).

Dialects
Asturian dialects: western, central and eastern
Large- and small-scale maps of the Asturian-speaking region

Asturian has several dialects. Regulated by the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, it is mainly spoken in Asturias (except in the west, where Galician-Asturian is spoken). The dialect spoken in the adjoining area of Castile and León is known as Leonese. Asturian is traditionally divided into three dialectal areas, sharing traits with the dialect spoken in León:[16] western, central and eastern. The dialects are mutually intelligible. Central Asturian, with the most speakers (more than 80 percent) is the basis for standard Asturian. The first Asturian grammar was published in 1998, and the first dictionary in 2000.

Western Asturian is spoken between the Navia and Nalón Rivers, in the west of the province of León (where it is known as Leonese) and in the provinces of Zamora and Salamanca. Feminine plurals end in -as, and the falling diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/ are maintained.

Central Asturian is spoken between the Sella River and the mouth of the Nalón River in Asturias and north of León. The model for the written language, it is characterized by feminine plurals ending in -es, the monophthongization of /ou/ and /ei/ into /o/ and /e/ and the neutral gender[24] in adjectives modifying uncountable nouns (lleche frío, carne tienro).

Eastern Asturian is spoken between the Sella River, Llanes and Cabrales. The dialect is characterized by the debuccalization of word-initial /f/ to [h], written ⟨ḥ⟩ (ḥoguera, ḥacer, ḥigos and ḥornu instead of foguera, facer, figos and fornu; feminine plurals ending in -as (ḥabas, ḥormigas, ḥiyas, except in eastern towns, where -es is kept: ḥabes, ḥormigues, ḥiyes); the shifting of word-final -e to -i (xenti, tardi, ḥuenti); retention of the neutral gender[24] in some areas, with the ending -u instead of -o (agua friu, xenti güenu, ropa tendíu, carne guisáu), and a distinction between direct and indirect objects in first- and second-person singular pronouns (direct me and te vs. indirect mi and ti) in some municipalities bordering the Sella River: busquéte (a ti) y alcontréte/busquéti les llaves y alcontrétiles, llévame (a mi) la fesoria en carru.

Asturian forms a dialect continuum with Cantabrian in the east and Eonavian in the west. Cantabrian or Montañés is spoken in eastern Asturias and portions of Cantabria (the Pas and Soba Valleys). Cantabrian was listed in the 2009 UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[25] The inclusion of Eonavian (spoken in western Asturias, bordering Galicia) in the Galician language is controversial, since it has traits in common with western Asturian.

Linguistic description

Asturian is one of the Astur-Leonese languages which form part of the Iberian Romance languages, close to Galician-Portuguese and Castilian and further removed from Navarro-Aragonese. It is an inflecting, fusional, head-initial and dependent-marking language. Its word order is subject–verb–object (in declarative sentences without topicalization).

Phonology

Vowels

Asturian distinguishes five vowel phonemes (these same ones are found in Spanish, Aragonese, Sardinian and Basque), according to three degrees of vowel openness (close, mid and open) and backness (front, central and back).

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a
  • When occurring as unstressed, close vowels /i u/ can become glides as [j w] in the pre-nuclear position. In the post-nuclear syllable margin, they are traditionally heard and transcribed as non-syllabic vowels [i̯ u̯].[26]

Consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Stop voiceless p t tʃ k
voiced b d ɟ ɡ
Fricative f θ s ʃ
Nasal m n ɲ
Lateral l ʎ
Trill r
Tap ɾ
  • /b, d, ɡ/ may be lenited or sonorized as [β, ð, ɣ] in certain environments, or word-initially.
  • /n/ is pronounced [ŋ] in coda position.
  • /ɟ/ can have different pronunciations, as a voiced plosive [ɟ], affricate [ɟ͡ʝ], or as a voiced fricative [ʝ].

Writing

The Latin alphabet was used in the earliest Asturian texts. Although the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana published orthographic rules in 1981,[27] different spelling rules are used in Terra de Miranda (Portugal).

Asturian orthography is based on a five-vowel system (/a e i o u/), with three aperture degrees. It has the following consonants: /p t tʃ k b d ʝ ɡ f θ s ʃ m n ɲ l ʎ r ɾ/. The phenomenon of -u metaphony is uncommon, as are decrescent diphthongs (/ei, ou/, usually in the west). Although they can be written, ḷḷ (che vaqueira, formerly represented as "ts") and the eastern ḥ aspiration (also represented as "h." and corresponding to ll and f) are absent from this model. Asturian has triple gender distinction in the adjective, feminine plurals with -es, verb endings with -es, -en, -íes, íen and lacks compound tenses[27] (or periphrasis constructed with "tener").

Alphabet
Graphemes
Uppercase ABCDEFGHILMNÑOPRSTUVXYZ
Lowercase abcdefghilmnñoprstuvxyz
Name abecedeeefeguehacheieleemeeneeñeopeerreeseteuuvexeyezeta (*)
Phoneme /a//b//θ/, /k//d//e//f//ɡ/–/i//l//m//n//ɲ//o//p//r/, /ɾ//s//t//u//b//ʃ/, /ks//ʝ//θ/
  • (*) also zeda, ceda

Digraphs
Asturian H and Ḥ
Asturian Ḷ

Asturian has several digraphs, some of which have their own names.

DigraphNamePhoneme
chche/t͡ʃ/
gu (+ e, i)(gue u)/ɡ/
llelle/ʎ/
qu (+ e, i)(cu u)/k/
rrerre doble/r/
ts(te ese)/t͡s/ (dialectal)
yy(ye doble)/ɟ͡ʝ/ (dialectal)

Dialectal spellings

The letter h and the digraph ll can have their sound changed to represent dialectal pronunciation by under-dotting the letters, resulting in ḥ and digraph ḷḷ

NormalPronunciationDottedPronunciationExamples
ll/ʎ/ḷḷ/t͡s/, /ɖʐ/, /ɖ/ and /ʈʂ/ḷḷeite, ḷḷinu
h–ḥ/h/, /x/ḥou, ḥenu, ḥuera
  • The "ḥ" is common in eastern Asturian place names and in words beginning with f;[28] workarounds such as h. and l.l were used in the past for printing.

Grammar
Asturian dictionary, published by the Academy of the Asturian Language

Asturian grammar is similar to that of other Romance languages. Nouns have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural) and no cases. Adjectives may have a third, neuter gender, a phenomenon known as matter-neutrality.[28] Verbs agree with their subjects in person (first, second, or third) and number, and are conjugated to indicate mood (indicative, subjunctive, conditional or imperative), tense (often present or past; different moods allow different tenses), and aspect (perfective or imperfective).[28]

Morphology

Gender

Asturian is the only western Romance language with three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

  • Masculine nouns usually end in -u, sometimes in -e or a consonant: el tiempu (time, weather), l’home (man), el pantalón (trousers), el xeitu (way, mode).
  • Feminine nouns usually end in -a, sometimes -e: la casa (house), la xente (people), la nueche (night).
  • Neuter nouns may have any ending. Asturian has three types of neuters:
    • Masculine neuters have a masculine form and take a masculine article: el fierro vieyo (old iron).
    • Feminine neuters have a feminine form and take a feminine article: la lleche frío (cold milk).
    • Pure neuters are nominal groups with an adjective and neuter pronoun: lo guapo d’esti asuntu ye... (the interesting [thing] about this issue is ...).

Adjectives are modified by gender. Most adjectives have three endings: -u (masculine), -a (feminine) and -o (neuter): El vasu ta fríu (the glass is cold), tengo la mano fría (my hand is cold), l’agua ta frío (the water is cold)

Neuter nouns are abstract, collective and uncountable nouns. They have no plural, except when they are used metaphorically or concretised and lose this gender: les agües tán fríes (Waters are cold). Tien el pelo roxo (He has red hair) is neuter, but Tien un pelu roxu (He has a red hair) is masculine; note the noun's change in ending.

Number

Plural formation is complex:

  • Masculine nouns ending in -u → -os: texu (yew) → texos.
  • Feminine nouns ending in -a → -es: vaca (cow) → vaques.
  • Masculine or feminine nouns ending in a consonant take -es: animal (animal) → animales; xabón (soap) → xabones.
  • Words ending in -z may take a masculine -os to distinguish them from the feminine plural: rapaz (boy) → rapazos; rapaza (girl) → rapaces.
  • Masculine nouns ending in -ín → -inos: camín (way, path) → caminos, re-establishing the etymological vowel.
  • Feminine nouns ending in -á, -ada, -ú → -aes or -úes, also re-establishing the etymological vowel: ciudá (city) → ciudaes; cansada (tired [feminine]) → cansaes; virtú (virtue) → virtúes.

Determiners

Their forms are:

*Only before words beginning with a-: l’aigla (the eagle), l’alma (the soul). Compare la entrada (the entry) and la islla (the island).

Vocabulary

Like other Romance languages, most Asturian words come from Latin: ablana, agua, falar, güeyu, home, llibru, muyer, pesllar, pexe, prau, suañar. In addition to this Latin basis are words which entered Asturian from languages spoken before the arrival of Latin (its substratum), afterwards (its superstratum) and loanwords from other languages.

Substratum

Although little is known about the language of the ancient Astures, it may have been related to two Indo-European languages: Celtic and Lusitanian. Words from this language and the pre–Indo-European languages spoken in the region are known as the prelatinian substratum; examples include bedul, boroña, brincar, bruxa, cándanu, cantu, carrascu, comba, cuetu, güelga, llamuerga, llastra, llócara, matu, peñera, riega, tapín and zucar. Many Celtic words (such as bragues, camisa, carru, cerveza and sayu) were integrated into Latin and, later, into Asturian.

Superstratum

Asturian's superstratum consists primarily of Germanisms and Arabisms. The Germanic peoples in the Iberian Peninsula, especially the Visigoths and the Suevi, added words such as blancu, esquila, estaca, mofu, serón, espetar, gadañu and tosquilar. Arabisms could reach Asturian directly, through contacts with Arabs or al-Andalus, or through the Castilian language. Examples include acebache, alfaya, altafarra, bañal, ferre, galbana, mandil, safase, xabalín, zuna and zucre.

Loanwords

Asturian has also received much of its lexicon from other languages, such as Spanish, French, Occitan and Galician. In number of loanwords, Spanish leads the list. However, due to the close relationship between Castilian and Asturian, it is often unclear if a word is borrowed from Castilian, common to both languages from Latin, or a loanword from Asturian to Castilian. Some Castilian forms in Asturian are:

Loans
Spanish echar, antoxu, guerrilla, xamón, siesta, rexa, vainilla, xaréu
Galician cachelos, chombada, quimada
French arranchar, chalana, xofer, espáis, foina, galipote, malvís, pote, sable, somier, tolete, vagamar, xarré
Occitan hostal, parrocha, tolla
Evolution from Latin to Galician, Asturian, and Spanish
Latin[29] Galician[30] Asturian[31] Spanish
Diphthongization of Ŏ & Ĕ
PŎRTA(M) (door) porta puerta puerta
ŎCULU(M) (eye) ollo güeyu
güechu		 ojo
TĔMPUS, TĔMPŎR- (time) tempo tiempu tiempo
TĔRRA(M) (land) terra tierra tierra
F- (initial position)
FACĔRE (to do) facer facer(e) hacer
FĔRRU(M) (iron) ferro fierru hierro
L- (initial position)
[[lares|LARE(M)]] (home) lar llar
ḷḷar		 lar
LŬPU(M) (wolf) lobo llobu
ḷḷobu		 lobo
N- (initial position)
NATIVITĀTE(M) (Christmas) nadal nadal
ñavidá		 navidad
Palatalization of PL-, CL-, FL-
PLĀNU(M) (plane) chan ḷḷanu
llanu		 llano
CLĀVE(M) (key) chave ḷḷave
llave		 llave
FLĂMMA(M) (flame) chama ḷḷama
llama		 llama
Rising diphthongs
CAUSA(M) (cause) cousa co(u)sa cosa
FERRARĬU(M) (smith) ferreiro ferre(i)ru herrero
Palatalization of -CT- & -LT-
FĂCTU(M) (fact) feito feitu
fechu		 hecho
NŎCTE(M) (night) noite nueite
nueche		 noche
MŬLTU(M) (much) muito muncho mucho
AUSCULTĀRE (to listen) escoitar escuchar escuchar
Group -M'N-
HŎMINE(M) (man) home home hombre
FĂME(M) (hunger, famine) fame fame hambre
LŪMEN, LŪMĬN- (fire) lume llume
ḷḷume		 lumbre
-L- intervocalic
GĚLU(M) (ice) xeo xelu hielo
FILICTU(M) (fern) fieito felechu helecho
-ll-
CASTĚLLU(M) (castle) castelo castiellu
castieḷḷu		 castillo
-N- intervocalic
RĀNA(M) (frog) ra rana rana
Group -LY-
MULĬERE(M) (woman) muller muyer mujer
Groups -C'L-, -T'L-, -G'L-
NOVACŬLA(M) (penknife) navalla navaya navaja
VETŬLU(M) (old) vello vieyu viejo
TEGŬLA(M) (tile) tella teya teja

Lexical comparison

Lord's Prayer
AsturianGalicianLatin

Pá nuesu que tas nel cielu, santificáu seya'l to nome. Amiye'l to reinu, fágase la to voluntá, lo mesmo na tierra que'n cielu. El nuesu pan de tolos díes dánoslu güei ya perdónanos les nueses ofenses, lo mesmo que nós facemos colos que nos faltaron. Nun nos dexes cayer na tentación, ya llíbranos del mal. Amén.

Noso Pai que estás no ceo: santificado sexa o teu nome, veña a nós o teu reino e fágase a túa vontade aquí na terra coma no ceo. O noso pan de cada día dánolo hoxe; e perdóanos as nosas ofensas como tamén perdoamos nós a quen nos ten ofendido; e non nos deixes caer na tentación, mais líbranos do mal. Amén.

Pater noster, qui es in caelis, Sanctificetur nomen tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, Sicut in caelo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie. Et dimitte nobis debita nostra, Sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem: Sed libera nos a malo. Amen

Education

Primary and secondary

Although Spanish is the official language of all schools in Asturias, in many schools children are allowed to take Asturian-language classes from age 6 to 16. Elective classes are also offered from 16 to 19. Central Asturias (Nalón and Caudal comarcas) has the largest percentage of Asturian-language students, with almost 80 percent of primary-school students and 30 percent of secondary-school students in Asturian classes.[32] Xixón, Uviéu, Eo-Navia and Oriente also have an increased number of students.

Development of Asturian-language education[33][34]

University

According to article six of the University of Oviedo charter, "The University of Oviedo, due to its historical, social and economic links with the Principality of Asturias, will devote particular attention to the cultural aspects and collective interests of Asturias. The Asturian Language will be treated appropriately in accordance with legislation. Nobody will be discriminated against for using it".[35] Asturian can be used at the university in accordance with the Use of Asturian Act. University records indicate an increased number of courses and amount of scientific work using Asturian, with courses in the Department of Philology and Educational Sciences.[36] In accordance with the Bologna Process, Asturian philology will be available for study and teachers will be able to specialise in the Asturian language at the University of Oviedo.

Internet

Asturian government websites,[37] council webpages, blogs,[38] entertainment webpages and social networks exist.[39] Free software is offered in Asturian, and Ubuntu offers Asturian as an operating-system language.[40][41] Free software in the language is available from Debian, Fedora, Firefox, Thunderbird, LibreOffice, VLC, GNOME, Chromium and KDE.

Wikipedia offers an Asturian version of itself, with 100,000+ pages as of December 2018.

gollark: Fascinating.
gollark: ↑ GAZE upon the lack of composite video
gollark: https://www.raspberrypi.org/app/uploads/2017/05/Raspberry-Pi-3-1-1619x1080.jpg
gollark: I would have to go downstairs and physically check to be sure, but I think you need a weird adapter to get composite out on the Pi 3, as it drops the dedicated port.
gollark: If you mean the composite video thing.

See also

References
  1. "III ENCUESTA SOCIOLINGÜÍSTICA DE ASTURIAS".
  2. "Asturian in Asturias in Spain". Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Asturian-Leonese-Cantabrian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. Art. 1 de la Ley 1/1998, de 23 de marzo, de uso y promoción del bable/asturiano/Law 1/93, of March 23, on the Use and Promotion of the Asturian Language (in Spanish)
  5. "Asturian". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  6. "Diario de Asturias - Últimas noticias y actualidad en Asturias". El Comercio. 2009-01-12. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  7. See: Euromosaic report
  8. "Portugal and Spain", Ethnologue, retrieved 6 January 2016
  9. http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/04/TH_04_003_141_0.pdf
  10. Vic (26 December 2009). "El ayuntamiento adquiere una Confirmación del Fuero de Avilés". arqueologiaypatrimonio.blogspot.com.es. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  11. Bauske 1995
  12. "Promotora Española de Lingüística". www.proel.org. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  13. Llera Ramo 1994
  14. http://www.unioviedo.es/reunido/index.php/RFA/article/download/9260/9111
  15. F.: Los Asturianos y la Llengua Asturiana. Conseyería d'Educación, Uviéu, 1994
  16. "ASTURIAN IN SPAIN". www.uoc.edu. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  17. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2013-09-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) page 16
  18. http://www.grufia.com/Ficheros/Fuero%20de%20Aviles.pdf
  19. Los refranes o proverbios en Romance, Hernán Nuñez, pag 12 This document has got a unique reference, supposedly in Asturian: "Quien passa por Ruycande y no bebe, o muere de hambre, o no ha sede" Who passes through Ruycande Village and do not drink, or starves or don not have thirst", Hernán Nunez, Refranes o Proverbios en romance que coligio y gloso el comenadador Hernán Nunez, professor de retorica y griego en la Universidad de Salamanca, Lerida, año 1621, p. 81.
  20. About the character of this literature the Swedish philologist Åke W:son Munthe on 1868 notes the following: "it seems to subsist in this literature an arbitrary mixture of Castilian language elements. This literary production -after a long century of copy and paste and finally because of the editor's final review- seems to be shown in nowadays in a very confusing way. For that reason, we must appoint to Reguera as the author of this literature, that I could call 'bable'. All the later authors, at least from a linguistic point of view, all of them come from his literature archaizing. Naturally, some of these authors take elements of their respective local dialects, and often, also, with others languages, that in some way or another, could have got in contact, as well as of a Spanish language mixture, affected by the 'bable' or not. This literature in 'bable' cannot be considered as a literary language, because have not got any unified body, at least from a linguistic point of view... what in any case, as in whatever other dialects, seems doomed to extinction". Ake W:son Munthe, Anotaciones sobre el habla popular del occidente de AsturiasUpsala 1887, reedition, Publisher Service of the Oviedo University, 1987, p. 3.
  21. "Catalog of publications in 2011". politicallinguistica.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  22. "Decretu 98/2002, de 18 de xunetu pel que s'establez el procedimientu de recuperación y afitamientu de la toponimia asturiana". politicallinguistica.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  23. "Serviciu de Política Llingüística". www.politicallinguistica.org. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  24. Xulio Viejo Fdz. Univerdad de Oviedo Based on a work of ANDRÉS DIAZ, R. 1993: "Emplegu del neutru n'asturianu", Lletres Asturianes 49, págs.49–84, IDEM 1994: "Aspeutos morfolóxicos del neutru n'asturianu", Editorial Complutense, Madrid, págs. 9–30, IDEM 1998: "Concordancias y referencias neutras en asturiano", Atti del XX/Congresso Internaziomale di Linguistica e Filologia Romanza (Palermo 18–24 settembre 1995), Max Niemeyer, Tübingen, v.II, págs. 39–47.
  25. UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger Archived February 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, where Cantabrian is listed in the Astur-Leonese linguistic group.
  26. Muñiz-Cachón, Carmen (2018). "Asturian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 48: 231–241.
  27. Normes ortográfiques de la Llingua Asturiana Archived March 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  28. Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, Gramática de la Llingua Asturiana, tercera edición, Oviedo: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (2001), ISBN 84-8168-310-8, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-06-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. Segura Munguía, Santiago (2001). Nuevo diccionario etimológico latín-español y de las voces derivadas. Universidad de Deusto. ISBN 978-84-7485-754-2.
  30. Seminario de Lexicografía (1990). Diccionario da lingua galega. Real Academia Gallega. ISBN 978-84-600-7509-7.
  31. Diccionariu de la llingua asturiana. Academia de la Lengua Asturiana. 2000. ISBN 978-84-8168-208-3.
  32. http://archivo.lavozdeasturias.es/html/263549.html%5B%5D (2006)
  33. "Escolarización".
  34. http://www.academiadelallingua.com/lletresasturianes/pdf/Lletres%2078%20%28dixital%29.pdf
  35. "crue.org - Estatutos Universidades" (PDF). crue.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  36. http://directo.uniovi.es/catalogo/FichaAsignatura.asp?asignatura=2123 Archived 2016-01-26 at the Wayback Machine http://directo.uniovi.es/catalogo/FichaAsignatura.asp?asignatura=2123, Conocimiento global de la realidad la lengua asturiana, de su unidad e independencia al margen de los fenómenos de variación interna y de su integración en el marco hispano-románico, a partir de un enfoque esencialmente histórico y diacrónico.
  37. "Gobiernu del Principau d'Asturies - Páxina de Aniciu". www.asturias.es.
  38. "Blog Channel in Asturian language". asturies.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  39. "麁原祐介の四苦八苦するブログ – 創造の世界". www.ximielga.me. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  40. "Ubuntu In Your Language - Jono Bacon". jonobacon.org. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  41. "Stats of Translations in Ubuntu 12.10". canonical.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2018.

Bibliography
  • (in Spanish) Llera Ramo, F. (1994) Los Asturianos y la Lengua Asturiana: Estudio Sociolingüístico para Asturias-1991. Oviedo: Consejería de Educación y Cultura del Principado de Asturias ISBN 84-7847-297-5.
  • Wurm, Stephen A. (ed) (2001) Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing. Unesco ISBN 92-3-103798-6.
  • (in English) M.Teresa Turell (2001). Multilingualism in Spain: Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups. ISBN 1-85359-491-1
  • (in English) Mercator-Education (2002): European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education. "The Asturian language in education in Spain" ISSN 1570-1239

Dictionaries and translators
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